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O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>Zukunft</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
D<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Au<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sste</stro<strong>ng</strong>><stro<strong>ng</strong>>llu</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> <strong>im</strong> D<strong>eu</strong><strong>tsch</strong><strong>en</strong> Mus<strong>eu</strong>m<br />
<strong>in</strong> Münch<strong>en</strong> 2010<br />
The Future Ocean<br />
The exhibition at the German Mus<strong>eu</strong>m <strong>in</strong> Munich 2010
O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>Zukunft</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
D<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Au<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sste</stro<strong>ng</strong>><stro<strong>ng</strong>>llu</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> <strong>im</strong> D<strong>eu</strong><strong>tsch</strong><strong>en</strong> Mus<strong>eu</strong>m<br />
<strong>in</strong> Münch<strong>en</strong> 2010<br />
The Future Ocean<br />
The exhibition at the German Mus<strong>eu</strong>m <strong>in</strong> Munich 2010
Inhalt<br />
Index 1. Letztes Rät<strong>se</strong>l: O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>> 11<br />
The last mystery: The Ocean<br />
1 ENVISAT – <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <strong>eu</strong>ropäische 12<br />
Umweltsatellit für globale<br />
Erdbeobachtu<strong>ng</strong><br />
ENVISAT – European <strong>en</strong>vironm<strong>en</strong>tal<br />
satellite for global Earth ob<strong>se</strong>rvation<br />
3 Globus 13<br />
Globe<br />
4 Sed<strong>im</strong><strong>en</strong>tkern 14<br />
Sed<strong>im</strong><strong>en</strong>t core<br />
2.2. D<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>Zukunft</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Küste, 24<br />
Verteidigu<strong>ng</strong> o<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Rückzug?<br />
The Future of the Coastal Areas,<br />
Def<strong>en</strong>d or Retreat?<br />
2.3. Globales Problem, 26<br />
regionale Untersch<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>de<br />
Global Problem, Regional Differ<strong>en</strong>ces<br />
1.1. D<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>f<strong>en</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Meere 16<br />
The Depths of the Seas<br />
1.2. Kohl<strong>en</strong>dioxid-Werte steig<strong>en</strong> 16<br />
Risi<strong>ng</strong> Carbon Dioxide Levels<br />
1.3. Bohrkerne aus dem Meeresbod<strong>en</strong> 18<br />
– das Kl<strong>im</strong>aarchiv <strong>im</strong> Labor<br />
Drill Cores from the Ocean Floor<br />
– Cl<strong>im</strong>ate Archive <strong>in</strong> the Laboratory<br />
3. Ra<strong>um</strong>schiffe für d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>f<strong>se</strong>e 29<br />
Spaceships for the Deep Sea<br />
A Lan<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> 30<br />
Deep-Sea Lan<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s<br />
7 Kaste<strong>ng</strong>reifer 31<br />
Deep <strong>se</strong>a grab<br />
8 Modell: FS Maria S. Merian 32<br />
Model: RV Maria S. Merian<br />
34 Modell: FS Sonne 33<br />
Model: RV Sonne<br />
2. Kl<strong>im</strong>awandel und Folg<strong>en</strong> 21<br />
für d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Küst<strong>en</strong><br />
Cl<strong>im</strong>ate Cha<strong>ng</strong>e and the Con<strong>se</strong>qu<strong>en</strong>ces<br />
for Coast L<strong>in</strong>es<br />
3.1. Forschu<strong>ng</strong>sschiffe: Plattform<strong>en</strong> 34<br />
<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Meereswiss<strong>en</strong>schaft<br />
Re<strong>se</strong>arch Ves<strong>se</strong>ls: Mar<strong>in</strong>e Sc<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>nce<br />
Platforms<br />
5 Seit<strong>en</strong>sichtsonar 22<br />
2 Side-Scan-Sonar<br />
3<br />
6 Modell Meeressp<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>gelanst<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>g 23<br />
4. Bizarre Geschöpfe <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>f<strong>se</strong>e 36<br />
Model of Ocean Level Ri<strong>se</strong><br />
Bizarre Creatures of the Deep Sea<br />
2.1. W<strong>en</strong>n <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Meeressp<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>gel steigt 24<br />
Wh<strong>en</strong> Sea Levels Ri<strong>se</strong><br />
9 Bizarre Geschöpfe <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>f<strong>se</strong>e 38<br />
Bizarre Creatures of the Deep Sea<br />
10 Tauchroboter: ROV Super Safir 40<br />
Offshore Robot: ROV Super Safir<br />
11 Hörstation: Tauchfahrt 41<br />
Auditory station: Divi<strong>ng</strong> Crui<strong>se</strong><br />
4.1. Leb<strong>en</strong> <strong>in</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>f<strong>se</strong>e 42<br />
Life <strong>in</strong> the Deep Sea
5. O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>>beobachtu<strong>ng</strong> 45<br />
Ocean Ob<strong>se</strong>rvator<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s<br />
9. Internationales Seerecht 83<br />
International Marit<strong>im</strong>e Law<br />
7. O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>>versaueru<strong>ng</strong> 61<br />
Ocean Acidification<br />
11. K<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ler Exzell<strong>en</strong>zcluster 99<br />
„O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>Zukunft</stro<strong>ng</strong>>“<br />
The K<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>l Cluster of Excell<strong>en</strong>ce<br />
14 Messroboter: AUV Gleiter 46<br />
Measuri<strong>ng</strong> robot: AUV Gli<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
23 Hörstation: Seerecht 84<br />
Auditory station: Law of the <strong>se</strong>a<br />
22 Modell: Mesokosmos, 62<br />
Labor <strong>im</strong> Meer<br />
“The Future Ocean”<br />
12 Messroboter: ARGO Float 48<br />
Measuri<strong>ng</strong> robot: ARGO Float<br />
9.1. Zon<strong>en</strong>e<strong>in</strong>teilu<strong>ng</strong> und Nordpol 86<br />
Model: Mesocosm, Laboratory<br />
<strong>in</strong> the <strong>se</strong>a<br />
29 Future Ocean Explorer: 100<br />
Wiss<strong>en</strong> vert<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>f<strong>en</strong><br />
15 Verankeru<strong>ng</strong> 49<br />
Zone Classification and the North Pole<br />
26 Tauchroboter: AUV Abyss 64<br />
Future Ocean Explorer:<br />
Moori<strong>ng</strong><br />
Divi<strong>ng</strong> robot: AUV Abyss<br />
Expandi<strong>ng</strong> knowledge<br />
9.2. Rechte und Pflicht<strong>en</strong> auf See 86<br />
20 Kaltwas<strong>se</strong>rkoralle Lophelia 66<br />
31 Flasch<strong>en</strong>post 102<br />
5.1. Globale O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>>zirkulation 50<br />
Rights and Obligations at Sea<br />
Cold water coral Lophelia<br />
Message <strong>in</strong> a bottle<br />
Global Ocean Circulation<br />
19 Modell: Phytoplankton 68<br />
Model: Phytoplankton<br />
30 Über d<strong>en</strong> Exzell<strong>en</strong>zcluster 103<br />
O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>Zukunft</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
5.2. Das globale O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>>- 52<br />
beobachtu<strong>ng</strong>snetzwerk ARGO<br />
7.1. Erforschu<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>>versaueru<strong>ng</strong> 70<br />
About the Cluster of Excell<strong>en</strong>ce<br />
The Future Ocean<br />
The Global Ocean Ob<strong>se</strong>rvation<br />
Ocean Acidification Re<strong>se</strong>arch<br />
33 Le<strong>se</strong>ecke 104<br />
Network ARGO<br />
Readi<strong>ng</strong> area<br />
10. Schw<strong>in</strong>d<strong>en</strong>de Fischbestände 89<br />
7.2. Kohl<strong>en</strong>stoff <strong>im</strong> O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>> 70<br />
32 K<strong>in</strong><stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>kist<strong>en</strong> 105<br />
Dw<strong>in</strong>dli<strong>ng</strong> Fish Stocks<br />
Carbon <strong>in</strong> the Ocean<br />
Kids boxes<br />
6. Entstehu<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>>e 55<br />
The Orig<strong>in</strong> of the Oceans<br />
16 T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>f<strong>se</strong>eprobe Schwarze Raucher 56<br />
Deep <strong>se</strong>a sample Black Smoker<br />
17 T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>f<strong>se</strong>eprobe Kiss<strong>en</strong>lava 57<br />
Deep <strong>se</strong>a sample Pillow Lava<br />
6.1. Schwarze Raucher – Oas<strong>en</strong> an 58<br />
heiß<strong>en</strong> Quell<strong>en</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>f<strong>se</strong>e<br />
Black Smoker – Oa<strong>se</strong>s at the Hot Spri<strong>ng</strong>s<br />
of the Deep Sea<br />
24 Sp<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ltisch: Überfischu<strong>ng</strong> 90<br />
Game table: Overfishi<strong>ng</strong><br />
25 Sp<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ltisch: Fischgröß<strong>en</strong> 91<br />
Game table: Fish sizes<br />
10.1. Überfischu<strong>ng</strong> und Regul<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ru<strong>ng</strong> 92<br />
Overfishi<strong>ng</strong> and Regulation<br />
27 Rel<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>fkarte <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Erde 94<br />
Rel<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>f map of earth<br />
28 Seit<strong>en</strong>sichtsonar: scannt 96<br />
d<strong>en</strong> Meeresbod<strong>en</strong><br />
Sidescan sonar: scans the <strong>se</strong>a floor<br />
7.3. Auswirku<strong>ng</strong> auf Meerest<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>re 72<br />
Effect on Mar<strong>in</strong>e An<strong>im</strong>als<br />
7.4. Auswirku<strong>ng</strong> auf Leb<strong>en</strong>sgeme<strong>in</strong>schaft<strong>en</strong> 72<br />
Effect on Symbiotic Communit<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s<br />
8. Rohstoffe aus <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>f<strong>se</strong>e 75<br />
Raw Materials from the Deep Sea<br />
18 Rohstoffe aus <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>f<strong>se</strong>e 76<br />
12. Maki<strong>ng</strong> of 108<br />
Maki<strong>ng</strong> of<br />
13. Impress<strong>um</strong> 111<br />
Impr<strong>in</strong>t<br />
14. D<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Exponate <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Au<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sste</stro<strong>ng</strong>><stro<strong>ng</strong>>llu</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> 113<br />
The exhibits<br />
4 Raw materials from the deep <strong>se</strong>a<br />
5<br />
8.1. Ma<strong>ng</strong>anknoll<strong>en</strong>, Ma<strong>ng</strong>ankrust<strong>en</strong> 78<br />
Ma<strong>ng</strong>ane<strong>se</strong> Nodules, Ma<strong>ng</strong>ane<strong>se</strong> Crusts<br />
8.2. Gashydrat 78<br />
Gas Hydrates<br />
8.3. Was s<strong>in</strong>d Gashydrate? 80<br />
What are Gas Hydrates?<br />
8.4. Gashydrate, e<strong>in</strong>e Gefahr? 80<br />
Gas Hydrates, a Risk?
Editorial<br />
Editorial<br />
„D<strong>en</strong> O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>> versteh<strong>en</strong> heißt d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>Zukunft</stro<strong>ng</strong>> gestalt<strong>en</strong>“<br />
Vom 25. März bis z<strong>um</strong> 30. August 2010 wurde z<strong>um</strong> erst<strong>en</strong> Mal e<strong>in</strong>e meereswiss<strong>en</strong>schaftliche<br />
Son<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>au<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sste</stro<strong>ng</strong>><stro<strong>ng</strong>>llu</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> mit dem Titel „O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>Zukunft</stro<strong>ng</strong>>“ <strong>im</strong> D<strong>eu</strong><strong>tsch</strong><strong>en</strong><br />
Mus<strong>eu</strong>m <strong>in</strong> Münch<strong>en</strong> gezeigt. Der gleichnamige K<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ler Forschu<strong>ng</strong>sverbund präs<strong>en</strong>t<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>rte<br />
auf rund 300 Quadratmetern <strong>im</strong> kurz zuvor n<strong>eu</strong> eröffnet<strong>en</strong> Z<strong>en</strong>tr<strong>um</strong> N<strong>eu</strong>e Technolog<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>n<br />
w<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> sich d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Weltmeere <strong>in</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>Zukunft</stro<strong>ng</strong>> verän<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>n werd<strong>en</strong>. Insgesamt <strong>in</strong>teress<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>rt<strong>en</strong><br />
sich rund 120.000 Besucher für d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Them<strong>en</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Meeresforscher w<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>>versaueru<strong>ng</strong>,<br />
Meeressp<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>gelanst<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>g, Ressourc<strong>en</strong> aus <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>f<strong>se</strong>e o<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Überfischu<strong>ng</strong>. D<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Au<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sste</stro<strong>ng</strong>><stro<strong>ng</strong>>llu</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> wurde geme<strong>in</strong>sam von Wiss<strong>en</strong>schaftlern <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Christian-Albrechts-<br />
Universität zu K<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>l, des Leibniz-Instituts für Meereswiss<strong>en</strong>schaft<strong>en</strong> (IFM-GEOMAR),<br />
des Instituts für Weltwir<strong>tsch</strong>aft (IfW) und d<strong>en</strong> Au<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sste</stro<strong>ng</strong>><stro<strong>ng</strong>>llu</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong>smachern <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Muthesius<br />
Kunsthochschule <strong>en</strong>twickelt und bildete d<strong>en</strong> Höhepunkt aller bisherig<strong>en</strong> Präs<strong>en</strong>tation<strong>en</strong><br />
des Exzell<strong>en</strong>zclusters „O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>Zukunft</stro<strong>ng</strong>>“. D<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> vorl<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>g<strong>en</strong>de Dok<strong>um</strong><strong>en</strong>tation <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Münchner Zeit will d<strong>en</strong> Le<strong>se</strong>r ern<strong>eu</strong>t mit auf e<strong>in</strong>e Expedition über d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>>e nehm<strong>en</strong>,<br />
mit ihm <strong>in</strong> d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>f<strong>en</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Meere abtauch<strong>en</strong>, ihn an d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Küst<strong>en</strong> begleit<strong>en</strong> und ihn für<br />
d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Forschu<strong>ng</strong>sthem<strong>en</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> K<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ler Meereswiss<strong>en</strong>schaft<strong>en</strong> begeistern.<br />
Der Exzell<strong>en</strong>zcluster „O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>Zukunft</stro<strong>ng</strong>>“ dankt dem G<strong>en</strong>eraldirektor des<br />
D<strong>eu</strong><strong>tsch</strong><strong>en</strong> Mus<strong>eu</strong>ms, Prof. Dr. Wolfga<strong>ng</strong> M. Heckl, und dem Kurator für Schifffahrt,<br />
Dr. Christian Sicka, für ihre Unterstützu<strong>ng</strong> bei <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Um<strong>se</strong>tzu<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Au<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sste</stro<strong>ng</strong>><stro<strong>ng</strong>>llu</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong>.<br />
“Un<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>standi<strong>ng</strong> the ocean susta<strong>in</strong>i<strong>ng</strong> our future”<br />
A mar<strong>in</strong>e sc<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>nce special exhibition <strong>en</strong>titled “The Future Ocean” was held for the<br />
first t<strong>im</strong>e at the D<strong>eu</strong><strong>tsch</strong>es Mus<strong>eu</strong>m <strong>in</strong> Munich from 25 March to 30 August 2010.<br />
In a 300 square meter space <strong>in</strong> the newly-op<strong>en</strong>ed C<strong>en</strong>tre for New Technolog<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s the K<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>l<br />
collaboration on mar<strong>in</strong>e re<strong>se</strong>arch pres<strong>en</strong>ted an exhibition on how the world’s oceans<br />
will cha<strong>ng</strong>e <strong>in</strong> the future. In total, some 120,000 att<strong>en</strong>dees came to learn about mar<strong>in</strong>e<br />
sc<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>nce issues such as ocean acidification, the ri<strong>se</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>se</strong>a levels, deep <strong>se</strong>a resources<br />
6 or overfishi<strong>ng</strong>. The temporary exhibition was developed jo<strong>in</strong>tly by sc<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ntists from K<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>l 7<br />
University, the Leibniz Institute of Mar<strong>in</strong>e Sc<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>nces (IFM-GEOMAR), the K<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>l Institute<br />
for the World Economy (IfW) and the exhibition developers from the Muthesius Academy<br />
of F<strong>in</strong>e Arts and Design. The exhibition repres<strong>en</strong>ts the highlight of all public pres<strong>en</strong>tations<br />
organized by the cluster of excell<strong>en</strong>ce “The Future Ocean“ so far. The<br />
followi<strong>ng</strong> doc<strong>um</strong><strong>en</strong>tation of this special period of t<strong>im</strong>e will aga<strong>in</strong> take the rea<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
on an expedition to the world’s oceans – a dive <strong>in</strong>to the depths of the <strong>se</strong>as. This book<br />
will accompany h<strong>im</strong> alo<strong>ng</strong> coastl<strong>in</strong>es and will <strong>in</strong>spire h<strong>im</strong> to learn more about the<br />
issues mar<strong>in</strong>e re<strong>se</strong>arch is confronted with and re<strong>se</strong>arched by mar<strong>in</strong>e sc<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ntists from<br />
the Future Ocean <strong>in</strong> K<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>l.<br />
The cluster of excell<strong>en</strong>ce “The Future Ocean” would like to thank Professor Wolfga<strong>ng</strong><br />
M. Heckl, Director G<strong>en</strong>eral of the D<strong>eu</strong><strong>tsch</strong>es Mus<strong>eu</strong>m, and Dr. Christian Sicka,<br />
curator of the mus<strong>eu</strong>m responsible for shippi<strong>ng</strong>, for their support <strong>in</strong> stagi<strong>ng</strong> the exhibition.
D<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Au<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sste</stro<strong>ng</strong>><stro<strong>ng</strong>>llu</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> „O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>Zukunft</stro<strong>ng</strong>>“<br />
The Exhibition „The Future Ocean“
Letztes Rät<strong>se</strong>l: O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
The Last Mystery: The Ocean<br />
D<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>>e bedeck<strong>en</strong> mehr als 70 Proz<strong>en</strong>t <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Oberfläche un<strong>se</strong>res Planet<strong>en</strong> und<br />
beherberg<strong>en</strong> das größte zusamm<strong>en</strong>hä<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong>de Ökosystem <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Erde. D<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Bed<strong>eu</strong>tu<strong>ng</strong><br />
<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>>e für d<strong>en</strong> M<strong>en</strong>sch<strong>en</strong> wird <strong>in</strong> zunehm<strong>en</strong>dem Maße wahrg<strong>en</strong>omm<strong>en</strong>.<br />
Un<strong>se</strong>re <stro<strong>ng</strong>>Zukunft</stro<strong>ng</strong>> wird davon abhä<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong>, w<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Kl<strong>im</strong>awandel d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>>zirkulation<br />
verän<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>t, w<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Meeressp<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>gel steigt und dadurch Küst<strong>en</strong>region<strong>en</strong> o<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> In<strong>se</strong>lgrupp<strong>en</strong><br />
gefährdet und w<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> durch zunehm<strong>en</strong>de Aufnahme von gelöstem Kohl<strong>en</strong>dioxid<br />
(CO 2<br />
) d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>>e versauern. D<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>>e berg<strong>en</strong> <strong>en</strong>orme Vorkomm<strong>en</strong> an Ressourc<strong>en</strong>,<br />
Rohstoffe, d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> wir la<strong>ng</strong>fristig nutz<strong>en</strong> könnt<strong>en</strong>. Doch schon h<strong>eu</strong>te s<strong>in</strong>d d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Meere<br />
dramatisch überfischt.<br />
Um e<strong>in</strong> g<strong>en</strong>aues Bild des h<strong>eu</strong>tig<strong>en</strong> und zukünftig<strong>en</strong> O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s mit all<strong>en</strong> Möglichkeit<strong>en</strong><br />
<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Verän<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>u<strong>ng</strong> zu zeichn<strong>en</strong>, brauch<strong>en</strong> Wiss<strong>en</strong>schaftler w<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> auch d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Politik<br />
und Ge<strong>se</strong>llschaft Information<strong>en</strong> aus all<strong>en</strong> Bereich<strong>en</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>>forschu<strong>ng</strong>. Bisher<br />
s<strong>in</strong>d d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> „T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>f<strong>en</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>>e“ ka<strong>um</strong> erforscht und bild<strong>en</strong> damit e<strong>in</strong>es <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> letzt<strong>en</strong> Z<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>le<br />
für Entdecku<strong>ng</strong>sreis<strong>en</strong> auf un<strong>se</strong>rem Planet<strong>en</strong>.<br />
The oceans cover more than 70 perc<strong>en</strong>t of our planet’s surface and harbour Earth’s<br />
largest contiguous ecosystem. The <strong>im</strong>portance of the oceans for h<strong>um</strong>an k<strong>in</strong>d is<br />
bei<strong>ng</strong> <strong>in</strong>creasi<strong>ng</strong>ly recognized.<br />
Our future will dep<strong>en</strong>d on the cha<strong>ng</strong>es <strong>in</strong> ocean circulation cau<strong>se</strong>d by cl<strong>im</strong>ate<br />
10 cha<strong>ng</strong>e, the ri<strong>se</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>se</strong>a level and the resulti<strong>ng</strong> da<strong>ng</strong>er to coastal regions or archi-<br />
11<br />
pelagos, and the acidification of the oceans due to <strong>in</strong>creasi<strong>ng</strong> absorption of carbon<br />
dioxide (CO 2<br />
). The oceans hold <strong>en</strong>ormous stocks of resources, raw materials<br />
we could utilize lo<strong>ng</strong>-term. However, the oceans are already dramatically overfished.<br />
In or<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> to give a more preci<strong>se</strong> idea of the curr<strong>en</strong>t and future oceans with<br />
all possible cha<strong>ng</strong>es, sc<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ntists as well as politics and soc<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ty require data from all<br />
mar<strong>in</strong>e re<strong>se</strong>arch areas. Up until now, the “depths of the oceans” have hardly be<strong>en</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>vestigated and thus form one of the last dest<strong>in</strong>ations for expeditions on our planet.
1 ENVISAT ist groß w<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> e<strong>in</strong> Sattelschlepper<br />
(10,5 x 4 x 4 Meter be<strong>im</strong> Start,<br />
> 26 x 10 x 5 Meter <strong>im</strong> Orbit), Startgewicht:<br />
8.211 Kilogramm, Flughöhe: 800 Kilometer.<br />
E<strong>in</strong> Erd<strong>um</strong>lauf dauert 100 M<strong>in</strong>ut<strong>en</strong>, alle<br />
drei Tage hat er d<strong>en</strong> gesamt<strong>en</strong> Erdball<br />
e<strong>in</strong>mal beobachtet und kehrt nach 35<br />
Tag<strong>en</strong> auf d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>se</strong>lbe Umlaufposition zurück.<br />
Leb<strong>en</strong><strong>se</strong>rwartu<strong>ng</strong>: fünf Jahre, wird<br />
jedoch meist erheblich überschritt<strong>en</strong>.<br />
Zehn mo<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>nste Mess<strong>in</strong>str<strong>um</strong><strong>en</strong>te<br />
sammeln Dat<strong>en</strong> zu Meerestemperatur<strong>en</strong>,<br />
-höh<strong>en</strong> und -strömu<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong>, Well<strong>en</strong>höh<strong>en</strong><br />
und -richtu<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong>, W<strong>in</strong>dgeschw<strong>in</strong>digkeit<strong>en</strong>,<br />
Eiskapp<strong>en</strong>, Phytoplanktonme<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong>,<br />
Waldbränd<strong>en</strong>, Umweltverschmutzu<strong>ng</strong><br />
sow<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> zur Chem<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Atmosphäre<br />
(CO 2<br />
, Methan etc.).<br />
1 ENVISAT – <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <strong>eu</strong>ropäische Umweltsatellit für globale Erdbeobachtu<strong>ng</strong><br />
ENVISAT – European <strong>en</strong>vironm<strong>en</strong>tal satellite for global Earth ob<strong>se</strong>rvation<br />
ENVISAT has the size of a <strong>se</strong>mitrailer<br />
(10.5 x 4 x 4 meter at the start,<br />
> 26 x 10 x 5 meter <strong>in</strong> Orbit), take-off<br />
weight: 8,211 kilogram, altitude: 800 kilometer.<br />
An orbit lasts 100 m<strong>in</strong>utes, every<br />
three days it has ob<strong>se</strong>rved the whole earth<br />
once, and returns to the same orbital<br />
position every 35 days. Life-span: five<br />
years, but this is usually significantly<br />
exceeded. T<strong>en</strong> cutti<strong>ng</strong>-edge measuri<strong>ng</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>str<strong>um</strong><strong>en</strong>ts collect data about the<br />
ocean temperature, height and curr<strong>en</strong>ts,<br />
wave heights and directions, w<strong>in</strong>d speed,<br />
ice caps, quantit<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s of phytoplankton,<br />
forest fires and po<stro<strong>ng</strong>>llu</stro<strong>ng</strong>>tion as well as the<br />
chemical composition of the atmosphere<br />
(CO 2<br />
, methane, etc.).<br />
3 Rel<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>fglobus Rel<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>f globe<br />
12 13<br />
3 Rel<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>fglobus Rel<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>f globe
4 Schicht für Schicht geb<strong>en</strong> Sed<strong>im</strong><strong>en</strong>tkerne<br />
aus dem Meeresbod<strong>en</strong> Auskunft<br />
über das Kl<strong>im</strong>a verga<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong>er Jahrtaus<strong>en</strong>de<br />
und Jahrmillion<strong>en</strong>. D<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Ablageru<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong><br />
l<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>fern auch Dat<strong>en</strong> zur Entwicklu<strong>ng</strong> des<br />
O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s.<br />
Layer by layer, the <strong>se</strong>d<strong>im</strong><strong>en</strong>t cores from the<br />
ocean floor provide <strong>in</strong>formation on the<br />
cl<strong>im</strong>ate of the past mill<strong>en</strong>ni<strong>um</strong>s and millions<br />
of years. The deposits also provide data<br />
about the developm<strong>en</strong>t of the oceans.<br />
15<br />
4 Bohrkern Drilli<strong>ng</strong> core
D<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Meerest<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>f<strong>en</strong><br />
Kohl<strong>en</strong>dioxid-Werte<br />
steig<strong>en</strong><br />
The Depths of<br />
the Seas<br />
Risi<strong>ng</strong> Carbon<br />
Dioxide Levels<br />
D<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Fläche des Atlantiks mit 82<br />
Um Aussag<strong>en</strong> über d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>Zukunft</stro<strong>ng</strong>> zu tref-<br />
The Atlantic Ocean covers 82 million To draw conclusions for the future,<br />
Million<strong>en</strong> Quadratkilometern <strong>en</strong>tspricht f<strong>en</strong>, ist d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Kl<strong>im</strong>aforschu<strong>ng</strong> auf<br />
square kilometres, this is twice<br />
cl<strong>im</strong>ate re<strong>se</strong>arch dep<strong>en</strong>ds on historical<br />
<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> doppelt<strong>en</strong> Fläche Europas und<br />
H<strong>in</strong>wei<strong>se</strong> aus <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Verga<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong>heit a<strong>ng</strong>e-<br />
the area covered by Europe and Asia evid<strong>en</strong>ces. Cl<strong>im</strong>ate cha<strong>ng</strong>e over<br />
As<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ns. Der Pazifik bedeckt mit 165 w<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s<strong>en</strong>. Durch Bohrkerne aus d<strong>en</strong><br />
together. With 165 million square<br />
<strong>se</strong>veral millions of years can be recon-<br />
Million<strong>en</strong> Quadratkilometern Fläche Meer<strong>en</strong> o<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> von Land lass<strong>en</strong> sich Kl<strong>im</strong>aprozes<strong>se</strong><br />
kilometers, the Pacific Ocean covers structed with drill cores from the<br />
etwa e<strong>in</strong> Drittel <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> gesamt<strong>en</strong> Erdoberfläche.<br />
mehrere Million<strong>en</strong> Jahre<br />
about one third of the <strong>en</strong>tire surface ocean floor or landmas<strong>se</strong>s.<br />
zurück rekonstru<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>r<strong>en</strong>, <strong>in</strong> Zeitskal<strong>en</strong> von<br />
of the earth.<br />
In the past 800,000 years, carbon<br />
D<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> durchschnittliche T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>fe des etwa 100.000 Jahr<strong>en</strong>.<br />
The average depth of the world’s dioxide (CO 2<br />
) conc<strong>en</strong>trations <strong>in</strong> the<br />
Welto<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s beträgt 3.800 Meter (bezo-<br />
In d<strong>en</strong> letzt<strong>en</strong> 800.000 Jahr<strong>en</strong><br />
oceans is 3,800 meters (ba<strong>se</strong>d on<br />
atmosphere fluctuated betwe<strong>en</strong> 180 and<br />
g<strong>en</strong> auf N.N.), d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> durchschnittliche schwankte <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Kohl<strong>en</strong>dioxid- (CO 2<br />
-)<br />
the mean <strong>se</strong>a level); the average height 280 ppmv (parts per million by<br />
Höhe des Festlands l<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>gt bei 840 Metern. Anteil <strong>in</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Atmosphäre zwisch<strong>en</strong> 180<br />
of the cont<strong>in</strong><strong>en</strong>ts is 840 meters. The vol<strong>um</strong>e). The<strong>se</strong> fluctuations are tightly<br />
Der Welto<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>> zeigt typische T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>f<strong>en</strong>- und 280 ppmv (parts per million by<br />
world’s oceans show typical depth ra<strong>ng</strong>es. connected with so called warm and<br />
bereiche. D<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Küst<strong>en</strong> s<strong>in</strong>d Teil des Schelf- vol<strong>um</strong>e). D<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>se</strong> Schwanku<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong> s<strong>in</strong>d e<strong>ng</strong><br />
The coasts are part of the shelf,<br />
cold periods – a natural <strong>in</strong>terplay with<br />
bereichs, <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Kont<strong>in</strong><strong>en</strong>te w<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> e<strong>in</strong>e mit so g<strong>en</strong>annt<strong>en</strong> Warm- und Kaltzeit<strong>en</strong><br />
which surrounds cont<strong>in</strong><strong>en</strong>ts like a step high and low (CO 2<br />
) conc<strong>en</strong>trations.<br />
Trepp<strong>en</strong>stufe zwisch<strong>en</strong> Festland und verknüpft – e<strong>in</strong> natürliches Wech<strong>se</strong>l-<br />
betwe<strong>en</strong> ma<strong>in</strong>land and ocean. Its<br />
Industrialisation has resulted <strong>in</strong> a rapid<br />
Meer <strong>um</strong>gibt. Se<strong>in</strong>e Breite vari<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>rt bis sp<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>l mit hoh<strong>en</strong> o<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> n<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>drig<strong>en</strong> CO 2<br />
-<br />
width var<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s up to 200 kilometers, its ri<strong>se</strong> <strong>in</strong> (CO 2<br />
) conc<strong>en</strong>tration by almost<br />
zu 200 Kilometern, <strong>se</strong><strong>in</strong>e T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>fe reicht Anteil<strong>en</strong>. Durch d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Industrialis<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ru<strong>ng</strong><br />
depth desc<strong>en</strong>ds down to app. 200 meters. 40 perc<strong>en</strong>t (2007: about 385 ppmv); it<br />
bis ca. 200 Meter h<strong>in</strong>ab. 92 Proz<strong>en</strong>t <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> st<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>g <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> CO 2<br />
-Gehalt rapide <strong>um</strong> fast<br />
92 perc<strong>en</strong>t of the oceans are deeper could ev<strong>en</strong> reach 700 ppmv by 2100.<br />
O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>>e s<strong>in</strong>d t<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>fer als 200 Meter.<br />
40 Proz<strong>en</strong>t (2007: rund 385 ppmv), bis<br />
than 200 meters.<br />
The con<strong>se</strong>qu<strong>en</strong>ces lead to an <strong>in</strong>crea<strong>se</strong><br />
16 Mit e<strong>in</strong>em scharf<strong>en</strong> Knick <strong>im</strong> Gefälle 2100 könnte er gar bei 700 ppmv l<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>g<strong>en</strong>.<br />
Adjac<strong>en</strong>t to a sharp break <strong>in</strong> the <strong>in</strong> mean global temperature, possibly<br />
17<br />
schl<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ßt sich dem Schelfbereich <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> D<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Folg<strong>en</strong> s<strong>in</strong>d e<strong>in</strong> Anst<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>g <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> weltweit<strong>en</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>cl<strong>in</strong>e, the cont<strong>in</strong><strong>en</strong>tal slope follows the polar deglaciation, higher <strong>se</strong>a levels and<br />
Kont<strong>in</strong><strong>en</strong>talha<strong>ng</strong> an, <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> steil bis <strong>in</strong> d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Mitteltemperatur, e<strong>in</strong> Schmelz<strong>en</strong><br />
shelf area, desc<strong>en</strong>di<strong>ng</strong> steeply <strong>in</strong>to<br />
an <strong>in</strong>creasi<strong>ng</strong> n<strong>um</strong>ber of extreme<br />
T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>f<strong>se</strong>eeb<strong>en</strong><strong>en</strong> h<strong>in</strong>abführt. D<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> durch- von polarem Eis, e<strong>in</strong> Anst<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>g des<br />
the deep <strong>se</strong>a levels. The average water weather occurr<strong>en</strong>ces; the exact scale<br />
schnittliche Was<strong>se</strong>rt<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>fe <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>f<strong>se</strong>e, Meeressp<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>gels und d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Häufu<strong>ng</strong> von<br />
depth of the deep <strong>se</strong>a, which beg<strong>in</strong>s is hard to determ<strong>in</strong>e.<br />
d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <strong>in</strong> rund 1.000 Metern T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>fe beg<strong>in</strong>nt extrem<strong>en</strong> Wetterereigniss<strong>en</strong>; das<br />
at a depth of 1000 meters and covers<br />
The ocean plays a crucial role <strong>in</strong> this<br />
und nahezu 60 Proz<strong>en</strong>t des O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s g<strong>en</strong>aue Ausmaß ist schwer abzuschätz<strong>en</strong>.<br />
nearly 60 perc<strong>en</strong>t of the ocean, is<br />
process: It absorbs approx<strong>im</strong>ately<br />
e<strong>in</strong>n<strong>im</strong>mt, beträgt 3.000 bis 5.000 Meter.<br />
Der O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>> sp<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>lt h<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>rbei e<strong>in</strong>e große<br />
3,000 to 5,000 meters. Here l<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> the mid 30 perc<strong>en</strong>t of the CO 2<br />
from the atmos-<br />
H<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>r l<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>g<strong>en</strong> d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Mittelo<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>>isch<strong>en</strong><br />
Rolle: Er n<strong>im</strong>mt rund 30 Proz<strong>en</strong>t des<br />
ocean ridges at an average depth of phere and thus buffers the cl<strong>im</strong>ate<br />
Rück<strong>en</strong> <strong>in</strong> T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>f<strong>en</strong> <strong>um</strong> 2.500 bis 3.000 CO 2<br />
aus <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Atmosphäre auf und puffert<br />
2,500 to 3,000 meters. Deep <strong>se</strong>a tr<strong>en</strong>- cha<strong>ng</strong>e. For how lo<strong>ng</strong> and by how much<br />
Metern. T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>f<strong>se</strong>egräb<strong>en</strong> erstreck<strong>en</strong> sich so d<strong>en</strong> Kl<strong>im</strong>awandel ab. W<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> la<strong>ng</strong>e<br />
ches ext<strong>en</strong>d down to a depth of 8,000 is the subject of curr<strong>en</strong>t re<strong>se</strong>arch.<br />
zwisch<strong>en</strong> 8.000 und 11.000 Metern noch und w<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> v<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>l, das ist Geg<strong>en</strong>stand<br />
meters to 11,000 meters.<br />
T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>fe.<br />
aktueller Forschu<strong>ng</strong>.
Bohrkerne aus dem Meeresbod<strong>en</strong> –<br />
das Kl<strong>im</strong>aarchiv <strong>im</strong> Labor<br />
Drill Cores from the Ocean Floor –<br />
Cl<strong>im</strong>ate Archive <strong>in</strong> the Laboratory<br />
Der Meeresbod<strong>en</strong> stellt das größte<br />
Sed<strong>im</strong><strong>en</strong>tkerne werd<strong>en</strong> oft noch an<br />
The ocean floor is the largest global around the world. Oft<strong>en</strong> a 3 mill<strong>im</strong>eter<br />
Kl<strong>im</strong>aarchiv <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Erde dar. D<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Bord <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Schiffe beprobt. Dazu wird<br />
cl<strong>im</strong>ate archive. Sed<strong>im</strong><strong>en</strong>t layers<br />
thick layer is tak<strong>en</strong> from the other<br />
Sed<strong>im</strong><strong>en</strong><strong>tsch</strong>icht<strong>en</strong> bild<strong>en</strong> sich über <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Bohrkern <strong>im</strong> Labor <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Lä<strong>ng</strong>e<br />
formed over the cour<strong>se</strong> of thousands half and sub<strong>se</strong>qu<strong>en</strong>tly x-rayed to detertaus<strong>en</strong>de<br />
bis Million<strong>en</strong> von Jahr<strong>en</strong><br />
nach mittig geteilt. E<strong>in</strong>e Hälfte<br />
or millions of years from precipitati<strong>ng</strong> m<strong>in</strong>e the quality of layers. Th<strong>en</strong>, syri<strong>ng</strong>es<br />
aus perman<strong>en</strong>t herabr<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>se</strong>lndem<br />
kommt <strong>in</strong>s Bohrkern-Archiv und ist<br />
algae materials, decea<strong>se</strong>d life, excrem<strong>en</strong>t<br />
are u<strong>se</strong>d to take specific amounts<br />
Material von Alg<strong>en</strong>, abgestorb<strong>en</strong>em so auch an<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>en</strong> Forschern weltweit<br />
and rocks washed <strong>in</strong>to the ocean of <strong>se</strong>d<strong>im</strong><strong>en</strong>t for various analy<strong>se</strong>s. From<br />
Leb<strong>en</strong>, Exkrem<strong>en</strong>t<strong>en</strong> und Geste<strong>in</strong><strong>en</strong>, zugä<strong>ng</strong>lich Von <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> an<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>en</strong> Hälfte<br />
from rivers. Quite a few of the<strong>se</strong> mate- this, <strong>se</strong>d<strong>im</strong><strong>en</strong>t parts, such as. microfossils,<br />
d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> über Flüss<strong>en</strong> <strong>in</strong>s Meer komm<strong>en</strong>. wird häufig zunächst e<strong>in</strong>e 3 Mill<strong>im</strong>eter<br />
rials conta<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>formation on their formation:<br />
are washed out for exam<strong>in</strong>ation.<br />
V<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>le d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>se</strong>r Material<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>n <strong>en</strong>thalt<strong>en</strong><br />
dicke Schicht abg<strong>en</strong>omm<strong>en</strong> und<br />
For example, the formation and The resulti<strong>ng</strong> holes <strong>in</strong> the drill core are<br />
Information<strong>en</strong> über ihre Entstehu<strong>ng</strong>: geröntgt, <strong>um</strong> d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Schichtu<strong>ng</strong>squalität<br />
chemistry of carbonate shells offer filled with plastic; thus, the structure<br />
Z<strong>um</strong> Beisp<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>l lass<strong>en</strong> Aufbau und<br />
zu erk<strong>en</strong>n<strong>en</strong>. Dann werd<strong>en</strong> für<br />
<strong>in</strong>formation on wh<strong>en</strong> this creature existed<br />
of the drill core is pre<strong>se</strong>rved and sub-<br />
Chem<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> von Kalkschal<strong>en</strong> Rückschlüs<strong>se</strong> versch<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>d<strong>en</strong>e Analys<strong>en</strong> best<strong>im</strong>mte<br />
or at what temperatures the shell <strong>se</strong>qu<strong>en</strong>t sampli<strong>ng</strong>s can be carr<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>d out<br />
darauf zu, wann e<strong>in</strong> Lebewes<strong>en</strong> gelebt Me<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong> an Sed<strong>im</strong><strong>en</strong>t mit Spritz<strong>en</strong><br />
was formed. The more is known about at a later t<strong>im</strong>e and date. The microfossils<br />
hat o<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> bei welcher Temperatur d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <strong>en</strong>tnomm<strong>en</strong>. Daraus werd<strong>en</strong> d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
the discovered organisms, the more<br />
are id<strong>en</strong>tif<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>d by spec<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s and<br />
Schal<strong>en</strong> <strong>en</strong>tstand<strong>en</strong> s<strong>in</strong>d. Je mehr über Sed<strong>im</strong><strong>en</strong>tbestandteile, z<strong>um</strong> Beisp<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>l<br />
preci<strong>se</strong> the reconstruction of Earth’s provide <strong>in</strong>formation on the water<br />
d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> gefund<strong>en</strong><strong>en</strong> Organism<strong>en</strong> bekannt Mikrofossil<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>n, zur Untersuchu<strong>ng</strong><br />
historical conditions.<br />
temperature, salt cont<strong>en</strong>t, and other<br />
ist, <strong>um</strong>so g<strong>en</strong>auer lässt sich rekonstru<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>r<strong>en</strong>,<br />
herausgewasch<strong>en</strong>. D<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <strong>en</strong>tsteh<strong>en</strong>d<strong>en</strong><br />
Drilli<strong>ng</strong> equipm<strong>en</strong>t and drilli<strong>ng</strong><br />
parameters duri<strong>ng</strong> their lifet<strong>im</strong>e.<br />
welche Bedi<strong>ng</strong>u<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong> auf <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Hohlrä<strong>um</strong>e <strong>im</strong> Bohrkern werd<strong>en</strong><br />
ships can p<strong>en</strong>etrate <strong>se</strong>veral kilometers<br />
The evolution of a specific ocean<br />
Erde <strong>in</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Verga<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong>heit geherrscht mit Kunststoff verfüllt, damit <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
deep <strong>in</strong>to the ocean floor and earth area can be reconstructed with the<br />
18 hab<strong>en</strong>.<br />
Bohrkern <strong>se</strong><strong>in</strong>e Struktur behält und<br />
crust. With remote controlled submersibles<br />
data collected from one or more drill<br />
19<br />
Bohrgeräte und Bohrschiffe<br />
spätere Beprobu<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong> noch möglich<br />
and submar<strong>in</strong>e vehicles, specific cores.<br />
könn<strong>en</strong> bis zu mehrere Kilometer t<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>f s<strong>in</strong>d. D<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Mikrofossil<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>n werd<strong>en</strong><br />
drill core samples can be tak<strong>en</strong> from<br />
<strong>in</strong> d<strong>en</strong> Meeresbod<strong>en</strong> und d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Erdkruste nach ihrer Spez<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s best<strong>im</strong>mt und<br />
the ocean floor. The s<strong>im</strong>plest method<br />
vordri<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong>. Mit fer<strong>ng</strong>est<strong>eu</strong>ert<strong>en</strong> Unterwas<strong>se</strong>rfahrz<strong>eu</strong>g<strong>en</strong><br />
l<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>fern Information<strong>en</strong> w<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> über<br />
is a gravity corer; here, pipes are pres<strong>se</strong>d<br />
und Tauchboot<strong>en</strong> Was<strong>se</strong>rtemperatur o<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Salzgehalt.<br />
up to 50 meter <strong>in</strong>to the soft <strong>se</strong>a bed<br />
lass<strong>en</strong> sich gez<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>lt Bohrprob<strong>en</strong> aus dem<br />
Aus d<strong>en</strong> gesammelt<strong>en</strong> Dat<strong>en</strong><br />
with static pressures of <strong>se</strong>veral tons to<br />
Meeresbod<strong>en</strong> berg<strong>en</strong>. Am e<strong>in</strong>fachst<strong>en</strong> e<strong>in</strong>es o<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> mehrerer Bohrkerne kann<br />
take samples.<br />
s<strong>in</strong>d Schwerelote, Rohre, d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> mit e<strong>in</strong>em d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Entwicklu<strong>ng</strong>sgeschichte e<strong>in</strong>es<br />
Sed<strong>im</strong><strong>en</strong>t cores are usually sampled<br />
Gewicht von mehrer<strong>en</strong> Tonn<strong>en</strong> bis zu O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>>bereichs rekonstru<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>rt werd<strong>en</strong>.<br />
on board. The drill core is halved<br />
50 Meter <strong>in</strong> weich<strong>en</strong> Meeresbod<strong>en</strong><br />
le<strong>ng</strong>thwi<strong>se</strong> <strong>in</strong> the laboratory. One half is<br />
gedrückt werd<strong>en</strong> könn<strong>en</strong>, <strong>um</strong> <strong>en</strong>tsprech<strong>en</strong>-<br />
stored <strong>in</strong> the drill core archive and<br />
de Prob<strong>en</strong> zu nehm<strong>en</strong>.<br />
thus is accessible to other re<strong>se</strong>archers
Kl<strong>im</strong>awandel<br />
und Folg<strong>en</strong> für d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Küst<strong>en</strong><br />
Cl<strong>im</strong>ate Cha<strong>ng</strong>e and the Con<strong>se</strong>qu<strong>en</strong>ces for Coast L<strong>in</strong>es<br />
D<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Kl<strong>im</strong>aerwärmu<strong>ng</strong> wird d<strong>en</strong> Meeressp<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>gel erheblich ansteig<strong>en</strong> lass<strong>en</strong>. D<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s<br />
gilt <strong>in</strong>zwisch<strong>en</strong> als sicher. So werd<strong>en</strong> <strong>in</strong> d<strong>en</strong> komm<strong>en</strong>d<strong>en</strong> Jahrhun<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>t<strong>en</strong>, w<strong>en</strong>n das<br />
Was<strong>se</strong>r <strong>um</strong> mehrere Meter steigt, weltweit v<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>le Küste<strong>ng</strong>eb<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>te verlor<strong>en</strong> geh<strong>en</strong>.<br />
Landwir<strong>tsch</strong>aftliche Fläch<strong>en</strong> und dicht bes<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>delte Städte präg<strong>en</strong> <strong>se</strong>it Jahrtaus<strong>en</strong>d<strong>en</strong><br />
d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Küst<strong>en</strong>region<strong>en</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Erde. Im Geg<strong>en</strong>satz zu arm<strong>en</strong> Län<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>n werd<strong>en</strong> sich<br />
d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> reich<strong>en</strong> Industr<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>nation<strong>en</strong> mit <strong>en</strong>ormem technischem Aufwand zunächst geg<strong>en</strong><br />
das Vorrück<strong>en</strong> des Meeres wehr<strong>en</strong> könn<strong>en</strong>. La<strong>ng</strong>fristig aber werd<strong>en</strong> sich auch<br />
dort v<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>le M<strong>en</strong>sch<strong>en</strong> zurückz<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>h<strong>en</strong> müss<strong>en</strong>.<br />
Meeressp<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>gelschwanku<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong> hat es <strong>im</strong> Verlauf <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Erdgeschichte aufgrund<br />
natürlicher Ursach<strong>en</strong> oft gegeb<strong>en</strong>. D<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> h<strong>eu</strong>tig<strong>en</strong> Anst<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>gsrat<strong>en</strong> werd<strong>en</strong> maßgeblich<br />
auf d<strong>en</strong> durch d<strong>en</strong> M<strong>en</strong>sch<strong>en</strong> verursacht<strong>en</strong> Treibhau<strong>se</strong>ffekt mit d<strong>en</strong> Folg<strong>en</strong><br />
e<strong>in</strong>er Wärmeausdehnu<strong>ng</strong> des Was<strong>se</strong>rs und dem Abschmelz<strong>en</strong> von Gle<strong>tsch</strong>ern<br />
zurückgeführt. Weltweit versuch<strong>en</strong> Forscher zu erk<strong>en</strong>n<strong>en</strong>, w<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> schnell und w<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
stark <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Kl<strong>im</strong>awandel das Was<strong>se</strong>r ansteig<strong>en</strong> lässt.<br />
Cl<strong>im</strong>ate cha<strong>ng</strong>e will result <strong>in</strong> risi<strong>ng</strong> <strong>se</strong>a levels. Today, this is consi<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ed a certa<strong>in</strong>ty.<br />
Thus, many coastal areas around the world will be lost <strong>in</strong> the comi<strong>ng</strong> c<strong>en</strong>tur<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s<br />
as water levels ri<strong>se</strong> by <strong>se</strong>veral metres.<br />
Agricultural areas and d<strong>en</strong><strong>se</strong>ly populated cit<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s have characteri<strong>se</strong>d Earth‘s<br />
20 coastal regions for c<strong>en</strong>tur<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s. In contrast to poor countr<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s, rich <strong>in</strong>dustrial nations<br />
21<br />
will <strong>in</strong>itially be able to def<strong>en</strong>d them<strong>se</strong>lves aga<strong>in</strong>st the advanci<strong>ng</strong> <strong>se</strong>as with an<br />
<strong>en</strong>ormous exp<strong>en</strong>diture of effort. On the lo<strong>ng</strong> term, however, much of the population<br />
will have to retreat.<br />
Sea level fluctuations due to natural proces<strong>se</strong>s have occurred oft<strong>en</strong> duri<strong>ng</strong><br />
the cour<strong>se</strong> of geological history. The rate at which ocean levels are curr<strong>en</strong>tly risi<strong>ng</strong><br />
is ma<strong>in</strong>ly attributed to the man-made gre<strong>en</strong>hou<strong>se</strong> effect, which cau<strong>se</strong>s thermal<br />
expansion of the waters and deglaciation. Around the world, re<strong>se</strong>archers are tryi<strong>ng</strong><br />
to ga<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>sight as to how fast and how <strong>se</strong>verely the cha<strong>ng</strong>es <strong>in</strong> cl<strong>im</strong>ate will affect<br />
the water levels.
5 Seit<strong>en</strong>sichtsonare werd<strong>en</strong> ei<strong>ng</strong>e<strong>se</strong>tzt<br />
für Bil<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> vom Meeresbod<strong>en</strong>, von geologisch<strong>en</strong><br />
Struktur<strong>en</strong> o<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <strong>um</strong> Wracks zu<br />
erforsch<strong>en</strong>. Dabei wird Schall ausges<strong>en</strong>det<br />
und das reflekt<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>rte Signal aufgezeichnet.<br />
Side-scan sonar is u<strong>se</strong>d to produce<br />
<strong>im</strong>ages of the ocean floor to <strong>se</strong>arch for geological<br />
structures or to <strong>in</strong>vestigate ship<br />
wrecks. Sound waves are s<strong>en</strong>t to the <strong>se</strong>afloor<br />
and the reflected signal is recorded.<br />
6 Auswirku<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong> des Meeressp<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>gelanst<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>gs<br />
auf d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> N<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>lande:<br />
1 . Meeresausdehnu<strong>ng</strong> mit h<strong>eu</strong>tigem<br />
Küst<strong>en</strong>schutz<br />
2 . Überflutu<strong>ng</strong> ohne Küst<strong>en</strong>schutz, h<strong>eu</strong>te<br />
3 . Überflutu<strong>ng</strong> bei 3-Meter-Anst<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>g ohne<br />
<strong>en</strong>tsprech<strong>en</strong>d<strong>en</strong> Küst<strong>en</strong>schutz<br />
The effects of risi<strong>ng</strong> <strong>se</strong>a levels on the<br />
Netherlands:<br />
5 Seit<strong>en</strong>sichtsonar: scannt d<strong>en</strong> Meeresbod<strong>en</strong> Sidescan sonar: scans the <strong>se</strong>a floor<br />
22 23<br />
6 S<strong>im</strong>ulation: Zeigt d<strong>en</strong> Meeressp<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>gelanst<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>g S<strong>im</strong>ulation: Shows the <strong>se</strong>a level ri<strong>se</strong><br />
1 . Ext<strong>en</strong>sion of the North Sea with curr<strong>en</strong>t<br />
costal protection<br />
2 . pot<strong>en</strong>tial ext<strong>en</strong>sion of the North Sea<br />
without any costal protection<br />
3 . Pot<strong>en</strong>tial ext<strong>en</strong>sion with a 3 meter <strong>se</strong>a<br />
level ri<strong>se</strong> appl<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>d, ass<strong>um</strong>i<strong>ng</strong> no costal<br />
protection
W<strong>en</strong>n <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Meeressp<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>gel<br />
steigt<br />
D<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>Zukunft</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Küste<br />
Verteidigu<strong>ng</strong> o<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Rückzug?<br />
Wh<strong>en</strong><br />
Sea Levels<br />
Ri<strong>se</strong><br />
The Future of the<br />
Coastal Areas<br />
Def<strong>en</strong>d or Retreat?<br />
Nicht nur <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Anst<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>g des Meeres- La<strong>ng</strong>e hab<strong>en</strong> d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Bewohner <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> d<strong>eu</strong>t-<br />
It is not solely the ri<strong>se</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>se</strong>a levels For a lo<strong>ng</strong> t<strong>im</strong>e, the <strong>in</strong>habitants of<br />
sp<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>gels, son<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>n auch d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Folgeersche<strong>in</strong>u<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong><br />
sch<strong>en</strong> Nord<strong>se</strong>eküste Landgew<strong>in</strong>-<br />
which may threat<strong>en</strong> many coastal<br />
Germany‘s North Sea coast have pracbedroh<strong>en</strong>.<br />
könn<strong>en</strong> v<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>le Küst<strong>en</strong> nu<strong>ng</strong> betr<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>b<strong>en</strong> und n<strong>eu</strong>es Land durch<br />
regions, but the con<strong>se</strong>qu<strong>en</strong>ces. Amo<strong>ng</strong> ticed land reclamation and protected<br />
H<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>rzu zähl<strong>en</strong> e<strong>in</strong>e land- Deiche geschützt. D<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Deichl<strong>in</strong><stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
the<strong>se</strong> are cha<strong>ng</strong>es <strong>in</strong> the supratidal new land with dikes. The dike l<strong>in</strong>e<br />
wärts gerichtete Verlageru<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
wurde <strong>im</strong>mer weiter <strong>se</strong>ewärts vorgebaut,<br />
zones, higher flood levels, as well as moved further and further <strong>in</strong>to the <strong>se</strong>a,<br />
Brandu<strong>ng</strong>szone, höhere Sturmflut- das Meer ei<strong>ng</strong>ee<strong>ng</strong>t.<br />
the sal<strong>in</strong>ization of ground water<br />
the <strong>se</strong>a was conf<strong>in</strong>ed.<br />
was<strong>se</strong>rstände sow<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Grund-<br />
Steig<strong>en</strong>de Was<strong>se</strong>rstände und höher<br />
cau<strong>se</strong>d by <strong>se</strong>a water p<strong>en</strong>etration.<br />
Risi<strong>ng</strong> water and flood levels require<br />
was<strong>se</strong>rversalzu<strong>ng</strong> durch e<strong>in</strong>dri<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong>- auflauf<strong>en</strong>de Sturmflut<strong>en</strong> erfor<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>n<br />
The <strong>im</strong>pact dep<strong>en</strong>ds on the coastal stro<strong>ng</strong>er and higher dikes and flood<br />
des Meerwas<strong>se</strong>r.<br />
stärkere und höhere Deiche sow<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Sperr-<br />
type and shape. Steep cliff l<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
barr<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>rs. More and more countr<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s<br />
D<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Auswirku<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong> s<strong>in</strong>d von<br />
werke. Immer mehr Län<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> versuch<strong>en</strong>,<br />
coasts with solid rock formations are try to reestablish the natural flood areas<br />
Küst<strong>en</strong>typ und Küst<strong>en</strong>form abhä<strong>ng</strong>ig. dem Meer und d<strong>en</strong> Flüss<strong>en</strong> ihre natür-<br />
less threat<strong>en</strong>ed by floodi<strong>ng</strong> and<br />
of <strong>se</strong>a and rivers, for example by the<br />
Steile Felsküst<strong>en</strong> mit festem Geste<strong>in</strong> lich<strong>en</strong> Überflutu<strong>ng</strong>sfläch<strong>en</strong> teilwei<strong>se</strong><br />
erosion. Flat coastal areas, oft<strong>en</strong>t<strong>im</strong>es strategic op<strong>en</strong>i<strong>ng</strong> or relocation of<br />
s<strong>in</strong>d w<strong>en</strong>iger von Überflutu<strong>ng</strong> und<br />
zurückzugeb<strong>en</strong>, etwa durch gez<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ltes<br />
<strong>se</strong>t on sand, can erode very quickly. dikes. However, <strong>in</strong> many ca<strong>se</strong>s this<br />
Erosion bedroht. Flachküst<strong>en</strong>, d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> oft Öffn<strong>en</strong> o<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> das Zurückverlagern<br />
However, the<strong>se</strong> flat coastal areas are would also require the relocation of the<br />
aus Sand aufgebaut s<strong>in</strong>d, könn<strong>en</strong> h<strong>in</strong>- von Deich<strong>en</strong>. Dafür mü<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sste</stro<strong>ng</strong>> aber <strong>in</strong><br />
the most d<strong>en</strong><strong>se</strong>ly populated. Many<br />
population.<br />
geg<strong>en</strong> <strong>se</strong>hr schnell abgetrag<strong>en</strong> werd<strong>en</strong>. v<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>l<strong>en</strong> Fäll<strong>en</strong> Bevölkeru<strong>ng</strong> <strong>um</strong>ges<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>delt<br />
major cit<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s with oft<strong>en</strong>t<strong>im</strong>es rapidly<br />
In the lo<strong>ng</strong> run, many will have to<br />
Gerade an d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s<strong>en</strong> Flachküst<strong>en</strong> aber<br />
werd<strong>en</strong>.<br />
growi<strong>ng</strong> population are located <strong>in</strong><br />
retreat or adjust to the advance of<br />
wohn<strong>en</strong> d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> meist<strong>en</strong> M<strong>en</strong>sch<strong>en</strong>. V<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>le<br />
La<strong>ng</strong>fristig werd<strong>en</strong> sich v<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>le<br />
the<strong>se</strong> low coastal areas, for example the oceans. In the Netherlands, the first<br />
Großstädte mit oft rasant wachs<strong>en</strong>d<strong>en</strong> M<strong>en</strong>sch<strong>en</strong> zurückz<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>h<strong>en</strong> o<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> an das Vor-<br />
Dhaka <strong>in</strong> Ba<strong>ng</strong>ladesh and New York <strong>in</strong> sw<strong>im</strong>mi<strong>ng</strong> <strong>se</strong>ttlem<strong>en</strong>ts are bei<strong>ng</strong><br />
24 Bevölkeru<strong>ng</strong>szahl<strong>en</strong> l<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>g<strong>en</strong> <strong>in</strong> d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s<strong>en</strong> rück<strong>en</strong> des Meeres anpass<strong>en</strong> müs-<br />
the United States. Thus, uncontroll- built, which, while <strong>se</strong>curely moored,<br />
25<br />
n<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>drig<strong>en</strong> Küst<strong>en</strong>bereich<strong>en</strong>, etwa Dhaka s<strong>en</strong>. In d<strong>en</strong> N<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>land<strong>en</strong> werd<strong>en</strong> erste<br />
able cha<strong>ng</strong>es to the coast l<strong>in</strong>e <strong>en</strong>da<strong>ng</strong>er<br />
float with the floods. Man is learni<strong>ng</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong> Ba<strong>ng</strong>ladesh und New York <strong>in</strong> d<strong>en</strong> schw<strong>im</strong>m<strong>en</strong>de S<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>dlu<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong> errichtet,<br />
many coastal <strong>se</strong>ttlem<strong>en</strong>ts. to live with the waters. Thusly, there will<br />
USA. Unkontroll<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>rbare Verän<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>u<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong> d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>, fest vertäut, bei Hochwas<strong>se</strong>r auf-<br />
be a need to develop susta<strong>in</strong>able<br />
<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Küst<strong>en</strong>l<strong>in</strong><stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> gefährd<strong>en</strong> so v<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>le<br />
schw<strong>im</strong>m<strong>en</strong>. Der M<strong>en</strong>sch lernt, mit<br />
planni<strong>ng</strong> concepts <strong>in</strong> many areas. Me-<br />
Küst<strong>en</strong>ans<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>dlu<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong>.<br />
dem Was<strong>se</strong>r zu leb<strong>en</strong>. So wird man<br />
di<strong>um</strong> term, however, it is ess<strong>en</strong>tial<br />
v<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>lerorts ähnliche nachhaltige Planu<strong>ng</strong>s-<br />
to l<strong>im</strong>it the risi<strong>ng</strong> <strong>se</strong>a levels as much<br />
konzepte <strong>en</strong>twickeln müss<strong>en</strong>. Mittelfristig<br />
as possible by cl<strong>im</strong>ate protection.<br />
aber gilt es, d<strong>en</strong> Meeres-<br />
sp<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>gelanst<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>g durch Kl<strong>im</strong>aschutz so<br />
geri<strong>ng</strong> w<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> möglich zu halt<strong>en</strong>.
Globales Problem, regionale Untersch<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>de<br />
Global Problem, Regional Differ<strong>en</strong>ces<br />
Nicht alle Län<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> s<strong>in</strong>d gleichermaß<strong>en</strong> In<strong>se</strong>lstaat<strong>en</strong> w<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Malediv<strong>en</strong> o<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Not all countr<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s are affected equally Island states, such as the Maldives or<br />
vom Meeressp<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>gelanst<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>g betroff<strong>en</strong>. Tuvalu, d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> nur w<strong>en</strong>ige Meter über dem<br />
by the ri<strong>se</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>se</strong>a levels. Coastal conditions,<br />
Tuvalu, which lay just a few metres<br />
Küst<strong>en</strong>beschaff<strong>en</strong>heit, wir<strong>tsch</strong>aftliche h<strong>eu</strong>tig<strong>en</strong> Meeressp<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>gel l<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>g<strong>en</strong>, könnt<strong>en</strong><br />
economic situation, population above the curr<strong>en</strong>t <strong>se</strong>a level, could cea<strong>se</strong><br />
Situation, Bevölkeru<strong>ng</strong>sdichte und<br />
bei steig<strong>en</strong>dem Was<strong>se</strong>r komplett unter-<br />
d<strong>en</strong>sity and population growth are of to exist with risi<strong>ng</strong> <strong>se</strong>a levels. Adap-<br />
- wachst<strong>um</strong> s<strong>in</strong>d dabei von z<strong>en</strong>traler Be- geh<strong>en</strong>. Anpassu<strong>ng</strong>smaßnahm<strong>en</strong> würd<strong>en</strong><br />
utmost <strong>im</strong>portance here. The more pros- tation measures would not help <strong>in</strong> the<br />
d<strong>eu</strong>tu<strong>ng</strong>. Je reicher e<strong>in</strong> Land ist, desto la<strong>ng</strong>fristig nicht helf<strong>en</strong>.<br />
perous a country is, the more likely it lo<strong>ng</strong> run.<br />
eher kann es <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Bedrohu<strong>ng</strong> durch<br />
Der Meeressp<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>gel steigt zudem<br />
can counteract the threat with appro-<br />
Additionally, <strong>se</strong>a levels don’t ri<strong>se</strong><br />
geeignete Schutzmaßnahm<strong>en</strong> <strong>en</strong>tge- nicht <strong>in</strong> all<strong>en</strong> Län<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>n gleich schnell.<br />
priate protective measures. Poor<br />
at the same rate <strong>in</strong> all countr<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s. In<br />
g<strong>en</strong>wirk<strong>en</strong>. Arm<strong>en</strong> Län<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>n fehl<strong>en</strong><br />
Im skand<strong>in</strong>avisch<strong>en</strong> Ra<strong>um</strong>, etwa <strong>in</strong><br />
countr<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s lack the funds to do so. Ev<strong>en</strong> Scand<strong>in</strong>avian countr<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s, for example <strong>in</strong><br />
d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Mittel. Auch w<strong>en</strong>n d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Auswirku<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong> F<strong>in</strong>nland, wirkt d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> andauernde Hebu<strong>ng</strong><br />
if the <strong>im</strong>pact differs from region to<br />
F<strong>in</strong>land, the o<strong>ng</strong>oi<strong>ng</strong> upward movem<strong>en</strong>t<br />
regional <strong>se</strong>hr untersch<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>dlich <strong>se</strong><strong>in</strong><br />
<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Landmas<strong>se</strong> dem Anst<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>g des Meeres-<br />
region, the ri<strong>se</strong> of ocean levels will rewerd<strong>en</strong>,<br />
of land mas<strong>se</strong>s is counteracti<strong>ng</strong><br />
so ist <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Meeressp<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>gelanst<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>g<br />
sp<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>gels <strong>en</strong>tgeg<strong>en</strong>. La<strong>ng</strong>fristig steigt<br />
ma<strong>in</strong> a global problem.<br />
the ri<strong>se</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>se</strong>a levels. On the lo<strong>ng</strong> term,<br />
e<strong>in</strong> globales Problem.<br />
er aber auch dort.<br />
The Netherlands have already dealt however, levels will also ri<strong>se</strong> here.<br />
D<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> N<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>lande hab<strong>en</strong> damit schon<br />
D<strong>eu</strong><strong>tsch</strong>lands t<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>fl<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>g<strong>en</strong>de Küst<strong>en</strong>-<br />
with this for a lo<strong>ng</strong> t<strong>im</strong>e. Today, 26<br />
Germany’s low layi<strong>ng</strong> coastal areas<br />
<strong>se</strong>it la<strong>ng</strong>em zu tun. H<strong>eu</strong>te l<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>g<strong>en</strong> 26 region<strong>en</strong> an Nord- und Ost<strong>se</strong>e s<strong>in</strong>d<br />
perc<strong>en</strong>t of the country is located below at the North and Eastern <strong>se</strong>aboards<br />
Proz<strong>en</strong>t des Landes t<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>fer als <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Meeres- durch Küst<strong>en</strong>schutzbauwerke vor Über-<br />
the <strong>se</strong>a level and 70 perc<strong>en</strong>t would be are protected from floodi<strong>ng</strong> by protecsp<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>gel,<br />
70 Proz<strong>en</strong>t wär<strong>en</strong> ohne Küst<strong>en</strong>- flutu<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong> geschützt. Mächtige Deiche,<br />
flooded without coastal protection. tive structures. However, ev<strong>en</strong> the<br />
schutz überflutet.<br />
d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> an <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Nord<strong>se</strong>eküste bereits h<strong>eu</strong>te<br />
Ba<strong>ng</strong>ladesh, with its Ga<strong>ng</strong>es<br />
mighty dikes, which already exceed<br />
Ba<strong>ng</strong>ladesh mit dem groß<strong>en</strong> Ga<strong>ng</strong>es 8 Meter <strong>in</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Höhe übersteig<strong>en</strong>,<br />
Brahmaputra delta, is a poor country 8 meter <strong>in</strong> height at the North Sea, will<br />
26 Brahmaputra-Delta ist e<strong>in</strong> armes Land, werd<strong>en</strong> aber auch <strong>in</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>Zukunft</stro<strong>ng</strong>> nicht<br />
which can barely come up with the<br />
not suffice <strong>in</strong> the future. Large river<br />
27<br />
das d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> nötig<strong>en</strong> Mittel geg<strong>en</strong> e<strong>in</strong><strong>en</strong> stei- reich<strong>en</strong>. Beson<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s gefährdet s<strong>in</strong>d<br />
funds required for protection from the delta regions are specifically<br />
g<strong>en</strong>d<strong>en</strong> Meeressp<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>gel ka<strong>um</strong> aufbri<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong> d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> groß<strong>en</strong> Flussmündu<strong>ng</strong>sregion<strong>en</strong>.<br />
risi<strong>ng</strong> <strong>se</strong>a levels. Additionally, the soft threat<strong>en</strong>ed.<br />
kann. Zudem würde <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> weiche Unter-<br />
Der Süd<strong>en</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> USA ist stark von<br />
subsoil of the <strong>en</strong>da<strong>ng</strong>ered coastal<br />
The South of the US is greatly affecgrund<br />
<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> gefährdet<strong>en</strong> Küst<strong>en</strong>region Hurrikan<strong>en</strong> betroff<strong>en</strong>. E<strong>in</strong> Meeressp<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>-<br />
region would hardly support the<br />
ted by hurricanes. A ri<strong>se</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>se</strong>a levels<br />
schwer<strong>en</strong> Schutzbaut<strong>en</strong> ka<strong>um</strong> stand- gelanst<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>g verschärft d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Überflutu<strong>ng</strong>s-<br />
heavy protective structures. A <strong>se</strong>a level massively <strong>in</strong>crea<strong>se</strong>s the da<strong>ng</strong>er of<br />
halt<strong>en</strong>. E<strong>in</strong> Anst<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>g des Meeressp<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>gels gefahr und Ausdehnu<strong>ng</strong> massiv.<br />
ri<strong>se</strong> of approx<strong>im</strong>ately 1 meter would floods and expansion.<br />
<strong>um</strong> circa 1 Meter würde fast e<strong>in</strong> Fünftel<br />
flood clo<strong>se</strong> to a fifth of the country and<br />
des Landes überflut<strong>en</strong> und rund 15<br />
affect nearly 15 million people.<br />
Million<strong>en</strong> M<strong>en</strong>sch<strong>en</strong> betreff<strong>en</strong>.
Ra<strong>um</strong>schiffe für d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>f<strong>se</strong>e<br />
Spaceships for the Deep Sea<br />
Meeresforschu<strong>ng</strong> stellt etwa so hohe technische Anfor<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>u<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong> w<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Weltra<strong>um</strong>forschu<strong>ng</strong>.<br />
Salzwas<strong>se</strong>r korrod<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>rt hochwertig<strong>en</strong> Stahl, extremer Druck – <strong>in</strong><br />
6.000 Metern T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>fe <strong>se</strong>chshun<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>t Mal höher als an <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Erdoberfläche – erfor<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>t<br />
z<strong>en</strong>t<strong>im</strong>eterdicke Metallgehäu<strong>se</strong> z<strong>um</strong> Schutz <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Elektronik, mechanische<br />
Verb<strong>in</strong>du<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong> müss<strong>en</strong> abgedichtet und doch beweglich <strong>se</strong><strong>in</strong>, Kabel zur Dat<strong>en</strong>übermittlu<strong>ng</strong><br />
erfor<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>n höchste Qualität. Ohne Hightech geht nichts – ob<br />
be<strong>im</strong> T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>f<strong>se</strong>eroboter „K<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>l 6000“ o<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> dem autonom<strong>en</strong> Unterwas<strong>se</strong>rfahrz<strong>eu</strong>g<br />
„Abyss“, beide tauch<strong>en</strong> bis <strong>in</strong> 6.000 Meter T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>fe.<br />
Autonom arbeit<strong>en</strong>de Geräte ohne Beglei<strong>tsch</strong>iff gew<strong>in</strong>n<strong>en</strong> an Bed<strong>eu</strong>tu<strong>ng</strong>.<br />
T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>f<strong>se</strong>eob<strong>se</strong>rvator<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>n, so g<strong>en</strong>annte Lan<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> zur Beobachtu<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>f<strong>se</strong>eökolog<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
und für Forschu<strong>ng</strong>exper<strong>im</strong><strong>en</strong>te und Messu<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong> o<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> das O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>>bod<strong>en</strong><strong>se</strong>ismometer<br />
zur Registr<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ru<strong>ng</strong> von Seebeb<strong>en</strong> (Tsunami-Frühwarnsystem)<br />
werd<strong>en</strong> am Meeresbod<strong>en</strong> für Zeiträ<strong>um</strong>e von Monat<strong>en</strong> bis Jahre abge<strong>se</strong>tzt. Danach<br />
werd<strong>en</strong> d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Geräte von Auftr<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>bskörpern an d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Was<strong>se</strong>roberfläche getrag<strong>en</strong><br />
und vom Forschu<strong>ng</strong>sschiff an Bord g<strong>en</strong>omm<strong>en</strong>.<br />
The technical requirem<strong>en</strong>ts of ocean re<strong>se</strong>arch are s<strong>im</strong>ilar to the technical demands<br />
of space re<strong>se</strong>arch. Salt water corrodes high-quality steel, extreme<br />
pressure – at a depth of 6,000 meters it is 600 t<strong>im</strong>es higher than the pressure<br />
28 at the earth’s surface – requires heavy gauge metal casi<strong>ng</strong>s to protect the<br />
29<br />
electronics, mechanical connections have to be <strong>se</strong>aled but flexible, data transmission<br />
cables have to be of the highest quality. Nothi<strong>ng</strong> works without<br />
high-tech – both the remotely controlled deep-<strong>se</strong>a robot “K<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>l 6000“ and the<br />
autonomous un<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>water vehicle “Abyss“ can dive down to a depth of<br />
6,000 meters.<br />
Autonomous devices without escort ves<strong>se</strong>ls are becomi<strong>ng</strong> more and more<br />
<strong>im</strong>portant. The so called lan<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s, deep <strong>se</strong>a ob<strong>se</strong>rvator<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s, for ob<strong>se</strong>rvi<strong>ng</strong><br />
deep <strong>se</strong>a ecology, re<strong>se</strong>arch exper<strong>im</strong><strong>en</strong>ts and measurem<strong>en</strong>ts or ocean bottom<br />
<strong>se</strong>ismometer for registeri<strong>ng</strong> <strong>se</strong>a quakes (tsunami rapid alert system) are<br />
positioned on the ocean floor for months or years. Sub<strong>se</strong>qu<strong>en</strong>tly, the equipm<strong>en</strong>t<br />
is carr<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>d to the surface by floati<strong>ng</strong> aids and collected by the re<strong>se</strong>arch ves<strong>se</strong>l.
A Lan<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> s<strong>in</strong>d mobile Labore <strong>im</strong> Meer.<br />
S<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> werd<strong>en</strong> <strong>in</strong> Was<strong>se</strong>rt<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>f<strong>en</strong> bis zu 6000<br />
Meter ei<strong>ng</strong>e<strong>se</strong>tzt, könn<strong>en</strong> Messu<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong><br />
und Exper<strong>im</strong><strong>en</strong>te <strong>se</strong>lbstständig durchführ<strong>en</strong><br />
und Prob<strong>en</strong> <strong>en</strong>tnehm<strong>en</strong>.<br />
Deep - <strong>se</strong>a lan<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s are autonomous carr<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>r<br />
systems for lo<strong>ng</strong> - term ob<strong>se</strong>rvations and<br />
exper<strong>im</strong><strong>en</strong>ts on the deep-<strong>se</strong>afloor. They allow<br />
re<strong>se</strong>archers to monitor the <strong>se</strong>a-floor at<br />
depth up to 6000 meters.<br />
4 Mit d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>se</strong>m Gerät werd<strong>en</strong> große Prob<strong>en</strong><br />
von <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Oberfläche des Meeresbod<strong>en</strong>s<br />
gewonn<strong>en</strong>. So könn<strong>en</strong> z<strong>um</strong> Beisp<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>l ganze<br />
Leb<strong>en</strong>sgeme<strong>in</strong>schaft<strong>en</strong> erfasst werd<strong>en</strong>.<br />
Big samples from the surface of the <strong>se</strong>a<br />
floor are gathered with deep <strong>se</strong>a grabs.<br />
They allow the retr<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>val of <strong>en</strong>tire biological<br />
communit<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s.<br />
A Lan<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Deep-Sea Lan<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s<br />
7 Kaste<strong>ng</strong>reifer, beprobt d<strong>en</strong> Meeresbod<strong>en</strong> Deep <strong>se</strong>a grab, samples the <strong>se</strong>a floor<br />
31
8 Eisrandschiff, Polar Class PC 7<br />
Baujahr: 2006<br />
Lä<strong>ng</strong>e: 94,80 Meter<br />
Breite: 19,20 Meter<br />
T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>fga<strong>ng</strong>: max. 6,50 Meter<br />
Geschw<strong>in</strong>digkeit: max. 15 Knot<strong>en</strong><br />
Eigner: Land Meckl<strong>en</strong>burg-Vorpommern,<br />
Institut für Ost<strong>se</strong>eforschu<strong>ng</strong> (IOW),<br />
Beree<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>u<strong>ng</strong> durch Br<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>se</strong> Schiffahrts<br />
GmbH & Co. KG, Besatzu<strong>ng</strong>: 46<br />
(23 Wiss<strong>en</strong>schaftler)<br />
Ice marg<strong>in</strong> re<strong>se</strong>arch ves<strong>se</strong>l, polar class PC 7<br />
built <strong>in</strong>: 2006<br />
Le<strong>ng</strong>th: 94.80 meter<br />
width: 19.20 meter<br />
draught: max. 6.50 meter<br />
speed: max. 15 knots<br />
Owner: Land Meckl<strong>en</strong>burg-Vorpommern,<br />
Institute for Baltic Sea Re<strong>se</strong>arch (IOW)<br />
Operated through Br<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>se</strong> Schiffahrts<br />
GmbH & Co. KG, Crew: 46<br />
(23 re<strong>se</strong>archers)<br />
34 Modell: FS Sonne<br />
Eig<strong>en</strong>tümer: RF Forschu<strong>ng</strong>sschiffahrt<br />
GmbH Brem<strong>en</strong>,<br />
Baujahr: 1969<br />
Lä<strong>ng</strong>e: 97,16 Meter<br />
Breite: 14,20 Meter<br />
T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>fga<strong>ng</strong>: 6,80 Meter<br />
Besatzu<strong>ng</strong>: 50 (25 Wiss<strong>en</strong>schaftler)<br />
8 Modell: FS Maria S. Merian Model: RV Maria S. Merian<br />
Model: RV Sonne<br />
Owner: RF Forschu<strong>ng</strong>sschiffahrt<br />
GmbH Brem<strong>en</strong><br />
built: 1969<br />
Le<strong>ng</strong>th: 97,16 meter<br />
width: 14,20 meter<br />
draught: 6,80 meter<br />
32 33<br />
Crew: 50 (25 re<strong>se</strong>archers)<br />
34 Modell: FS Sonne Model: RV Sonne
Forschu<strong>ng</strong>sschiffe:<br />
Plattform<strong>en</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Meereswiss<strong>en</strong>schaft<br />
Re<strong>se</strong>arch Ves<strong>se</strong>ls:<br />
Mar<strong>in</strong>e Sc<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>nce Platforms<br />
1843 formul<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>rte <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> schottische<br />
So folgt<strong>en</strong> mit „Valdivia II“ (1970),<br />
In 1843, the Scottish re<strong>se</strong>archer Edward Thus, the three re<strong>se</strong>arch ves<strong>se</strong>ls<br />
Forscher Edward Forbes d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Theor<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>, „Sonne“ (1977) und „Polarstern“ (1980)<br />
Forbes formed the theory that life “Valdivia II“ (1970), “Sonne“ (1977), and<br />
dass unterhalb von 500 Metern<br />
drei weitere Forschu<strong>ng</strong>sschiffe sow<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
could not possibly exist below a water “Polarstern“(1980) followed, th<strong>en</strong><br />
Was<strong>se</strong>rt<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>fe ke<strong>in</strong> Leb<strong>en</strong> möglich <strong>se</strong>i. als Nachfolgeschiffe „Po<strong>se</strong>idon II“ (1976),<br />
depth of 500 meter. In 1860, wh<strong>en</strong><br />
their replacem<strong>en</strong>ts “Po<strong>se</strong>idon II“ (1976),<br />
Als 1860 e<strong>in</strong> Kabel <strong>im</strong> Mittelmeer<br />
„Meteor III“ (1986), „Alkor“ (1990)<br />
a cable was hoisted from a depth of “Meteor III“ (1986), “Alkor“ (1990) and<br />
aus 1.800 Metern T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>fe ei<strong>ng</strong>eholt wurde, und „He<strong>in</strong>cke“ (1990) sow<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> als Eisrand-<br />
1,800 meter <strong>in</strong> the Mediterranean<br />
“He<strong>in</strong>cke“ (1990), as well as the ice marg<strong>in</strong><br />
war d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>se</strong>s von Organism<strong>en</strong> e<strong>ng</strong><br />
schiff „Maria S. Merian“ (2005).<br />
Sea, it was d<strong>en</strong><strong>se</strong>ly populated by orga- re<strong>se</strong>arch ves<strong>se</strong>l “Maria S. Merian“<br />
bes<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>delt. D<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s führte zur weltweit Aktuell besteht dri<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong><stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Bedarf, d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
nisms. This led to the world’s first<br />
(2005). Curr<strong>en</strong>tly, there is an urg<strong>en</strong>t<br />
erst<strong>en</strong> meereswiss<strong>en</strong>schaftlich<strong>en</strong><br />
Leistu<strong>ng</strong>sfähigkeit und das Spektr<strong>um</strong><br />
mar<strong>in</strong>e re<strong>se</strong>arch expedition by the need to pre<strong>se</strong>rve the <strong>se</strong>rvice capability<br />
Expedition <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> britisch<strong>en</strong> Korvette <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> d<strong>eu</strong><strong>tsch</strong><strong>en</strong> Forschu<strong>ng</strong>sflotte durch<br />
British corvette “Challe<strong>ng</strong>er“ from<br />
and spectr<strong>um</strong> of the German re<strong>se</strong>arch<br />
„Challe<strong>ng</strong>er“ von Dezember 1872<br />
zeitgemäße Nachfolger <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Forschu<strong>ng</strong>s-<br />
December 1872 until May 1876, which fleet by replaci<strong>ng</strong> the ol<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ves<strong>se</strong>ls<br />
bis Mai 1876 mit <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> völlig n<strong>eu</strong><strong>en</strong> Er- schiffe „Sonne“ (2012) und „Po<strong>se</strong>idon“<br />
resulted <strong>in</strong> the new sc<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ntific discovery<br />
“Sonne“ (2012) and “Po<strong>se</strong>idon“ (2016)<br />
k<strong>en</strong>ntnis, dass es überall <strong>in</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
(2016) sow<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> mittelfristig d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Forschu<strong>ng</strong>s-<br />
that life exists <strong>in</strong> the deep <strong>se</strong>a. with mo<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>n re<strong>se</strong>arch ves<strong>se</strong>ls and<br />
T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>f<strong>se</strong>e Leb<strong>en</strong> gibt.<br />
schiffe „Polarstern“ und „Meteor“<br />
Ther<strong>eu</strong>pon, all <strong>in</strong>dustrial nations the medi<strong>um</strong>term replacem<strong>en</strong>t of the<br />
Alle Industr<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>nation<strong>en</strong> rüstet<strong>en</strong><br />
zu erhalt<strong>en</strong>. Auf <strong>eu</strong>ropäischer Eb<strong>en</strong>e<br />
equipped their own ocean expeditions. ves<strong>se</strong>ls “Polarstern“ and “Meteor“.<br />
daraufh<strong>in</strong> eig<strong>en</strong>e Meere<strong>se</strong>xpedition<strong>en</strong> gibt es Pläne für e<strong>in</strong> eisbrech<strong>en</strong>-<br />
Germany s<strong>en</strong>t the “Gazelle“ <strong>in</strong> 1872, On the European level, there are plans<br />
aus. D<strong>eu</strong><strong>tsch</strong>land sandte 1872 d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
des Bohrschiff zur Erforschu<strong>ng</strong> des<br />
“Valdivia“ <strong>in</strong> 1898/99, and the “Meteor I“ for an ice-breaki<strong>ng</strong> drill ship for the<br />
„Gazelle“, 1898/99 „Valdivia“ und<br />
z<strong>en</strong>tral<strong>en</strong> Arktisch<strong>en</strong> O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s.<br />
<strong>in</strong> 1925/27. Followi<strong>ng</strong> World War II,<br />
exploration of the C<strong>en</strong>tral Arctic Ocean.<br />
1925/27 „Meteor I“ aus. Nach dem<br />
the Fe<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>al Republic of Germany parti-<br />
34 Zweit<strong>en</strong> Weltkr<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>g beteiligt<strong>en</strong><br />
cipated <strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>ternational mar<strong>in</strong>e re-<br />
35<br />
sich d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Bundesrepublik ab 1963<br />
<strong>se</strong>arch with the “Meteor II“ <strong>in</strong> 1963 and<br />
mit „Meteor II“ und d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> DDR ab<br />
the German Democratic Republic<br />
1964 mit „Prof. A. P<strong>en</strong>ck“, ab 1970<br />
with the “Prof. A. P<strong>en</strong>ck“ <strong>in</strong> 1964 and<br />
mit „Alexan<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> von H<strong>um</strong>boldt“<br />
the “Alexan<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> von H<strong>um</strong>boldt“ <strong>in</strong><br />
w<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> an <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <strong>in</strong>ternational<strong>en</strong> Meeres-<br />
1970. In the 70’s, the <strong>in</strong>ternational reforschu<strong>ng</strong>.<br />
In d<strong>en</strong> 1970er Jahr<strong>en</strong><br />
<strong>se</strong>arch of mar<strong>in</strong>e resources comm<strong>en</strong>ced:<br />
<strong>se</strong>tzte weltweit d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> mar<strong>in</strong>e Rohstoffforschu<strong>ng</strong><br />
The focus was on ma<strong>ng</strong>ane<strong>se</strong><br />
e<strong>in</strong>: Ma<strong>ng</strong>anknoll<strong>en</strong> <strong>im</strong><br />
nodules <strong>in</strong> the Pacific Ocean and ore<br />
Pazifik, Erzschlämme <strong>im</strong> Rot<strong>en</strong> Meer<br />
sludge <strong>in</strong> the Red Sea. Also the so called<br />
stand<strong>en</strong> <strong>im</strong> Fokus, und d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> so ge-<br />
black smokers were discovered, which<br />
nannt<strong>en</strong> Schwarz<strong>en</strong> Raucher wurd<strong>en</strong><br />
to this day rema<strong>in</strong> highly topical objects<br />
<strong>en</strong>tdeckt, e<strong>in</strong> bis h<strong>eu</strong>te hochaktuelles<br />
of re<strong>se</strong>arch.<br />
Forschu<strong>ng</strong>sthema.
Bizarre Geschöpfe <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>f<strong>se</strong>e<br />
Bizarre Creatures of the Deep Sea<br />
Chauliodus sloani<br />
Viperzahnfisch<br />
Malacost<strong>eu</strong>s niger<br />
Schwarzer Drach<strong>en</strong>fisch<br />
Atolla<br />
T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>f<strong>se</strong>emedu<strong>se</strong><br />
Chauliodus sloani<br />
Viperfish<br />
Malacost<strong>eu</strong>s niger<br />
Northern stoplight loo<strong>se</strong>jaw<br />
Atolla<br />
Deep-<strong>se</strong>a jellyfish<br />
B<strong>eu</strong>tegreifer <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>f<strong>se</strong>e. Auge<br />
hoch<strong>en</strong>twickelt, große L<strong>in</strong><strong>se</strong> – kann<br />
geri<strong>ng</strong>e Lichtme<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong> registr<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>r<strong>en</strong>.<br />
L<strong>eu</strong>chtorgane als Sche<strong>in</strong>werfer und<br />
als Tarnu<strong>ng</strong>. Bis 35 cm Lä<strong>ng</strong>e.<br />
Ernährt sich von kle<strong>in</strong><strong>en</strong> Krebs<strong>en</strong>.<br />
Kann als e<strong>in</strong>er <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> w<strong>en</strong>ig<strong>en</strong><br />
T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>f<strong>se</strong>efische rotes Licht auss<strong>en</strong>d<strong>en</strong><br />
und <strong>se</strong>h<strong>en</strong>. Bis 22 cm Lä<strong>ng</strong>e.<br />
E<strong>in</strong>e <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> häufigst<strong>en</strong> T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>f<strong>se</strong>equall<strong>en</strong>;<br />
<strong>in</strong> all<strong>en</strong> O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>en</strong> verbreitet. Schirmdurchmes<strong>se</strong>r<br />
bis 15 cm.<br />
Predators of the Deep Sea. Highly<br />
developed eyes, large l<strong>en</strong><strong>se</strong>s – can<br />
register small amounts of light.<br />
Light emitti<strong>ng</strong> organs are headlights<br />
and camouflage. Le<strong>ng</strong>th: up to 35 cm.<br />
Feeds on small crabs. One of the<br />
few deep-<strong>se</strong>a fish which can s<strong>en</strong>d and<br />
recogni<strong>se</strong> red light. Le<strong>ng</strong>th: up to<br />
22 cm.<br />
One of the most common deep<br />
<strong>se</strong>a jellyfish; pres<strong>en</strong>t <strong>in</strong> all oceans.<br />
Bell width up to 15 cm.<br />
Argyropelecus hemigymnus<br />
T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>f<strong>se</strong>e-Beilfisch<br />
Mit Teleskopaug<strong>en</strong>, gut a<strong>ng</strong>epasst.<br />
Ernähr<strong>en</strong> sich von Plankton,<br />
wan<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>n nachts <strong>in</strong> höhere Was<strong>se</strong>rschicht<strong>en</strong>.<br />
Bis 14 cm Lä<strong>ng</strong>e.<br />
Gonostoma bathyphil<strong>um</strong><br />
Borst<strong>en</strong>maulfisch<br />
Erst planktonisch (Ei, Larve), L<strong>eu</strong>chtorgane<br />
bei 1-2 cm Größe. Erst als<br />
Männch<strong>en</strong> <strong>en</strong>twickelt, verwandeln<br />
s<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> sich zu Weibch<strong>en</strong>. Fress<strong>en</strong><br />
Krebst<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>re, Fische. Bis 27 cm Lä<strong>ng</strong>e.<br />
Alv<strong>in</strong>ocaris muricola<br />
Lebt an Hydrothermalquell<strong>en</strong> bis<br />
dicht an d<strong>en</strong> Austrittsbereich<strong>en</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
heiß<strong>en</strong> Flüssigkeit<strong>en</strong>. Ernährt sich<br />
von schwefeloxid<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>r<strong>en</strong>d<strong>en</strong> Bakter<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>n.<br />
Tritt oft <strong>in</strong> groß<strong>en</strong> Schwärm<strong>en</strong> auf.<br />
Argyropelecus hemigymnus<br />
Half-naked hatchetfish<br />
With large telescopi<strong>ng</strong> eyes, it’s well<br />
adapted. Feeds on plankton,<br />
migrates at night to higher water levels.<br />
Le<strong>ng</strong>th: up to 14 cm.<br />
Gonostoma bathyphil<strong>um</strong><br />
Bristlemouth fish<br />
First planktonic (eggs, larva), 1-2 cm<br />
light emitti<strong>ng</strong> organs. As the fish<br />
grows, it cha<strong>ng</strong>es from male to female.<br />
Feeds on crustaceans, fish Le<strong>ng</strong>th:<br />
up to 27 cm.<br />
Alv<strong>in</strong>ocaris muricola<br />
Lives at hydrothermal v<strong>en</strong>ts, ev<strong>en</strong> near<br />
the exit region of hot fluids. Feeds<br />
on: sulphur oxidizi<strong>ng</strong> bacteria. Oft<strong>en</strong><br />
appears <strong>in</strong> large schools.<br />
Cryptoscaras couesii<br />
Dreiwarz<strong>en</strong>-Seet<strong>eu</strong>fel<br />
Nemichthys scolopac<strong>eu</strong>s<br />
Schnepf<strong>en</strong>aal<br />
L<strong>eu</strong>colepas lo<strong>ng</strong>a Hydrothermal<br />
Ent<strong>en</strong>muschel<br />
Cryptoscaras couesii<br />
Triplewart <strong>se</strong>adevil<br />
Nemichthys scolopac<strong>eu</strong>s<br />
Sl<strong>en</strong><stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> snipe eel<br />
L<strong>eu</strong>colepas lo<strong>ng</strong>a Hydrothermal<br />
Goo<strong>se</strong> barnacle<br />
Schwere Partnerf<strong>in</strong>du<strong>ng</strong>. Weibch<strong>en</strong> Kann K<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>fer nicht vollständig schl<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ß<strong>en</strong>, Lebt an kühler<strong>en</strong>, <strong>en</strong>tfernter<strong>en</strong><br />
Difficult<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s f<strong>in</strong>di<strong>ng</strong> a mate. Females Cannot completely clo<strong>se</strong> jaw, sw<strong>im</strong>s Lives <strong>in</strong> cooler areas, further away<br />
bis 44 cm la<strong>ng</strong>, frei schw<strong>im</strong>m<strong>en</strong>de<br />
schw<strong>im</strong>mt mit off<strong>en</strong>em Maul, fä<strong>ng</strong>t<br />
Bereich<strong>en</strong> von Hydrothermalquell<strong>en</strong>.<br />
up to 44 cm lo<strong>ng</strong>, free sw<strong>im</strong>mi<strong>ng</strong><br />
with an op<strong>en</strong> mouth, catches<br />
from hydrothermal v<strong>en</strong>ts.<br />
Männch<strong>en</strong> bis 1 cm. Hab<strong>en</strong> s<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Kreb<strong>se</strong> und kle<strong>in</strong>e Fische, d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> sich <strong>in</strong> Fa<strong>ng</strong>arme filtern Partikel aus d<strong>en</strong><br />
males up to 1 cm lo<strong>ng</strong>. Upon f<strong>in</strong>di<strong>ng</strong> a crabs and small fish, which get caught Fri<strong>ng</strong>ed l<strong>im</strong>bs filter particles from<br />
36 e<strong>in</strong> Weibch<strong>en</strong> gefund<strong>en</strong>, hä<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong><br />
Wi<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>hak<strong>en</strong> am Schnabel verfa<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong>. heiß<strong>en</strong> Lösu<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong>. Ernährt sich von<br />
female, the male attaches h<strong>im</strong>-<br />
on barbs on its beak. Le<strong>ng</strong>th: up<br />
the hot solution. Feeds on: sulphur<br />
37<br />
s<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> sich an und erreich<strong>en</strong> 7 cm.<br />
Bis 130 cm Lä<strong>ng</strong>e.<br />
schwefeloxid<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>r<strong>en</strong>d<strong>en</strong> Bakter<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>n.<br />
<strong>se</strong>lf and may reach a le<strong>ng</strong>th of 7 cm. to 130 cm.<br />
oxidizi<strong>ng</strong> bacteria.<br />
Danaphryne nigrifilis<br />
T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>f<strong>se</strong>ea<strong>ng</strong>ler<br />
Helle L<strong>eu</strong>chtorgane an Fortsätz<strong>en</strong>,<br />
d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> als Kö<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>n<strong>en</strong>. D<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> A<strong>ng</strong>el<br />
wird durch Bakter<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>n z<strong>um</strong> L<strong>eu</strong>cht<strong>en</strong><br />
gebracht. Leb<strong>en</strong>swei<strong>se</strong> weitgeh<strong>en</strong>d<br />
unbekannt.<br />
Histiot<strong>eu</strong>this<br />
Segelkalmar<br />
Überhäuft mit L<strong>eu</strong>chtorgan<strong>en</strong>. L<strong>in</strong>kes<br />
Auge d<strong>eu</strong>tlich größer als rechtes.<br />
Wichtige B<strong>eu</strong>te <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Pottwale. Mantellä<strong>ng</strong>e<br />
bis 33 cm.<br />
Danaphryne nigrifilis<br />
Deep-<strong>se</strong>a a<strong>ng</strong>ler fish<br />
Bright light emitti<strong>ng</strong> escas on filam<strong>en</strong>ts<br />
<strong>se</strong>rve as bait. The lures are<br />
i<stro<strong>ng</strong>>llu</stro<strong>ng</strong>>m<strong>in</strong>ated by<br />
bacteria. Way of life mostly unknown.<br />
Histiot<strong>eu</strong>this<br />
Cock-eyed squid<br />
Covered <strong>in</strong> light emitti<strong>ng</strong> organs. Left<br />
eye much larger than right.<br />
Important prey of the pot whale.<br />
Mantel le<strong>ng</strong>th: up to 33 cm.
9 Bizarre Geschöpfe <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>f<strong>se</strong>e<br />
Bizarre creatures of the deep <strong>se</strong>a<br />
9 Bizarre Geschöpfe <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>f<strong>se</strong>e Bizarre creatures of the deap <strong>se</strong>a<br />
39
10 ROV (Remotely Operated Vehicle<br />
= „Fer<strong>ng</strong>est<strong>eu</strong>ertes Fahrz<strong>eu</strong>g“):<br />
Der „Super Safir“ ist über Kabel mit dem<br />
Schiff verbund<strong>en</strong>; E<strong>in</strong>satz bis 150 Meter<br />
T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>fe zur Beobachtu<strong>ng</strong> von Flora, Fauna und<br />
Sed<strong>im</strong><strong>en</strong>t <strong>im</strong> Flachwas<strong>se</strong>r.<br />
ROV (Remotely Operated Vehicle):<br />
The “Super Safir” is connected to the ship<br />
by a cable; deploym<strong>en</strong>t up to a depth<br />
of 150 meter for the ob<strong>se</strong>rvation of flora,<br />
fauna and <strong>se</strong>d<strong>im</strong><strong>en</strong>t <strong>in</strong> shallow water.<br />
11 Prof. Dr. Col<strong>in</strong> W. Devey, Meereswiss<strong>en</strong>schaftler<br />
am IFM-GEOMAR <strong>in</strong> K<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>l,<br />
berichtet von e<strong>in</strong>er Tauchfahrt <strong>in</strong> d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>f<strong>en</strong> des O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s.<br />
Prof. Dr. Col<strong>in</strong> W. Devey, mar<strong>in</strong>e sc<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ntist<br />
at IFM-GEOMAR <strong>in</strong> K<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>l, reports on<br />
an un<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>water expedition <strong>in</strong> the deep <strong>se</strong>a.<br />
10 Tauchroboter: ROV Super Safir Offshore Robot: ROV Super Safir<br />
11 Hörstation: Tauchfahrt Auditory station: Divi<strong>ng</strong> Crui<strong>se</strong><br />
41
Leb<strong>en</strong> <strong>in</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>f<strong>se</strong>e<br />
Life <strong>in</strong> the Deep Sea<br />
D<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> letzte unbekannte Region auf <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
The last unknown region on earth is at<br />
Erde ist zugleich d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> größte überhaupt:<br />
the same t<strong>im</strong>e the largest of all: Deep<br />
Der T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>f<strong>se</strong>ebod<strong>en</strong> unterhalb 1.000<br />
<strong>se</strong>a floor more than 1,000 meters<br />
Metern Was<strong>se</strong>rt<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>fe bedeckt 62 Proz<strong>en</strong>t<br />
below the surface compri<strong>se</strong>s 62 perc<strong>en</strong>t<br />
<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Erdoberfläche. Davon s<strong>in</strong>d bis<br />
of the earth’s surface. Of that, only<br />
h<strong>eu</strong>te nur rund 0,0000016 Proz<strong>en</strong>t mit<br />
approx. 0.0000016 perc<strong>en</strong>t has be<strong>en</strong><br />
Forschu<strong>ng</strong>sgerät<strong>en</strong> untersucht.<br />
stud<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>d with re<strong>se</strong>arch equipm<strong>en</strong>t.<br />
Leb<strong>en</strong> gibt es überall <strong>im</strong> Meer, am<br />
Life is everywhere <strong>in</strong> the <strong>se</strong>a, on and<br />
und <strong>im</strong> Meeresbod<strong>en</strong>. D<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Meere bil-<br />
<strong>in</strong> the <strong>se</strong>a floor. The ocean compri<strong>se</strong>s<br />
d<strong>en</strong> 90 Proz<strong>en</strong>t des Leb<strong>en</strong>sra<strong>um</strong>s auf<br />
90 perc<strong>en</strong>t of earth’s habitat. It is est<strong>im</strong>ated<br />
<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Erde. Über 10 Million<strong>en</strong> mar<strong>in</strong>e<br />
that there are over 10 million<br />
Art<strong>en</strong> werd<strong>en</strong> vermutet – rund 1,5 Millio-<br />
differ<strong>en</strong>t mar<strong>in</strong>e spec<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s – there are about<br />
n<strong>en</strong> Art<strong>en</strong> s<strong>in</strong>d es an Land. Bisher<br />
1.5 million on land. Up to now, only<br />
wurd<strong>en</strong> nur 18.000 Art<strong>en</strong> registr<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>rt.<br />
18,000 have be<strong>en</strong> <strong>in</strong>dexed.<br />
Unter 200 Metern Was<strong>se</strong>rt<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>fe gibt<br />
Below 200 meters there is no light,<br />
es ke<strong>in</strong> Licht, ke<strong>in</strong>e Pflanz<strong>en</strong>, es ist<br />
no plants, it is very cold, and high<br />
<strong>se</strong>hr kalt, es herrscht hoher Druck. Das<br />
pressure dom<strong>in</strong>ates. The meagre food<br />
geri<strong>ng</strong>e Nahru<strong>ng</strong>sa<strong>ng</strong>ebot s<strong>in</strong>d ab-<br />
supply consists of dead organisms<br />
gestorb<strong>en</strong>e Organism<strong>en</strong>, d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> aus dem<br />
s<strong>in</strong>ki<strong>ng</strong> down from above. Therefore, at<br />
42 licht<strong>en</strong> Bereich nach unt<strong>en</strong> s<strong>in</strong>k<strong>en</strong>.<br />
a max<strong>im</strong><strong>um</strong> of 30 c<strong>en</strong>t<strong>im</strong>eters, most<br />
43<br />
D<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> meist<strong>en</strong> T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>f<strong>se</strong>e-Organism<strong>en</strong> s<strong>in</strong>d<br />
deep <strong>se</strong>a organisms are relatively small.<br />
daher mit max<strong>im</strong>al 30 Z<strong>en</strong>t<strong>im</strong>etern<br />
Many display transpar<strong>en</strong>t or black<br />
relativ kle<strong>in</strong>. V<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>le zeig<strong>en</strong> transpar<strong>en</strong>te<br />
bod<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s as protection from predators.<br />
o<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> schwarze Körper z<strong>um</strong> Schutz<br />
They oft<strong>en</strong> have large eyes to discern<br />
vor Fe<strong>in</strong>d<strong>en</strong>, hab<strong>en</strong> oft große Aug<strong>en</strong>,<br />
the low light or the flashes of phos<strong>um</strong><br />
schwaches Licht o<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Lichtblitze<br />
phoresc<strong>en</strong>t organisms or have no<br />
phosphoris<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>r<strong>en</strong><stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Organism<strong>en</strong> wahr-<br />
eyes and u<strong>se</strong> smell or vibration. Many<br />
nehm<strong>en</strong> zu könn<strong>en</strong> o<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> s<strong>in</strong>d aug<strong>en</strong>-<br />
deep <strong>se</strong>a fish catch their prey with<br />
los und nutz<strong>en</strong> dann Gerüche o<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Er-<br />
lo<strong>ng</strong> and sharp teeth.<br />
schütteru<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong>. V<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>le T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>f<strong>se</strong>efische<br />
fa<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong> mit la<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong> und scharf<strong>en</strong> Zähn<strong>en</strong><br />
ihre B<strong>eu</strong>te.
O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>>beobachtu<strong>ng</strong><br />
Ocean Ob<strong>se</strong>rvator<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s<br />
Der O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>> bee<strong>in</strong>flusst un<strong>se</strong>r Kl<strong>im</strong>a <strong>en</strong><strong>tsch</strong>eid<strong>en</strong>d. Zur Erforschu<strong>ng</strong> des komplex<strong>en</strong><br />
Systems O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>> mit <strong>se</strong><strong>in</strong><strong>en</strong> physikalisch<strong>en</strong>, chemisch<strong>en</strong> und biologisch<strong>en</strong><br />
Prozess<strong>en</strong> s<strong>in</strong>d d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Meeresforscher auf Schiff<strong>en</strong> oft woch<strong>en</strong>la<strong>ng</strong> unterwegs.<br />
Je t<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>fer man <strong>in</strong> d<strong>en</strong> O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>> abtaucht, desto höher wird <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Druck, was e<strong>in</strong>e große<br />
Herausfor<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>u<strong>ng</strong> für d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Konstruktion von Messsond<strong>en</strong> ist.<br />
Forschu<strong>ng</strong><strong>se</strong>xpedition<strong>en</strong> könn<strong>en</strong> Meeresströmu<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong> nur punktuell <strong>in</strong> Ra<strong>um</strong><br />
und Zeit erfass<strong>en</strong>. Für La<strong>ng</strong>zeitmessu<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong> über Jahre h<strong>in</strong>weg eign<strong>en</strong> sich<br />
ortsfeste Verankeru<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong>. Weitere mo<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ne Messsysteme s<strong>in</strong>d d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> so g<strong>en</strong>annt<strong>en</strong><br />
„T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>f<strong>en</strong>drifter“ (ARGO Floats) o<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Gleiter, d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Segelfl<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ger des O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s. S<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
beweg<strong>en</strong> sich <strong>se</strong>lbstständig bis zu 2.000 Meter <strong>in</strong> d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>fe und l<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>fern <strong>um</strong>fa<strong>ng</strong>reiche<br />
Dat<strong>en</strong> zu Temperatur, Salzgehalt und teilwei<strong>se</strong> auch Sauerstoff. Alle<br />
Mes<strong>se</strong>rgebnis<strong>se</strong> werd<strong>en</strong> nach jedem Auftauch<strong>en</strong> über Satellit zusamm<strong>en</strong> mit <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
GPS-Position von <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Meeresoberfläche zur Z<strong>en</strong>trale gefunkt und dann an<br />
alle Meeresforschu<strong>ng</strong>s<strong>in</strong>stitute weltweit verteilt.<br />
The ocean has consi<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>able <strong>im</strong>pact on our cl<strong>im</strong>ate. To <strong>in</strong>vestigate the complex<br />
ocean system with its physical, chemical and biological proces<strong>se</strong>s, oceanographers<br />
oft<strong>en</strong> sp<strong>en</strong>d weeks on re<strong>se</strong>arch ves<strong>se</strong>ls. The deeper you dive, the higher<br />
the pressure; this po<strong>se</strong>s a great challe<strong>ng</strong>e <strong>in</strong> the construction of <strong>in</strong>str<strong>um</strong><strong>en</strong>ts.<br />
44 Re<strong>se</strong>arch expeditions can only record ocean curr<strong>en</strong>ts at a certa<strong>in</strong> t<strong>im</strong>e and<br />
45<br />
<strong>in</strong> a certa<strong>in</strong> area. Stationary moori<strong>ng</strong>s are well suited for lo<strong>ng</strong>-term measurem<strong>en</strong>ts<br />
lasti<strong>ng</strong> <strong>se</strong>veral years. Other mo<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>n measurem<strong>en</strong>t systems are the so<br />
called “subsurface floats“ (ARGO Floats) or gli<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s, the sailplanes of the<br />
ocean. The<strong>se</strong> move around autonomously at a depth of up to 2,000 meters, and<br />
provide compreh<strong>en</strong>sive data on temperature, sal<strong>in</strong>ity and, to some ext<strong>en</strong>t,<br />
also oxyg<strong>en</strong> levels. At each resurfaci<strong>ng</strong>, all measurem<strong>en</strong>ts, <strong>in</strong>cludi<strong>ng</strong> the actual<br />
position, are transmitted via satellite to a data c<strong>en</strong>tre and sub<strong>se</strong>qu<strong>en</strong>tly<br />
distributed to all mar<strong>in</strong>e re<strong>se</strong>arch <strong>in</strong>stitutes around the world.
14 Der st<strong>eu</strong>erbare Gleiter „fl<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>gt“ w<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> e<strong>in</strong><br />
Segelflugz<strong>eu</strong>g durch d<strong>en</strong> O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>>, bestückt<br />
mit kle<strong>in</strong><strong>en</strong> Flügeln für d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> horizontale<br />
Fortbewegu<strong>ng</strong> und Mess<strong>in</strong>str<strong>um</strong><strong>en</strong>t<strong>en</strong>. Er<br />
taucht regelmäßig auf und s<strong>en</strong>det Dat<strong>en</strong><br />
per Satellit.<br />
The controllable gli<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s „fly” through the<br />
ocean, equipped with small wi<strong>ng</strong>s for<br />
horizontal propulsion and measuri<strong>ng</strong> <strong>in</strong>str<strong>um</strong><strong>en</strong>ts.<br />
They surface regularly<br />
and transmit their data to a satellite.<br />
14 Messroboter: AUV Gleiter Measuri<strong>ng</strong> robot: AUV Gli<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
47
12 Drifter (= Floats) s<strong>in</strong>d autonome<br />
Messgeräte, d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ohne eig<strong>en</strong><strong>en</strong> Antr<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>b mit<br />
d<strong>en</strong> Meeresströmu<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong> <strong>in</strong> bis zu 2.000<br />
Meter T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>fe treib<strong>en</strong>. S<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> zeichn<strong>en</strong> alle zehn<br />
Tage e<strong>in</strong> Temperatur und Salzgehaltsprofil<br />
auf.<br />
Drifters (= Floats) are autonomous probes<br />
– without propulsion of their own they<br />
drift with the ocean curr<strong>en</strong>ts at a depth of<br />
2,000 meters. Every t<strong>en</strong> days they surface,<br />
recordi<strong>ng</strong> temperature and sal<strong>in</strong>ity<br />
profiles on their way up.<br />
15 D<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Verankeru<strong>ng</strong> besteht von unt<strong>en</strong><br />
nach ob<strong>en</strong> aus e<strong>in</strong>em Grundgewicht, e<strong>in</strong>em<br />
akustisch<strong>en</strong> Auslö<strong>se</strong>r, versch<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>d<strong>en</strong><strong>en</strong> am<br />
Draht <strong>in</strong>stall<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>rt<strong>en</strong> Mess<strong>in</strong>str<strong>um</strong><strong>en</strong>t<strong>en</strong> und<br />
d<strong>en</strong> Auftr<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>bskörpern <strong>in</strong> Form von<br />
Glaskugeln.<br />
From bottom to top, the moori<strong>ng</strong> is<br />
com-pri<strong>se</strong>d of a ba<strong>se</strong> weight, an acoustic<br />
trigger, various <strong>in</strong>str<strong>um</strong><strong>en</strong>ts <strong>in</strong>stalled<br />
on the wire and floatation units <strong>in</strong> the form<br />
of glass balls.<br />
12 Messroboter: ARGO Float Measuri<strong>ng</strong> robot: ARGO Float<br />
48 49<br />
15 Verankeru<strong>ng</strong> Moori<strong>ng</strong>
Globale O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>>zirkulation<br />
Global Ocean Circulation<br />
A<strong>ng</strong>etr<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>b<strong>en</strong> durch Sonne und W<strong>in</strong>d Zirk<strong>um</strong>polarstrom. D<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s ist d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> größte<br />
Driv<strong>en</strong> by the sun and w<strong>in</strong>d, the system Circ<strong>um</strong>polar Curr<strong>en</strong>t. This is Earth’s<br />
bee<strong>in</strong>fluss<strong>en</strong> d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>>e mit ihr<strong>en</strong><br />
Meeresströmu<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Erde, s<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <strong>um</strong>-<br />
of ocean curr<strong>en</strong>ts, which connect<br />
largest ocean curr<strong>en</strong>t, flowi<strong>ng</strong><br />
d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Meere verb<strong>in</strong>d<strong>en</strong>d<strong>en</strong> Strömu<strong>ng</strong>ssystem<strong>en</strong><br />
strömt d<strong>en</strong> antarktisch<strong>en</strong> Kont<strong>in</strong><strong>en</strong>t.<br />
the <strong>se</strong>as, <strong>in</strong>flu<strong>en</strong>ces global cl<strong>im</strong>ate. The around the Antarctic cont<strong>in</strong><strong>en</strong>t. From<br />
das Kl<strong>im</strong>a un<strong>se</strong>rer Erde.<br />
Von dort aus beweg<strong>en</strong> sich d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> t<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>-<br />
water mas<strong>se</strong>s of the oceans are<br />
there, the deep water mas<strong>se</strong>s<br />
D<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Was<strong>se</strong>rmass<strong>en</strong> des O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s s<strong>in</strong>d f<strong>en</strong> Was<strong>se</strong>rmass<strong>en</strong> nordwärts <strong>in</strong> d<strong>en</strong><br />
constantly movi<strong>ng</strong>: At the surface, where move north <strong>in</strong>to the Indian and Pacific<br />
ständig <strong>in</strong> Bewegu<strong>ng</strong>: an <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Ober-<br />
Indisch<strong>en</strong> und Pazifisch<strong>en</strong> O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>>,<br />
the surf is visible, and throughout<br />
oceans, where they return to the<br />
fläche, wo <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Well<strong>en</strong>schlag sichtbar wo s<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> la<strong>ng</strong>sam w<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> aufsteig<strong>en</strong> und<br />
all depths. The circulation <strong>in</strong> the oceans surface <strong>in</strong> equatorial areas and f<strong>in</strong>ally<br />
ist, und über alle T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>f<strong>en</strong> h<strong>in</strong>weg.<br />
am Ende als warme Oberfläch<strong>en</strong>-<br />
consists of many turbul<strong>en</strong>t vortexes, return to the North Atlantic as<br />
D<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> globale Meeresbewegu<strong>ng</strong> besteht strömu<strong>ng</strong> <strong>in</strong> d<strong>en</strong> Nordatlantik zurück-<br />
which connect over great distances to warm surface curr<strong>en</strong>ts. The warm<br />
aus v<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>l<strong>en</strong> turbul<strong>en</strong>t<strong>en</strong> Wirbeln,<br />
komm<strong>en</strong>. Der warme Zweig vere<strong>in</strong>t<br />
form the ocean curr<strong>en</strong>ts. Together<br />
curr<strong>en</strong>t bl<strong>en</strong>ds with the w<strong>in</strong>d driv<strong>en</strong><br />
d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> sich über große Distanz<strong>en</strong> zu<br />
sich mit dem w<strong>in</strong>dgetr<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>b<strong>en</strong><strong>en</strong> Golf-<br />
the curr<strong>en</strong>ts form the global ocean cir- Gulf stream, which – also called hot<br />
Meeresströmu<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong> verb<strong>in</strong>d<strong>en</strong>.<br />
strom, <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> – auch „Warmwas<strong>se</strong>rheizu<strong>ng</strong>“<br />
culation as a k<strong>in</strong>d of global conveyor water heati<strong>ng</strong> – is <strong>in</strong> part respon-<br />
Zusamm<strong>en</strong> bild<strong>en</strong> d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Strömu<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong><br />
g<strong>en</strong>annt – z<strong>um</strong> Teil für das milde<br />
belt.<br />
sible for the mild Northern European<br />
d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>>zirkulation als e<strong>in</strong>e Art<br />
Kl<strong>im</strong>a Nord<strong>eu</strong>ropas sorgt. Für e<strong>in</strong><strong>en</strong><br />
At the surface, warm water mas<strong>se</strong>s cl<strong>im</strong>ate. It takes the waters approxiwelt<strong>um</strong>spann<strong>en</strong>des<br />
För<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>band.<br />
Umlauf braucht das Was<strong>se</strong>r etwa<br />
move pole ward transporti<strong>ng</strong> heat<br />
mately 1,000 years for one full circu-<br />
An <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Meeresoberfläche fl<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ß<strong>en</strong> 1.000 Jahre.<br />
from the equatorial regions to the polar lation.<br />
warme Was<strong>se</strong>rmass<strong>en</strong> nach Nord<strong>en</strong>.<br />
Dat<strong>en</strong> aus <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Verga<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong>heit zeig<strong>en</strong>,<br />
regions. There, they s<strong>in</strong>k down due<br />
Data from the past show that this<br />
S<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> kühl<strong>en</strong> sich <strong>im</strong> Nordatlantik<br />
dass d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Zirkulation nicht <strong>im</strong>mer so<br />
to <strong>in</strong>t<strong>en</strong>sive cooli<strong>ng</strong> and move back circulation hasn’t always worked like<br />
ab, s<strong>in</strong>k<strong>en</strong> und ström<strong>en</strong> <strong>in</strong> T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>f<strong>en</strong> von „funktion<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>rt“ hat. Schwanku<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
equatorwards at depths of two to<br />
this. Cha<strong>ng</strong>es <strong>in</strong> the global ocean circu-<br />
50 zwei bis drei Kilometern w<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Zirkulation war<strong>en</strong> <strong>im</strong>mer mit Kl<strong>im</strong>a-<br />
three kilometres. The<strong>se</strong> un<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>curr<strong>en</strong>ts lation were always connected to<br />
51<br />
nach Süd<strong>en</strong>. D<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>se</strong> T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>f<strong>en</strong>strömu<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong> än<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>u<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong> verbund<strong>en</strong>. Dabei ist nicht<br />
are not directly propelled by the<br />
cha<strong>ng</strong>es <strong>in</strong> cl<strong>im</strong>ate. It is not obvious<br />
werd<strong>en</strong> nicht direkt vom W<strong>in</strong>d<br />
klar, ob das Kl<strong>im</strong>a d<strong>en</strong> O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>> o<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
w<strong>in</strong>ds, their drivi<strong>ng</strong> mechanism are whether the cl<strong>im</strong>ate affected the<br />
a<strong>ng</strong>etr<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>b<strong>en</strong>, ihre Energ<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> stammt aus <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>> das Kl<strong>im</strong>a best<strong>im</strong>mt. Ozea-<br />
differ<strong>en</strong>ces <strong>in</strong> d<strong>en</strong>sity. Thus, vari-<br />
ocean or the ocean affected the cl<strong>im</strong>ate.<br />
Dicht<strong>eu</strong>ntersch<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>d<strong>en</strong>. Untersch<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>de nograph<strong>en</strong>, Mathematiker und Geolo-<br />
ations <strong>in</strong> temperature and sal<strong>in</strong>ity at Oceanographers, mathematicians<br />
<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Temperatur und des Salzgehaltes g<strong>en</strong> untersuch<strong>en</strong> d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>se</strong>s komplexe<br />
the surface are able to move huge<br />
and geologists are explori<strong>ng</strong> the complex<br />
an <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Oberfläche bri<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong> r<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>sige<br />
Zusamm<strong>en</strong>sp<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>l <strong>in</strong> Verga<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong>heit und<br />
mas<strong>se</strong>s of water on their way through<br />
<strong>in</strong>teractions of the past as well<br />
Was<strong>se</strong>rmass<strong>en</strong> auf ihrem Weg durch Geg<strong>en</strong>wart, <strong>um</strong> d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> zukünftig<strong>en</strong> Leb<strong>en</strong>s-<br />
the oceans.<br />
as the curr<strong>en</strong>t conditions, <strong>in</strong> or<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> to<br />
d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>>e.<br />
bedi<strong>ng</strong>u<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong> auf <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Erde bes<strong>se</strong>r<br />
In the sub polar North Atlantic, better un<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>stand our cl<strong>im</strong>ate system<br />
Im Nordatlantik bildet sich Nord- e<strong>in</strong>schätz<strong>en</strong> zu könn<strong>en</strong>.<br />
North Atlantic Deep Water is formed. and to predict future developm<strong>en</strong>ts.<br />
atlantisches T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>f<strong>en</strong>was<strong>se</strong>r. Es strömt<br />
At greater depths it moves south<strong>in</strong><br />
<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>fe durch d<strong>en</strong> Südatlantik und<br />
ward all the way through the South<br />
vere<strong>in</strong>igt sich mit dem arktisch<strong>en</strong><br />
Atlantic and th<strong>en</strong> jo<strong>in</strong>s the Antarctic
Das globale<br />
O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>>beobachtu<strong>ng</strong>snetzwerk<br />
ARGO<br />
The Global<br />
Ocean Ob<strong>se</strong>rvation<br />
Network ARGO<br />
Der Tra<strong>um</strong> v<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ler O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ograph<strong>en</strong> von<br />
The dream of many oceanographers of<br />
e<strong>in</strong>em weltweit<strong>en</strong> Netzwerk von<br />
a world-wide network of oceanic<br />
Mess<strong>in</strong>str<strong>um</strong><strong>en</strong>t<strong>en</strong> zur Beobachtu<strong>ng</strong><br />
probes has become reality. S<strong>in</strong>ce the<br />
<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Meere ist h<strong>eu</strong>te Realität. Seit<br />
year 2000, the ARGO project has<br />
dem Jahr 2000 wird das Projekt ARGO<br />
operated a fleet of “floats”, which now<br />
betr<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>b<strong>en</strong>, das <strong>in</strong>zwisch<strong>en</strong> mit e<strong>in</strong>er<br />
n<strong>um</strong>ber 3,000. The<strong>se</strong> floats are<br />
Flotte von 3.000 „Floats“, das s<strong>in</strong>d <strong>se</strong>lbst-<br />
autonomous buoys packed with moständig<br />
oper<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>r<strong>en</strong>de Boj<strong>en</strong> mit mo<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>n-<br />
<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>n technology and record a mulster<br />
Technik, e<strong>in</strong>e V<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>lzahl von Dat<strong>en</strong> <strong>in</strong><br />
titude of data <strong>in</strong> ice-free oceans. They<br />
d<strong>en</strong> eisfre<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>n O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>en</strong> sammelt. S<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
provide <strong>in</strong>formation about cha<strong>ng</strong>es<br />
geb<strong>en</strong> Aufschluss über Verän<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>u<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong> the oceans.<br />
<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Meere.<br />
A float s<strong>in</strong>ks down to approx<strong>im</strong>ately<br />
E<strong>in</strong> Float s<strong>in</strong>kt bis auf 2.000 Meter<br />
2,000 meter and after t<strong>en</strong> days<br />
T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>fe, <strong>um</strong> nach etwa zehn Tag<strong>en</strong><br />
surfaces aga<strong>in</strong> with measurem<strong>en</strong>ts<br />
w<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> aufzusteig<strong>en</strong> mit Mes<strong>se</strong>rgebnis-<br />
of temperature, sal<strong>in</strong>ity, pressure and<br />
s<strong>en</strong> von Temperatur, Salzgehalt,<br />
possibly also oxyg<strong>en</strong> conc<strong>en</strong>trations.<br />
Druck und z<strong>um</strong> Teil auch des Sauerstoff-<br />
This <strong>in</strong>formation is transmitted to satelgehalts.<br />
D<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Dat<strong>en</strong> werd<strong>en</strong> vom Float<br />
lites. More than 30 countr<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s take<br />
per Satellit weiter verteilt. Mehr als 30<br />
part <strong>in</strong> the ARGO project. They deploy<br />
52 Staat<strong>en</strong> s<strong>in</strong>d an ARGO beteiligt, s<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
the floats and evaluate the data.<br />
53<br />
<strong>se</strong>tz<strong>en</strong> d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Floats e<strong>in</strong> und wert<strong>en</strong> d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Cl<strong>im</strong>ate and ocean re<strong>se</strong>archers u<strong>se</strong><br />
gewonn<strong>en</strong><strong>en</strong> Dat<strong>en</strong> aus.<br />
the 100,000 ARGO measurem<strong>en</strong>ts<br />
Kl<strong>im</strong>a- und Meeresforscher nutz<strong>en</strong><br />
available every year to un<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>stand phed<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
jährlich 100.000 ARGO-Messu<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong><br />
nom<strong>en</strong>a such as El Niño or hurricanes.<br />
für das Verständnis von Phänom<strong>en</strong><strong>en</strong><br />
The ob<strong>se</strong>rvations <strong>in</strong> the North Atlantic<br />
w<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> El Niño o<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Wirbelstürm<strong>en</strong>. Für<br />
are <strong>im</strong>portant to Northern Europe<br />
Nord<strong>eu</strong>ropa und D<strong>eu</strong><strong>tsch</strong>land s<strong>in</strong>d d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
and Germany. In this way, cl<strong>im</strong>ate fluc-<br />
Beobachtu<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong> <strong>im</strong> Nordatlantik<br />
tuations can be discovered early.<br />
wichtig. So könn<strong>en</strong> Kl<strong>im</strong>aschwanku<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong><br />
frühzeitig <strong>en</strong>tdeckt werd<strong>en</strong>.
Entstehu<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>>e<br />
The Orig<strong>in</strong> of the Oceans<br />
Nach <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Theor<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Kont<strong>in</strong><strong>en</strong>talversch<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>bu<strong>ng</strong> (von 1912) des d<strong>eu</strong><strong>tsch</strong><strong>en</strong> Polarforschers<br />
Alfred Weg<strong>en</strong>er war<strong>en</strong> d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Kont<strong>in</strong><strong>en</strong>te e<strong>in</strong>st e<strong>in</strong>e kompakte Landmas<strong>se</strong>,<br />
d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <strong>im</strong> Laufe <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Jahrmillion<strong>en</strong> au<strong>se</strong><strong>in</strong>an<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>driftete. Bestätigt wurde d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s<br />
erst <strong>in</strong> d<strong>en</strong> 1960er Jahr<strong>en</strong> durch d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Entdecku<strong>ng</strong> sp<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>gelsymmetrischer<br />
„Streif<strong>en</strong>muster“ auf beid<strong>en</strong> Seit<strong>en</strong> des Mittelatlantisch<strong>en</strong> Rück<strong>en</strong>s sow<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Konvektionsströme <strong>im</strong> Mantel. So beweg<strong>en</strong> sich d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> bis zu 10 Kilometer<br />
dick<strong>en</strong> fest<strong>en</strong> Platt<strong>en</strong> auf dem zähflüssig<strong>en</strong> Material. Konvektionsströme verursach<strong>en</strong><br />
d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Platt<strong>en</strong>bewegu<strong>ng</strong>: Aus dem Erd<strong>in</strong>nern steigt heißes Magma<br />
auf, kühlt nahe <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Erdoberfläche ab und s<strong>in</strong>kt zurück.<br />
Kollid<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>rt d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> spezifisch leichtere Kont<strong>in</strong><strong>en</strong>talplatte mit e<strong>in</strong>er dichter<strong>en</strong> O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>>platte,<br />
so sch<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>bt sich d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> dichtere Platte unter d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> leichtere – s<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> wird<br />
subduz<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>rt. Subduktionszon<strong>en</strong> s<strong>in</strong>d somit T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>f<strong>se</strong>egräb<strong>en</strong>, wo Meeresbod<strong>en</strong><br />
verschluckt wird.<br />
N<strong>eu</strong>er Meeresbod<strong>en</strong> hi<strong>ng</strong>eg<strong>en</strong> bildet sich an d<strong>en</strong> über 72.000 Kilometer<br />
la<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong>, 200 Meter bis 20 Kilometer breit<strong>en</strong> O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>>isch<strong>en</strong> Rück<strong>en</strong>, wo Magma<br />
aufsteigt. Mit zwei bis zehn Z<strong>en</strong>t<strong>im</strong>eter pro Jahr gleitet h<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>r <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Meeresbod<strong>en</strong><br />
<strong>se</strong>itwärts d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>se</strong>r Rück<strong>en</strong> davon.<br />
Accordi<strong>ng</strong> to the theory of cont<strong>in</strong><strong>en</strong>tal drift (of 1912) created by Alfred Weg<strong>en</strong>er,<br />
54 the German polar re<strong>se</strong>archer, the cont<strong>in</strong><strong>en</strong>ts u<strong>se</strong>d to be one compact land-<br />
55<br />
mass, which drifted apart over millions of years. This theory wasn’t confirmed<br />
until the 1960’s with the discovery of symmetrically mirrored “stripe patterns“<br />
on both sides of the mid-Atlantic ridge as well as convection curr<strong>en</strong>ts <strong>in</strong> the mantel.<br />
Thus, solid plates of up to 10 kilometer thickness move on this viscous material.<br />
Convection curr<strong>en</strong>ts cau<strong>se</strong> the movem<strong>en</strong>t of the plates: From the Earth’s c<strong>en</strong>ter,<br />
hot magma ri<strong>se</strong>s, cools as it reaches the surface and s<strong>in</strong>ks back down.<br />
If the specifically less d<strong>en</strong><strong>se</strong> cont<strong>in</strong><strong>en</strong>tal plate collides with an oceanic plate<br />
of higher d<strong>en</strong>sity, the plate of higher d<strong>en</strong>sity is pushed un<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> the plate of lower<br />
d<strong>en</strong>sity – it is subducted. Subduction zones form deep <strong>se</strong>a tr<strong>en</strong>ches alo<strong>ng</strong> cont<strong>in</strong><strong>en</strong>tal<br />
marg<strong>in</strong>s where the <strong>se</strong>a bed is swallowed up.<br />
New <strong>se</strong>a floor, on the other hand, is created at the over 72,000 kilometer lo<strong>ng</strong>,<br />
200 meter to 20 kilometer wide mid-oceanic ridge where magma ri<strong>se</strong>s. The <strong>se</strong>a<br />
floor moves away from either side of this ridge at a rate of 2 to 10 c<strong>en</strong>t<strong>im</strong>eter per year.
16 Eis<strong>en</strong>reicher Schwarzer Raucher<br />
mit Wurmröhr<strong>en</strong><br />
Fundort: Ostpazifischer Rück<strong>en</strong>;<br />
Was<strong>se</strong>rt<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>fe: 2.200 Meter<br />
Iron-rich black smoker with worm tubes<br />
Orig<strong>in</strong>: East Pacific Ri<strong>se</strong><br />
water depth: 2,200 meter<br />
17 Lava tritt am Meeresbod<strong>en</strong> aus<br />
und erstarrt <strong>in</strong> kiss<strong>en</strong>förmiger Struktur.<br />
Fundort: südlich <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Galapagos-In<strong>se</strong>ln;<br />
Was<strong>se</strong>rt<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>fe: 2.500 Meter<br />
Lava leaks from the ocean floor and<br />
solidif<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s <strong>in</strong> bulgi<strong>ng</strong>, pillow-shaped<br />
structures.<br />
Orig<strong>in</strong>: south of the Galapagos Islands;<br />
water depth: 2,500 meter<br />
16 T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>f<strong>se</strong>eprobe Schwarze Raucher Deep <strong>se</strong>a sample Black Smoker<br />
17 T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>f<strong>se</strong>eprobe Kiss<strong>en</strong>lava Deep <strong>se</strong>a sample Pillow Lava<br />
57
Schwarze Raucher –<br />
Oas<strong>en</strong> an heiß<strong>en</strong> Quell<strong>en</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>f<strong>se</strong>e<br />
Black Smoker –<br />
Oa<strong>se</strong>s at the Hot Spri<strong>ng</strong>s of the Deep Sea<br />
1979 wurd<strong>en</strong> mit dem Forschu<strong>ng</strong>stauchboot<br />
vergeb<strong>en</strong> wurd<strong>en</strong>. D<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> meist<strong>en</strong> Analy-<br />
In 1979, the re<strong>se</strong>arch submar<strong>in</strong>e “Alv<strong>in</strong>“ Whether the<strong>se</strong> deposits will ever be<br />
„Alv<strong>in</strong>“ d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> „hydrothermal<strong>en</strong> s<strong>en</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> weltweit auftret<strong>en</strong>d<strong>en</strong> mar<strong>in</strong><strong>en</strong><br />
discovered hydrothermal v<strong>en</strong>ts called exploited to a larger ext<strong>en</strong>t, devergeb<strong>en</strong><br />
Schlote“ (e<strong>ng</strong>l. „black smoker“) <strong>im</strong><br />
Erze auf Gold war<strong>en</strong> aber eher ernüch-<br />
black smokers <strong>in</strong> the Pacific Ocean at a p<strong>en</strong>ds pr<strong>im</strong>arily on whether the high<br />
Pazifisch<strong>en</strong> O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <strong>in</strong> 2600 Metern T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>fe ternd. Ob solche Lagerstätt<strong>en</strong> jemals <strong>in</strong><br />
depth of 2,600 meter. Today, we<br />
<strong>in</strong>vestm<strong>en</strong>ts required will pay off.<br />
<strong>en</strong>tdeckt. H<strong>eu</strong>te k<strong>en</strong>n<strong>en</strong> wir über 300 größerem Umfa<strong>ng</strong> g<strong>en</strong>utzt werd<strong>en</strong>,<br />
know of over 300 such hydrothermal At the same t<strong>im</strong>e, it’s <strong>im</strong>portant not<br />
solcher Hydrothermalvorkomm<strong>en</strong> nahe hä<strong>ng</strong>t pr<strong>im</strong>är davon ab, ob sich <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <strong>se</strong>hr<br />
occurr<strong>en</strong>ces near the mid-ocean<br />
to damage the complex mar<strong>in</strong>e<br />
<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Mittelo<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>>isch<strong>en</strong> Rück<strong>en</strong>. In<br />
hohe Aufwand rechnet. Zugleich gilt es,<br />
ridge. At its apex, where new ocean ecosystem.<br />
ihrem Scheitelbereich, wo n<strong>eu</strong>er O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>>- d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> kompliz<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>rt<strong>en</strong> mar<strong>in</strong><strong>en</strong> Ökosysteme<br />
floor is created, <strong>se</strong>a water works<br />
The<strong>se</strong> hot spri<strong>ng</strong>s are places rich<br />
bod<strong>en</strong> <strong>en</strong>tsteht, dri<strong>ng</strong>t Meerwas<strong>se</strong>r nicht zu schädig<strong>en</strong>.<br />
its way 2 to 3 kilometer deep <strong>in</strong>to the <strong>in</strong> life. Specialized bacteria can<br />
zwei bis drei Kilometer t<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>f <strong>in</strong> d<strong>en</strong> Bod<strong>en</strong><br />
D<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> heiß<strong>en</strong> Quell<strong>en</strong> s<strong>in</strong>d Orte rei-<br />
ground. Near the magma chamber, it <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ive their <strong>en</strong>ergy <strong>en</strong>tirely from the<br />
e<strong>in</strong>. In <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Nähe <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Magmakammern ch<strong>en</strong> Leb<strong>en</strong>s. Spez<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>lle Bakter<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>n<br />
is heated to approx<strong>im</strong>ately 500° Celsius. hot fluids and they form the first<br />
wird es auf ca. 500° Celsius aufgeheizt. könn<strong>en</strong> ihre Energ<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ausschl<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ßlich aus<br />
This hot water turns acidic and<br />
l<strong>in</strong>k <strong>in</strong> an unbel<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>vable food cha<strong>in</strong>.<br />
D<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>se</strong>s heiße, aus dem Erd<strong>in</strong>ner<strong>en</strong><br />
d<strong>en</strong> heiß<strong>en</strong> Fluid<strong>en</strong> gew<strong>in</strong>n<strong>en</strong> und<br />
depleted of oxyg<strong>en</strong> by geochemical Despite total darkness, high pressure,<br />
w<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> aufsteig<strong>en</strong>de Was<strong>se</strong>r wird durch bild<strong>en</strong> das erste Gl<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>d e<strong>in</strong>er u<strong>ng</strong>laubli-<br />
proces<strong>se</strong>s as it ri<strong>se</strong>s up aga<strong>in</strong>.<br />
high temperatures and a partially<br />
geochemische Prozes<strong>se</strong> sauer und<br />
ch<strong>en</strong> Nahru<strong>ng</strong>skette. D<strong>en</strong>n trotz völliger<br />
The resulti<strong>ng</strong> chemically aggressive poisonous <strong>en</strong>vironm<strong>en</strong>t, mus<strong>se</strong>ls,<br />
sauerstoffarm. D<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <strong>en</strong>tstand<strong>en</strong>e che- Dunkelheit, unter hohem Druck, bei<br />
hydrothermal solution acts on<br />
l<strong>im</strong>pets, crabs, worms, shr<strong>im</strong>p, and<br />
misch aggressive hydrothermale<br />
hoh<strong>en</strong> Temperatur<strong>en</strong> und teilwei<strong>se</strong><br />
m<strong>in</strong>erals <strong>in</strong> surroundi<strong>ng</strong> rocks and fish have all be<strong>en</strong> discovered alo<strong>ng</strong><br />
Lösu<strong>ng</strong> greift M<strong>in</strong>erale <strong>in</strong> d<strong>en</strong> <strong>um</strong>geb<strong>en</strong>- giftigem Mil<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>u wurd<strong>en</strong> neb<strong>en</strong> d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s<strong>en</strong><br />
leaches out copper, z<strong>in</strong>c, iron,<br />
side the<strong>se</strong> microorganisms. Perhaps<br />
d<strong>en</strong> Geste<strong>in</strong><strong>en</strong> an und laugt dabei<br />
Mikro-organism<strong>en</strong> noch Muscheln,<br />
ma<strong>ng</strong>ane<strong>se</strong>, sulphur and other ele- s<strong>im</strong>ilar bacteria formed at such<br />
58 Kupfer, Z<strong>in</strong>k, Eis<strong>en</strong>, Ma<strong>ng</strong>an, Schwefel Napfschneck<strong>en</strong>, Krabb<strong>en</strong>, Würmer,<br />
m<strong>en</strong>ts. Wh<strong>en</strong> the hot solution<br />
hot spri<strong>ng</strong>s 3.5 billion years ago and<br />
59<br />
und an<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>e Elem<strong>en</strong>te heraus. Be<strong>im</strong> Garnel<strong>en</strong> und Fische <strong>en</strong>tdeckt.<br />
meets the cold <strong>se</strong>a water, sulphides are l<strong>in</strong>ked to the creation of life on<br />
Kontakt <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> heiß<strong>en</strong> Erzlösu<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong> mit V<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>lleicht hab<strong>en</strong> sich ähnliche Bakte-<br />
precipitate. In this way large smo-<br />
our planet?<br />
dem kalt<strong>en</strong> Meerwas<strong>se</strong>r fall<strong>en</strong><br />
r<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>n an solch<strong>en</strong> heiß<strong>en</strong> Quell<strong>en</strong><br />
ki<strong>ng</strong> ch<strong>im</strong>neys of metal sulphides can<br />
Sulfide aus, und so bild<strong>en</strong> sich mächtige bereits vor 3,5 Milliard<strong>en</strong> Jahr<strong>en</strong> ge-<br />
form many t<strong>en</strong>s of meters high.<br />
rauch<strong>en</strong>de und bis mehrere zehn<br />
bildet und hä<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong> somit mit <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
The<strong>se</strong> black smokers cover the <strong>se</strong>a<br />
Meter hohe Schlote aus Metallsulfid<strong>en</strong>. Entstehu<strong>ng</strong> des Leb<strong>en</strong>s auf un<strong>se</strong>rem<br />
floor over an area of <strong>se</strong>veral hundred<br />
D<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>se</strong> Schwarz<strong>en</strong> Raucher be-<br />
Planet<strong>en</strong> zusamm<strong>en</strong>?<br />
square meters. They hold up to <strong>se</strong>veral<br />
deck<strong>en</strong> d<strong>en</strong> Meeresbod<strong>en</strong> über e<strong>in</strong>e<br />
million tons of ore, for which first<br />
Fläche von mehrer<strong>en</strong> hun<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>t Qua-<br />
drilli<strong>ng</strong> rights were granted off the coast<br />
dratmetern. S<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> berg<strong>en</strong> bis zu mehrere<br />
of Papua New Gu<strong>in</strong>ea. However, most<br />
Million<strong>en</strong> Tonn<strong>en</strong> Erz, für d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> erste<br />
analy<strong>se</strong>s of globally pres<strong>en</strong>t mar<strong>in</strong>e ore<br />
För<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>rechte vor Papua N<strong>eu</strong>gu<strong>in</strong>ea<br />
for gold were rather soberi<strong>ng</strong>.
O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>>versaueru<strong>ng</strong><br />
Ocean Acidification<br />
Kohl<strong>en</strong>dioxid (CO 2<br />
), das z<strong>um</strong> Beisp<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>l durch d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Verbr<strong>en</strong>nu<strong>ng</strong> fossiler Br<strong>en</strong>nstoffe w<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Gas und Öl <strong>en</strong>tsteht, wird <strong>in</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Atmosphäre a<strong>ng</strong>ereichert und trägt zur global<strong>en</strong><br />
Erwärmu<strong>ng</strong> bei. E<strong>in</strong> Teil d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>se</strong>s CO 2<br />
wird <strong>im</strong> O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>> gelöst, somit <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Atmosphäre<br />
w<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <strong>en</strong>tzog<strong>en</strong> und d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> globale Erwärmu<strong>ng</strong> dadurch verla<strong>ng</strong>samt.<br />
D<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s gesch<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ht jedoch auf Kost<strong>en</strong> e<strong>in</strong>er zunehm<strong>en</strong>d<strong>en</strong> Versaueru<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Meere.<br />
Das dort gelöste Kohl<strong>en</strong>dioxid bildet Kohl<strong>en</strong>säure: Das Meerwas<strong>se</strong>r wird saurer –<br />
mit weitreich<strong>en</strong>d<strong>en</strong> Folg<strong>en</strong> für <strong>se</strong><strong>in</strong>e Ökosysteme.<br />
V<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>le Meerest<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>re, ob Fische, Korall<strong>en</strong> o<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> E<strong>in</strong>zeller, bild<strong>en</strong> Kalk, <strong>um</strong> sich<br />
z<strong>um</strong> Beisp<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>l mit Schal<strong>en</strong> o<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Gehäus<strong>en</strong> zu schütz<strong>en</strong> o<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> auch <strong>um</strong> ihre Skelette<br />
zu bau<strong>en</strong>. In e<strong>in</strong>em saurer werd<strong>en</strong>d<strong>en</strong> O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>> wird es für s<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> zunehm<strong>en</strong>d schwerer,<br />
Kalk zu bild<strong>en</strong>. Außerdem löst sich Kalk leichter – Meerest<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>re könn<strong>en</strong> e<strong>in</strong>e<br />
Art „Knoch<strong>en</strong>schwund“ erleid<strong>en</strong>. Meeresbiolog<strong>en</strong> untersuch<strong>en</strong> d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Auswirku<strong>ng</strong><br />
<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Versaueru<strong>ng</strong> des O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s auf e<strong>in</strong>zelne Art<strong>en</strong> und ganze Ökosysteme und welche<br />
Art<strong>en</strong> beson<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s stark geschädigt werd<strong>en</strong>.<br />
Carbon dioxide (CO 2<br />
), which for example is created by burni<strong>ng</strong> fossil fuels such as<br />
gas and oil, collects <strong>in</strong> the atmosphere and contributes to global warmi<strong>ng</strong>.<br />
A portion of this CO 2<br />
dissolves <strong>in</strong> the ocean, removi<strong>ng</strong> it from the atmosphere and<br />
slowi<strong>ng</strong> global warmi<strong>ng</strong>.<br />
60 This happ<strong>en</strong>s at the exp<strong>en</strong><strong>se</strong> of an <strong>in</strong>creasi<strong>ng</strong> acidification of the oceans. Wh<strong>en</strong><br />
61<br />
it dissolves <strong>in</strong> the ocean, carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid: The ocean water<br />
becomes acidic, with far reachi<strong>ng</strong> con<strong>se</strong>qu<strong>en</strong>ces for its ecosystems.<br />
Many mar<strong>in</strong>e an<strong>im</strong>als, whether fish, coral or si<strong>ng</strong>le-celled organism, form calci<strong>um</strong><br />
carbonate <strong>in</strong> or<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> to build, for example, shells or coveri<strong>ng</strong>s for protection, but<br />
also to build their skeletons. In an <strong>in</strong>creasi<strong>ng</strong>ly acidic ocean, it will become more<br />
difficult for them to form calci<strong>um</strong> carbonate. In addition, calci<strong>um</strong> carbonate<br />
is quicker to dissolve – <strong>se</strong>a creatures may suffer of ”carbonate atrophy”. Mar<strong>in</strong>e<br />
biologists are studyi<strong>ng</strong> the effects of ocean acidification on <strong>in</strong>dividual spec<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s<br />
and the whole ecosystem and which spec<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s will be most <strong>se</strong>riously damaged.
22 Mesokosm<strong>en</strong> s<strong>in</strong>d Exper<strong>im</strong><strong>en</strong>t<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ranlag<strong>en</strong>,<br />
d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> bis zu 65 Kubikmeter Seewas<strong>se</strong>r mit<br />
all<strong>en</strong> Organism<strong>en</strong> e<strong>in</strong>schl<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ß<strong>en</strong>. So könn<strong>en</strong><br />
zukünftige Umweltbedi<strong>ng</strong>u<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong> unter<br />
real<strong>en</strong> Bedi<strong>ng</strong>u<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong> <strong>im</strong> off<strong>en</strong><strong>en</strong> O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>> s<strong>im</strong>ul<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>rt<br />
werd<strong>en</strong>.<br />
Mesocosms are exper<strong>im</strong><strong>en</strong>t rigs, which<br />
<strong>en</strong>compass up to 65 cubic meter of <strong>se</strong>a water<br />
with all its organisms. Thus, future <strong>en</strong>vironm<strong>en</strong>tal<br />
conditions can be s<strong>im</strong>ulated <strong>in</strong> the<br />
op<strong>en</strong> waters un<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> realistic conditions.<br />
62 63<br />
22 Modell: Mesokosmos, Labor <strong>im</strong> Meer Model: Mesocosm, Laboratory <strong>in</strong> the <strong>se</strong>a
26 Das autonome Unterwas<strong>se</strong>rvehikel<br />
(AUV) „Abyss“ taucht bis zu 6.000 Meter<br />
t<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>f. Mit Hilfe von Echolot<strong>en</strong> und S<strong>en</strong>sor<strong>en</strong><br />
kann es d<strong>en</strong> Meeresbod<strong>en</strong> kart<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>r<strong>en</strong><br />
o<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> physikalische Dat<strong>en</strong> aus <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Was<strong>se</strong>rsäule<br />
sammeln.<br />
The autonomous un<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>water vehicle (AUV)<br />
„Abyss” can dive down to a depth of<br />
6,000 meter. It can map the ocean floor<br />
with echo-soun<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s and s<strong>en</strong>sors or<br />
collect physical data from the water col<strong>um</strong>n.<br />
26 Tauchroboter: AUV Abyss Divi<strong>ng</strong> robot: AUV Abyss<br />
65
20 D<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Riffe <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Kaltwas<strong>se</strong>rkorall<strong>en</strong> bild<strong>en</strong><br />
weltweit e<strong>in</strong><strong>en</strong> wichtig<strong>en</strong> Schutz- und<br />
Leb<strong>en</strong>sra<strong>um</strong> für e<strong>in</strong>e reiche Fauna, Fische,<br />
Seesterne und Krebst<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>re. D<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Lophelia<br />
pertusa wächst nur v<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>r bis 25 Mill<strong>im</strong>eter<br />
pro Jahr.<br />
Cold-water coral reefs provide ess<strong>en</strong>tial<br />
protection and habitat to an abundant<br />
fauna, to fish, starfish and crustaceans.<br />
Lophelia pertusa only grows four to<br />
25 mill<strong>im</strong>eter per year.<br />
20 Kaltwas<strong>se</strong>rkoralle Lophelia Cold water coral Lophelia<br />
66 67
19 D<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> e<strong>in</strong>zellig<strong>en</strong>, circa 0,01 Mill<strong>im</strong>eter<br />
groß<strong>en</strong> Mikroalg<strong>en</strong> bild<strong>en</strong> Kalkplättch<strong>en</strong>,<br />
treib<strong>en</strong> <strong>im</strong> lichtdurchflutet<strong>en</strong> Bereich<br />
des Meeres, leb<strong>en</strong> von Photosynthe<strong>se</strong> und<br />
führ<strong>en</strong> zu stark<strong>en</strong>, sogar vom Weltra<strong>um</strong><br />
aus sichtbar<strong>en</strong> Alg<strong>en</strong>blüt<strong>en</strong>.<br />
The microalgae are approx<strong>im</strong>atly<br />
0.01 mill<strong>im</strong>eter <strong>in</strong> size and form calci<strong>um</strong><br />
carbonate platelets, drift <strong>in</strong> the<br />
brightly-lit areas of the ocean, live from<br />
photosynthesis and cau<strong>se</strong> large algae<br />
pl<strong>um</strong>es, which can ev<strong>en</strong> be <strong>se</strong><strong>en</strong> from<br />
outer space.<br />
19 Modell: Phytoplankton Model: Phytoplankton<br />
69
Erforschu<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>>versaueru<strong>ng</strong><br />
Kohl<strong>en</strong>stoff <strong>im</strong><br />
O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Ocean Acidification<br />
Re<strong>se</strong>arch<br />
Carbon <strong>in</strong> the<br />
Ocean<br />
In Laborversuch<strong>en</strong> werd<strong>en</strong> e<strong>in</strong>zelne T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>re Als Folge <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>>versaueru<strong>ng</strong> ver-<br />
In laboratory exper<strong>im</strong><strong>en</strong>ts, <strong>in</strong>dividual Ocean water chemistry is cha<strong>ng</strong>i<strong>ng</strong><br />
w<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Seeigel o<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> T<strong>in</strong>t<strong>en</strong>fische e<strong>in</strong>er än<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>t sich d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Chem<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> des Meer-<br />
an<strong>im</strong>als, such as <strong>se</strong>a urch<strong>in</strong>s or<br />
as a con<strong>se</strong>qu<strong>en</strong>ce of ocean acidification.<br />
erhöht<strong>en</strong> CO 2<br />
-Konz<strong>en</strong>tration ausge<strong>se</strong>tzt. was<strong>se</strong>rs: D<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> pH-Werte s<strong>in</strong>k<strong>en</strong>, d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> CO 2<br />
-<br />
squid, are expo<strong>se</strong>d to an elevated con- pH values are s<strong>in</strong>ki<strong>ng</strong>, the CO 2<br />
conc<strong>en</strong>tration<br />
Stud<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>rt werd<strong>en</strong> dabei Wachst<strong>um</strong>,<br />
Konz<strong>en</strong>tration<strong>en</strong> steig<strong>en</strong>, d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Kar-<br />
c<strong>en</strong>tration of CO 2<br />
. The<strong>se</strong> exper<strong>im</strong><strong>en</strong>ts<br />
is risi<strong>ng</strong> and the carbonate<br />
Kalkbildu<strong>ng</strong> o<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Fortpflanzu<strong>ng</strong> sow<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> bonatkonz<strong>en</strong>tration<strong>en</strong> fall<strong>en</strong>. Karbonat<br />
look for growth, formation of calci<strong>um</strong> conc<strong>en</strong>tration is falli<strong>ng</strong>. Carbonate<br />
Anpassu<strong>ng</strong>sstrateg<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>n.<br />
2-<br />
(CO 3<br />
) ist <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Bauste<strong>in</strong> für alle Kalk<br />
carbonate or reproduction as well<br />
2-<br />
(CO 3<br />
) is the buildi<strong>ng</strong> block for all cal-<br />
Um d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Reaktion<strong>en</strong> von Geme<strong>in</strong>- bild<strong>en</strong>d<strong>en</strong> Organism<strong>en</strong> <strong>im</strong> Meer. Koral-<br />
as adaptation strateg<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s.<br />
ci<strong>um</strong> carbonate formi<strong>ng</strong> organisms<br />
schaft<strong>en</strong> zu untersuch<strong>en</strong>, werd<strong>en</strong><br />
l<strong>en</strong>, Muscheln, Schneck<strong>en</strong>, auch<br />
To exam<strong>in</strong>e the reactions of communit<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s,<br />
<strong>in</strong> the ocean. Corals, mus<strong>se</strong>ls, snails<br />
Versuche auf dem off<strong>en</strong><strong>en</strong> O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <strong>in</strong> Plankton w<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Kalkalg<strong>en</strong>, Kammerli<strong>ng</strong>e<br />
stud<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s are carr<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>d out<br />
and ev<strong>en</strong> plankton such as corall<strong>in</strong>e<br />
so g<strong>en</strong>annt<strong>en</strong> Mesokosm<strong>en</strong> (gr<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ch.:<br />
und Flügelschneck<strong>en</strong> b<strong>en</strong>ötig<strong>en</strong> ihn,<br />
<strong>in</strong> the op<strong>en</strong> ocean <strong>in</strong> so called meso- algae, chambered micro organisms and<br />
mittelgroße Welt<strong>en</strong>) durchgeführt. In <strong>um</strong> ihre kalkig<strong>en</strong> Skelette zu bau<strong>en</strong>. D<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
cosms (Greek: midsized worlds).<br />
<strong>se</strong>a butterfl<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s need it to form their<br />
d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s<strong>en</strong> rä<strong>um</strong>lich begr<strong>en</strong>zt<strong>en</strong> Was<strong>se</strong>r- meist<strong>en</strong> bisla<strong>ng</strong> getestet<strong>en</strong> Kalk-<br />
A flexible ho<strong>se</strong> 2 meter wide and 20 calci<strong>um</strong> carbonate skeletons. The majorikörpern<br />
– e<strong>in</strong> flexibler Schlauch von bildner reag<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>rt<strong>en</strong> auf d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> s<strong>in</strong>k<strong>en</strong>de<br />
meter lo<strong>ng</strong> is <strong>se</strong>t adrift vertically<br />
ty of calci<strong>um</strong> carbonate formi<strong>ng</strong><br />
zwei Metern Durchmes<strong>se</strong>r und 20<br />
Karbonatsättigu<strong>ng</strong> durch verm<strong>in</strong><stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>te<br />
<strong>in</strong> the ocean. In this conf<strong>in</strong>ed areas, organisms stud<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>d, reacted to the s<strong>in</strong>-<br />
Metern Lä<strong>ng</strong>e wird <strong>im</strong> O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>> frei und Kalkbildu<strong>ng</strong>.<br />
for example, natural plankton com- ki<strong>ng</strong> carbonate saturation with a<br />
vertikal treib<strong>en</strong>d ausge<strong>se</strong>tzt –<br />
Kalk kommt bei Meeresorganism<strong>en</strong><br />
munit<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s can be ob<strong>se</strong>rved <strong>in</strong> curr<strong>en</strong>t reduction <strong>in</strong> calci<strong>um</strong> carbonate formakönn<strong>en</strong><br />
z<strong>um</strong> Beisp<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>l natürliche Plank- vor allem als Aragonit und Kalzit vor.<br />
and future <strong>en</strong>vironm<strong>en</strong>tal condi-<br />
tion.<br />
to<strong>ng</strong>eme<strong>in</strong>schaft<strong>en</strong> unter d<strong>en</strong> aktuel- Korall<strong>en</strong> werd<strong>en</strong> als Aragonitproduz<strong>en</strong>-<br />
tions (cha<strong>ng</strong>ed pH values or nutr<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>nt<br />
Calci<strong>um</strong> carbonate most oft<strong>en</strong><br />
l<strong>en</strong> Umweltbedi<strong>ng</strong>u<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong> und d<strong>en</strong><strong>en</strong> des t<strong>en</strong> beson<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s unter <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Versau-<br />
supply).<br />
shows up <strong>in</strong> mar<strong>in</strong>e organisms as arago-<br />
70 O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>Zukunft</stro<strong>ng</strong>> (verän<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>te<br />
eru<strong>ng</strong> leid<strong>en</strong>, d<strong>en</strong>n d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>se</strong> Kalkform ist<br />
The adaptation of spec<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s, which nite and calcite. As an aragonite pro-<br />
71<br />
pH-Werte o<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Nährstoffversorgu<strong>ng</strong>) beson<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s leicht löslich bei s<strong>in</strong>k<strong>en</strong>d<strong>en</strong><br />
have already had to cope with acidification<br />
ducer, coral, <strong>in</strong> particular, will suffer<br />
beobachtet werd<strong>en</strong>.<br />
pH-Wert<strong>en</strong>.<br />
for g<strong>en</strong>erations can also be from the acidification, becau<strong>se</strong> this<br />
Auch <strong>in</strong> Umgebu<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong> mit von Natur<br />
Unverm<strong>in</strong><stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>te CO 2<br />
-Emission<strong>en</strong><br />
ob<strong>se</strong>rved at sites with naturally<br />
form of calci<strong>um</strong> carbonate is especially<br />
aus erhöht<strong>en</strong> CO 2<br />
-Konz<strong>en</strong>tration<strong>en</strong><br />
werd<strong>en</strong> <strong>in</strong> d<strong>en</strong> Polarregion<strong>en</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>>e<br />
occurri<strong>ng</strong> <strong>in</strong>crea<strong>se</strong>d CO 2<br />
conc<strong>en</strong>tra- easily dissolvable with s<strong>in</strong>ki<strong>ng</strong> pH<br />
w<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> vulkanische Quell<strong>en</strong> <strong>im</strong> Mittelmeer bis Ende d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>se</strong>s Jahrhun<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ts zu<br />
tions, such as volcanic v<strong>en</strong>ts <strong>in</strong><br />
values.<br />
o<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Pazifik kann d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Anpassu<strong>ng</strong><br />
e<strong>in</strong>er Karbonatuntersättigu<strong>ng</strong> führ<strong>en</strong> –<br />
the Mediterranean or Pacific. Such<br />
If CO 2<br />
emissions are not reduced,<br />
von Art<strong>en</strong> stud<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>rt werd<strong>en</strong>, d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> schon das Meerwas<strong>se</strong>r wird korrosiv für<br />
habitats can give us an idea of<br />
they will lead to carbonate sub<strong>se</strong>it<br />
G<strong>en</strong>eration<strong>en</strong> mit <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Versauer- Kalk. D<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>se</strong> Region<strong>en</strong> könnt<strong>en</strong> somit<br />
what symbiotic communit<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s will be saturation <strong>in</strong> polar regions by the <strong>en</strong>d<br />
u<strong>ng</strong> leb<strong>en</strong> müss<strong>en</strong>. Solche Leb<strong>en</strong>sräu- für kalkhaltige Lebewes<strong>en</strong> unbewohnbar<br />
like <strong>in</strong> a future, more acidic ocean.<br />
of this c<strong>en</strong>tury. Ocean water will be<br />
me lass<strong>en</strong> Vermutu<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong> über Leb<strong>en</strong>sgeme<strong>in</strong>schaft<strong>en</strong><br />
werd<strong>en</strong>. So könnt<strong>en</strong> d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> mar<strong>in</strong><strong>en</strong><br />
corrosive for calci<strong>um</strong> carbonate. The<strong>se</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong> e<strong>in</strong>em zukünftig<strong>en</strong> Nahru<strong>ng</strong>skett<strong>en</strong> bereits an <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Basis<br />
regions could become un<strong>in</strong>habitable<br />
saurer<strong>en</strong> O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>> zu.<br />
geschädigt werd<strong>en</strong>.<br />
for life forms which u<strong>se</strong> calci<strong>um</strong> carbonate.<br />
Thus, the mar<strong>in</strong>e food cha<strong>in</strong><br />
could already be damaged at its ba<strong>se</strong>.
Auswirku<strong>ng</strong><br />
auf Meerest<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>re<br />
Auswirku<strong>ng</strong> auf<br />
Leb<strong>en</strong>sgeme<strong>in</strong>schaft<strong>en</strong><br />
Effect on<br />
Mar<strong>in</strong>e An<strong>im</strong>als<br />
Effect on Symbiotic<br />
Communit<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s<br />
D<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Versaueru<strong>ng</strong> des O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s geht<br />
schneller voran, als es <strong>in</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Erdgeschichte<br />
nach h<strong>eu</strong>tigem Wiss<strong>en</strong><br />
jemals geschah. Ob sich Meeresbewohner<br />
w<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Muscheln, Korall<strong>en</strong>,<br />
Seeigel o<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Kalk bild<strong>en</strong>de E<strong>in</strong>zeller<br />
daran anpass<strong>en</strong> könn<strong>en</strong>, ist noch<br />
unbekannt. Der n<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>drige pH-Wert bee<strong>in</strong>trächtigt<br />
d<strong>en</strong> Kalkbildu<strong>ng</strong>sprozess<br />
und wirkt sich auf d<strong>en</strong> Stoffwech<strong>se</strong>l<br />
<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Organism<strong>en</strong> aus. Jede<br />
betroff<strong>en</strong>e T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>rart wird versuch<strong>en</strong>,<br />
d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Verän<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>u<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> natürlich<strong>en</strong><br />
Umgebu<strong>ng</strong> auszugleich<strong>en</strong>. Aber mit<br />
welchem Erfolg? Wachst<strong>um</strong>, Fortpflanzu<strong>ng</strong><br />
und sogar das Überleb<strong>en</strong><br />
e<strong>in</strong>er Art könn<strong>en</strong> gefährdet <strong>se</strong><strong>in</strong>.<br />
Wiss<strong>en</strong>schaftler hab<strong>en</strong> d<strong>en</strong> E<strong>in</strong>fluss<br />
<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Versaueru<strong>ng</strong> bereits bei<br />
Ob e<strong>in</strong> Lebewes<strong>en</strong> <strong>im</strong> Exper<strong>im</strong><strong>en</strong>t tolerant<br />
o<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> s<strong>en</strong>sibel auf O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>>versaueru<strong>ng</strong><br />
reag<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>rt – am Ende ist es für das<br />
Überleb<strong>en</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Art von größter Bed<strong>eu</strong>tu<strong>ng</strong>,<br />
w<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> sich d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> gesamte Nahru<strong>ng</strong>skette<br />
<strong>im</strong> O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>> verän<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>t. Auch<br />
e<strong>in</strong>e CO 2<br />
-tolerante Art kann nicht überleb<strong>en</strong>,<br />
w<strong>en</strong>n ihre B<strong>eu</strong>te fehlt. Am<br />
Anfa<strong>ng</strong> v<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ler mar<strong>in</strong>er Nahru<strong>ng</strong>skett<strong>en</strong><br />
steh<strong>en</strong> mikroskopisch kle<strong>in</strong>e Alg<strong>en</strong>,<br />
das Phytoplankton <strong>in</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ober<strong>en</strong>, lichtdurchflutet<strong>en</strong><br />
Was<strong>se</strong>rschicht (ca.<br />
100 bis 200 Meter). Etwa d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Hälfte <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Pflanz<strong>en</strong>produktion auf un<strong>se</strong>rem<br />
Planet<strong>en</strong> geht auf ihr Konto. Mikroalg<strong>en</strong><br />
b<strong>en</strong>ötig<strong>en</strong> CO 2<br />
bei <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Photosynthe<strong>se</strong>.<br />
Steigt <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> CO 2<br />
-Gehalt <strong>im</strong> Meer,<br />
profit<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>r<strong>en</strong> e<strong>in</strong>zelne Art<strong>en</strong>, <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>en</strong><br />
CO 2<br />
-Aufnahme vergleichswei<strong>se</strong> <strong>in</strong>effi-<br />
Accordi<strong>ng</strong> to curr<strong>en</strong>t sc<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>nce, ocean<br />
acidification is happ<strong>en</strong>i<strong>ng</strong> faster<br />
than ever before <strong>in</strong> the history of the<br />
planet. It is unknown whether<br />
ocean <strong>in</strong>habitants such as mus<strong>se</strong>ls,<br />
coral, <strong>se</strong>a urch<strong>in</strong>s or calci<strong>um</strong> carbonate<br />
formi<strong>ng</strong> si<strong>ng</strong>le cell organisms<br />
can adapt. Low pH levels adver<strong>se</strong>ly<br />
affect the calci<strong>um</strong> carbonate formation<br />
process and have an <strong>im</strong>pact on the<br />
organisms’ metabolism. Every affected<br />
organism will try to off<strong>se</strong>t the<br />
cha<strong>ng</strong>es to their natural <strong>en</strong>vironm<strong>en</strong>t.<br />
But to what effect? Growth, reproduction<br />
and ev<strong>en</strong> the very survival of<br />
a spec<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s could be at risk.<br />
Sc<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ntists have already stud<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>d the<br />
effect of acidification on <strong>se</strong>veral spec<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s,<br />
for example the coral reefs, which<br />
Regardless of whether a life form shows<br />
a tolerance or s<strong>en</strong>sitivity to ocean<br />
acidification <strong>in</strong> exper<strong>im</strong><strong>en</strong>ts, for the survival<br />
of the spec<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s it is of utmost<br />
<strong>im</strong>portance how the <strong>en</strong>tire food cha<strong>in</strong><br />
cha<strong>ng</strong>es. Ev<strong>en</strong> a CO 2<br />
-tolerant spec<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s<br />
can’t survive if their prey is missi<strong>ng</strong>.<br />
Microscopic algae, phytoplankton,<br />
which form <strong>in</strong> the top, light-saturated<br />
water layers (approx. 100 to 200<br />
meter), are at the ba<strong>se</strong> of many mar<strong>in</strong>e<br />
food cha<strong>in</strong>s. They account for about<br />
half of our planet’s plant production.<br />
Microalgae require CO 2<br />
for photosynthesis.<br />
If the CO 2<br />
cont<strong>en</strong>t ri<strong>se</strong>s <strong>in</strong><br />
the ocean, certa<strong>in</strong> spec<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s, which have<br />
a comparably <strong>in</strong>effic<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>nt CO 2<br />
cons<strong>um</strong>ption,<br />
will profit. Amo<strong>ng</strong> this group<br />
is the blue algae.<br />
72 v<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>l<strong>en</strong> Art<strong>en</strong> untersucht, so bei d<strong>en</strong> z<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>nt ist. Dazu gehört d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Gruppe<br />
are <strong>in</strong> particular da<strong>ng</strong>er. They show<br />
The lo<strong>se</strong>rs might be corall<strong>in</strong>e algae<br />
73<br />
beson<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s bedroht<strong>en</strong> tropisch<strong>en</strong><br />
<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Blaualg<strong>en</strong>.<br />
that CO 2<br />
conc<strong>en</strong>trations could already such as coccolithophores. Exper<strong>im</strong><strong>en</strong>ts<br />
Korall<strong>en</strong>riff<strong>en</strong>. S<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> zeig<strong>en</strong>, dass bereits<br />
Auf <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Verl<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>rer<strong>se</strong>ite könnt<strong>en</strong> d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
be so high by the middle of the<br />
show that with <strong>in</strong>crea<strong>se</strong>d CO 2<br />
Mitte d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>se</strong>s Jahrhun<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ts CO 2<br />
-<br />
Kalkalg<strong>en</strong>, z<strong>um</strong> Beisp<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>l Coccolitho-<br />
c<strong>en</strong>tury that successful coral reef for- conc<strong>en</strong>trations (i.e. <strong>in</strong>crea<strong>se</strong>d aci-<br />
Konz<strong>en</strong>tration<strong>en</strong> <strong>im</strong> O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>> erreicht phorid<strong>en</strong>, steh<strong>en</strong>. Exper<strong>im</strong><strong>en</strong>te zeig<strong>en</strong>,<br />
mation is barely possible. Fish, some dification) the delicate calcite platelets<br />
<strong>se</strong><strong>in</strong> könnt<strong>en</strong>, unter d<strong>en</strong><strong>en</strong> e<strong>in</strong>e<br />
dass mit steig<strong>en</strong><stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> CO 2<br />
-Konz<strong>en</strong>tration<br />
crustaceans and one squid spec<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s of their calci<strong>um</strong> carbonate shells<br />
erfolgreiche Korall<strong>en</strong>riffbildu<strong>ng</strong> ka<strong>um</strong> (also <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Versaueru<strong>ng</strong>) d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> filigran<strong>en</strong><br />
show – leastwi<strong>se</strong> wh<strong>en</strong> mature – a<br />
gradually grow th<strong>in</strong>ner until the shells<br />
noch möglich ist. Fische, e<strong>in</strong>ige<br />
Kalzitplättch<strong>en</strong> ihrer Kalkpanzer allmäh-<br />
higher CO 2<br />
-tolerance.<br />
are drastically deformed.<br />
Krebst<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>re und e<strong>in</strong>e T<strong>in</strong>t<strong>en</strong>fischart<br />
lich dünner werd<strong>en</strong> bis h<strong>in</strong> zu draszeig<strong>en</strong><br />
– z<strong>um</strong><strong>in</strong>dest ausgewachs<strong>en</strong> – tisch<strong>en</strong> Deformation<strong>en</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Kalkstruktur.<br />
e<strong>in</strong>e höhere CO 2<br />
-Toleranz.
Rohstoffe aus <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>f<strong>se</strong>e<br />
Raw Materials from the Deep Sea<br />
Ab 1.000 Meter T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>fe hält das Meer beson<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>e geologische Ressourc<strong>en</strong> bereit.<br />
Um s<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> zu gew<strong>in</strong>n<strong>en</strong>, bedarf es e<strong>in</strong>es erheblich<strong>en</strong> Aufwandes a<strong>ng</strong>esichts<br />
<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> unwirtlich<strong>en</strong> Bedi<strong>ng</strong>u<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong>: absolute Dunkelheit, Temperatur<strong>en</strong> von –1,9 bis<br />
+ 500 °C und hoher Druck. International tätige Bergbaufirm<strong>en</strong> drä<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong> auf<br />
För<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>u<strong>ng</strong>, doch ist das für d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Umwelt verträglich? Antwort<strong>en</strong> muss d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Forschu<strong>ng</strong><br />
l<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>fern.<br />
Erst etwa hun<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>t Jahre nach <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Entdecku<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Ma<strong>ng</strong>anknoll<strong>en</strong> befa<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sste</stro<strong>ng</strong>>n<br />
sich d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Industr<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>nation<strong>en</strong> ab 1970 mit <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>en</strong> Abbau. Dann kam d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> mar<strong>in</strong>e<br />
Erdölför<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>u<strong>ng</strong>, zunächst <strong>in</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> flach<strong>en</strong> Nord<strong>se</strong>e, h<strong>eu</strong>te <strong>in</strong> bis über 3.000 Meter<br />
T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>fe und <strong>in</strong> d<strong>en</strong> Polargeb<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>t<strong>en</strong>. In d<strong>en</strong> 1960er Jahr<strong>en</strong> wurd<strong>en</strong> T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>f<strong>se</strong>eschlämme<br />
<strong>im</strong> Rot<strong>en</strong> Meer, <strong>in</strong> d<strong>en</strong> 1970er Jahr<strong>en</strong> Schwarze Raucher <strong>im</strong> Pazifik <strong>en</strong>tdeckt,<br />
wir<strong>tsch</strong>aftlich <strong>in</strong>teressant weg<strong>en</strong> ihres M<strong>in</strong>eralreicht<strong>um</strong>s. D<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> n<strong>eu</strong>est<strong>en</strong> Entdecku<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong>:<br />
<strong>en</strong>erg<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>relevantes Gashydrat, das als gefror<strong>en</strong>es Methaneis auf Million<strong>en</strong><br />
von Quadratkilometern schon ab etwa 500 Meter Meerest<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>fe <strong>im</strong> Bod<strong>en</strong> l<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>gt, sow<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Rohstoffe aus dem Meer für Mediz<strong>in</strong> und für Pharmaz<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>.<br />
Beyond 1,000 meter depth, the ocean holds special geologic resources. Consi<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>able<br />
effort is necessary to extract the<strong>se</strong> resources due to the <strong>in</strong>hospitable conditions:<br />
Absolute darkness, temperatures of -1.9 to +500 °C and extreme pressure.<br />
74 International m<strong>in</strong>i<strong>ng</strong> compan<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s are strivi<strong>ng</strong> for extraction, but is it safe for the<br />
75<br />
<strong>en</strong>vironm<strong>en</strong>t? Re<strong>se</strong>arch has to provide the answers.<br />
Industrialized nations only started to consi<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> m<strong>in</strong>i<strong>ng</strong> ma<strong>ng</strong>ane<strong>se</strong> nodules <strong>in</strong><br />
the 70’s, about a hundred years after their discovery. Th<strong>en</strong> oil exploration<br />
started, first <strong>in</strong> the shallow North Sea, today at a depth of over 3,000 meter and<br />
<strong>in</strong> the polar regions. Duri<strong>ng</strong> the 60’s, deep <strong>se</strong>a sludge was discovered <strong>in</strong> the<br />
Red Sea, the 70’s brought the discovery of black smokers, both of economic <strong>in</strong>terest<br />
due to their m<strong>in</strong>eral wealth. The newest discover<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s: gas hydrates, which are<br />
found <strong>in</strong> the ocean floor below a depth of 500 meter spread as froz<strong>en</strong> methane<br />
over millions of square miles. Substances from the ocean are exploited for<br />
medic<strong>in</strong>e and pharmac<strong>eu</strong>tical u<strong>se</strong>.
18 Erzprobe aus <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>f<strong>se</strong>e<br />
D<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Erzprobe zeigt d<strong>en</strong> z<strong>en</strong>tral<strong>en</strong> Fluidkanal.<br />
Fundort: Manus Beck<strong>en</strong> (Südwest-Pazifik);<br />
Was<strong>se</strong>rt<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>fe: 1.680 Meter<br />
Sulfidkruste<br />
Massive Sulfidkruste aus Fesulfid<strong>en</strong> (Pyrit).<br />
Fundort: Turtle Pits Hydrothermalfeld,<br />
Atlantik; Was<strong>se</strong>rt<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>fe: 2.998 Meter<br />
Sed<strong>im</strong><strong>en</strong>täre Brekkz<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Sed<strong>im</strong><strong>en</strong>täre Brekkz<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> mit fe<strong>in</strong> verteilt<strong>en</strong><br />
Ars<strong>en</strong>sulfid<strong>en</strong>. Fundort: N<strong>eu</strong><strong>se</strong>eland,<br />
Pazifik; Was<strong>se</strong>rt<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>fe: 195 Meter<br />
Sample of Ore from the Deep Sea<br />
The sample shows the c<strong>en</strong>tral fluid channel.<br />
Orig<strong>in</strong>: Manus Bas<strong>in</strong> (Southwest Pacific);<br />
water depth: 1,680 meter<br />
Sulfide Crust<br />
Massive sulfide crust compo<strong>se</strong>d of<br />
pyrite. Orig<strong>in</strong>: Turtle Pits hydrothermal<br />
f<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ld, Atlantic; water depth: 2,998 meter<br />
Sed<strong>im</strong><strong>en</strong>tary Breccia<br />
Sed<strong>im</strong><strong>en</strong>tary breccia with dis<strong>se</strong>m<strong>in</strong>ated<br />
Ars<strong>en</strong>ic sulfides. Orig<strong>in</strong>: New Zealand,<br />
Pacific; water depth: 195 meter<br />
76 77<br />
18 Rohstoffe aus <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>f<strong>se</strong>e Raw materials from the deep <strong>se</strong>a
Ma<strong>ng</strong>anknoll<strong>en</strong>,<br />
Ma<strong>ng</strong>ankrust<strong>en</strong><br />
Gashydrat<br />
Ma<strong>ng</strong>ane<strong>se</strong> Nodules,<br />
Ma<strong>ng</strong>ane<strong>se</strong> Crusts<br />
Gas Hydrates<br />
Weltweit f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>en</strong> sich Ma<strong>ng</strong>anknoll<strong>en</strong> Das Methan <strong>en</strong>tsteht <strong>im</strong> früh<strong>en</strong> Stadi<strong>um</strong><br />
Ma<strong>ng</strong>ane<strong>se</strong> nodules can be found on Methane forms <strong>in</strong> the early stages of the<br />
auf d<strong>en</strong> Meeresböd<strong>en</strong>, meist <strong>in</strong><br />
des Abbaus organischer Mater<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>.<br />
ocean floors worldwide, mostly at<br />
decomposition of organic matter.<br />
4.000 bis 6.000 Metern T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>fe, aber Unter hohem Druck und n<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>driger Tem-<br />
a depth of 4,000 to 6,000 meters, but Un<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> high pressure and low temperature,<br />
auch <strong>in</strong> Flachmeer<strong>en</strong> w<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
peratur bildet es e<strong>in</strong>e eisähnliche<br />
also <strong>in</strong> shallow waters like the Baltic<br />
is develops <strong>in</strong>to an ice-like<br />
Ost<strong>se</strong>e – zwei bis 15 Z<strong>en</strong>t<strong>im</strong>eter groß, Struktur mit Was<strong>se</strong>rmolekül<strong>en</strong>, das<br />
Sea. They are 2 to 15 c<strong>en</strong>t<strong>im</strong>eter big, structure <strong>in</strong>corporati<strong>ng</strong> water molebraun-schwarz<br />
und relativ leicht,<br />
Methanhydrat. Bei Was<strong>se</strong>rtempe-<br />
brownblack and relatively light,<br />
cules, methane hydrate. At water<br />
von schaligem Aufbau. S<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> wachs<strong>en</strong> ratur<strong>en</strong> <strong>um</strong> 2° C bildet sich Methan-<br />
conchoidal structures. They only grow temperatures of around 2 °C, methane<br />
nur w<strong>en</strong>ige Mill<strong>im</strong>eter <strong>in</strong> e<strong>in</strong>er<br />
hydrat ab e<strong>in</strong>er T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>fe von rund 500<br />
a few mill<strong>im</strong>etres per million year,<br />
hydrate develops at depths below<br />
Million Jahr<strong>en</strong>, größere Knoll<strong>en</strong> s<strong>in</strong>d Metern. Im kälter<strong>en</strong> Arktiswas<strong>se</strong>r kön-<br />
so larger nodules are approx<strong>im</strong>ately approx<strong>im</strong>ately 500 meters. Gas hydrates<br />
somit rund 15 Million<strong>en</strong> Jahre alt.<br />
n<strong>en</strong> sich Gashydrate bereits bei<br />
15 million years old. Mostly they<br />
can develop <strong>in</strong> the cold arctic<br />
S<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> besteh<strong>en</strong> vor allem aus Ma<strong>ng</strong>an- T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>f<strong>en</strong> <strong>um</strong> 350 Metern bild<strong>en</strong>. Aktuell<br />
consist of ma<strong>ng</strong>ane<strong>se</strong> and ferrous waters at a depth of about 350 meters.<br />
und Eis<strong>en</strong>oxid<strong>en</strong>. Interessant<br />
<strong>in</strong>vest<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>r<strong>en</strong> Energ<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>konzerne kräftig<br />
oxides. Of <strong>in</strong>terest are the copper,<br />
Curr<strong>en</strong>tly, <strong>en</strong>ergy compan<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s are<br />
s<strong>in</strong>d d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Anteile von Kupfer, Nickel<br />
<strong>in</strong> d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Erforschu<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Gashydrate, <strong>in</strong><br />
nickel and cobalt, as well as te<stro<strong>ng</strong>>llu</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ri<strong>um</strong>, <strong>in</strong>vesti<strong>ng</strong> heavily <strong>in</strong> the exploration of<br />
und Kobalt, auch Te<stro<strong>ng</strong>>llu</stro<strong>ng</strong>>r o<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> För<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>- und Abbautechnolog<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>,<br />
plat<strong>in</strong><strong>um</strong> and other rare elem<strong>en</strong>ts.<br />
gas hydrates, <strong>in</strong> materials handli<strong>ng</strong><br />
Plat<strong>in</strong>. Aber erste erfolgreiche Ab- da <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Rohstoff alle bekannt<strong>en</strong> Erdöl-<br />
Initially, however, m<strong>in</strong>i<strong>ng</strong> trials were and m<strong>in</strong>i<strong>ng</strong> technology, s<strong>in</strong>ce this raw<br />
bauversuche war<strong>en</strong> wir<strong>tsch</strong>aftlich<br />
und Erdgasvorräte übertrifft.<br />
not economically successful.<br />
material surpas<strong>se</strong>s all known oil<br />
nicht lukrativ. Auch D<strong>eu</strong><strong>tsch</strong>land hat<br />
Gashydrate s<strong>in</strong>d aber e<strong>in</strong>e kl<strong>im</strong>a-<br />
Germany has options on exploration and gas re<strong>se</strong>rves.<br />
Option<strong>en</strong> auf Explorationsgeb<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>te<br />
aktive fossile Energ<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>quelle. Zudem<br />
territor<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s and is therefore carry-<br />
However, gas hydrates are a cl<strong>im</strong>at<strong>eu</strong>nd<br />
führt <strong>en</strong>tsprech<strong>en</strong>de Expeditio- stabilis<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>rt das Gashydrat d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Konti-<br />
i<strong>ng</strong> out expeditions on the<strong>se</strong> areas. active fossil <strong>en</strong>ergy resource. Addi-<br />
78 n<strong>en</strong> durch.<br />
n<strong>en</strong>talhä<strong>ng</strong>e. Bei großflächigem<br />
Ma<strong>ng</strong>ane<strong>se</strong> crusts only appear<br />
tionally, gas hydrates stabilize cont<strong>in</strong><strong>en</strong>-<br />
79<br />
Ma<strong>ng</strong>ankrust<strong>en</strong> komm<strong>en</strong> nur an Abbau muss daher <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>en</strong> Stabilität<br />
at the slopes of submar<strong>in</strong>e volcanoes. tal slopes. Stability has to be guaranteed<br />
d<strong>en</strong> Hä<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong> submar<strong>in</strong>er Vulkane<br />
gewährleistet werd<strong>en</strong>, da Ha<strong>ng</strong>-<br />
In the Northwest Pacific, they<br />
duri<strong>ng</strong> large scale m<strong>in</strong>i<strong>ng</strong> s<strong>in</strong>ce<br />
vor. Im NW-Pazifik erreich<strong>en</strong> s<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ru<strong>tsch</strong>u<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong> Tsunamis auslös<strong>en</strong> könnt<strong>en</strong>.<br />
appear at an economically <strong>in</strong>teresti<strong>ng</strong> land slides could cau<strong>se</strong> tsunamis.<br />
wir<strong>tsch</strong>aftlich <strong>in</strong>teressante M<strong>in</strong>dest-<br />
Im Umfeld von Gashydrat-Vor-<br />
m<strong>in</strong><strong>im</strong><strong>um</strong> thickness of 4 c<strong>en</strong>t<strong>im</strong>eter.<br />
In the areas surroundi<strong>ng</strong> gas hydicke<br />
von v<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>r Z<strong>en</strong>t<strong>im</strong>etern. An Abbau- komm<strong>en</strong> nutz<strong>en</strong> Mikroorganism<strong>en</strong> am<br />
M<strong>in</strong>i<strong>ng</strong> techniques are curr<strong>en</strong>tly bei<strong>ng</strong> drate deposits, micro-organisms<br />
technik<strong>en</strong> wird <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>zeit geforscht.<br />
und <strong>im</strong> Meeresbod<strong>en</strong> d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> natürlich<strong>en</strong><br />
re<strong>se</strong>arched. Serious technical diffi- <strong>in</strong> and on the ocean floor utilize the<br />
Größere technische Schw<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>rigkeit<strong>en</strong> Methanaustritte, so g<strong>en</strong>annte „Kalte<br />
cult<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s due to terra<strong>in</strong> and wh<strong>en</strong><br />
natural methane v<strong>en</strong>ts, the so<br />
h<strong>in</strong>sichtlich des Geländes und be<strong>im</strong><br />
Quell<strong>en</strong>“, zur Energ<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>gew<strong>in</strong>nu<strong>ng</strong>.<br />
<strong>se</strong>parati<strong>ng</strong> the crust from its substrate called “cold <strong>se</strong>eps“, to g<strong>en</strong>erate <strong>en</strong>er-<br />
Lös<strong>en</strong> vom Substrat (<strong>im</strong> Vergleich z<strong>um</strong> Solche T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>f<strong>se</strong>eökosysteme exist<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>r<strong>en</strong><br />
(<strong>in</strong> comparison to the “collection“<br />
gy. Such deep <strong>se</strong>a ecosystems<br />
„E<strong>in</strong>sammeln“ <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Ma<strong>ng</strong>anknoll<strong>en</strong>)<br />
z<strong>um</strong> Beisp<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>l <strong>en</strong>tla<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Pazifik-<br />
of ma<strong>ng</strong>ane<strong>se</strong> nodules) could be off<strong>se</strong>t can be found, for example, alo<strong>ng</strong> the<br />
könnte durch d<strong>en</strong> höher<strong>en</strong> Gehalt an küst<strong>en</strong> w<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> vor Japan.<br />
by higher trace metal cont<strong>en</strong>ts.<br />
Pacific coastl<strong>in</strong>e off Japan.<br />
Spur<strong>en</strong>metall<strong>en</strong> ausgeglich<strong>en</strong><br />
werd<strong>en</strong>.
Was s<strong>in</strong>d<br />
Gashydrate?<br />
Gashydrate,<br />
e<strong>in</strong>e Gefahr?<br />
What are<br />
Gas Hydrates?<br />
Gas Hydrates,<br />
a Risk?<br />
Gashydrate s<strong>in</strong>d eisähnliche, br<strong>en</strong>n- Methan ist e<strong>in</strong> extrem kl<strong>im</strong>awirksames<br />
Gas hydrates are ice-like, combustible Methane is a gas that has an extremely<br />
bare Verb<strong>in</strong>du<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong> aus Was<strong>se</strong>r<br />
Gas. Gela<strong>ng</strong>t es <strong>in</strong> d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Atmosphäre,<br />
compounds consisti<strong>ng</strong> of water and <strong>im</strong>portant effect on cl<strong>im</strong>ate. If r<strong>eu</strong>nd<br />
Gas (vor allem Methan), d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> unter so wirkt es, ähnlich w<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> CO 2<br />
, als Treib-<br />
gas (mostly methane), which occur <strong>in</strong> lea<strong>se</strong>d <strong>in</strong>to the atmosphere, it functions<br />
hohem Druck und n<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>drig<strong>en</strong> Tem-<br />
hausgas – jedoch 23-mal stärker.<br />
large amounts <strong>in</strong> high-pressure<br />
as a gre<strong>en</strong>hou<strong>se</strong> gas, s<strong>im</strong>ilar to CO 2<br />
,<br />
peratur<strong>en</strong> <strong>in</strong> groß<strong>en</strong> Me<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong> <strong>in</strong> d<strong>en</strong> Bei großflächiger Frei<strong>se</strong>tzu<strong>ng</strong> würde<br />
and low-temperature areas <strong>in</strong> the arctic but its effect is 23 t<strong>im</strong>es stro<strong>ng</strong>er. A<br />
arktisch<strong>en</strong> Permafrostgeb<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>t<strong>en</strong> und<br />
es d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> globale Erwärmu<strong>ng</strong> erheblich<br />
permafrost regions and at the<br />
large scale relea<strong>se</strong> would <strong>in</strong>crea<strong>se</strong><br />
<strong>im</strong> Meeresbod<strong>en</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Kont<strong>in</strong><strong>en</strong>talhä<strong>ng</strong>e verstärk<strong>en</strong>.<br />
cont<strong>in</strong><strong>en</strong>tal slopes at the ocean floors. global warmi<strong>ng</strong> significantly.<br />
auftret<strong>en</strong>. Zur Bildu<strong>ng</strong> von Gashydrat<br />
Im Vergleich organischer Kohl<strong>en</strong>-<br />
Pressure-temperature conditions<br />
The amount of carbon <strong>in</strong> gas hys<strong>in</strong>d<br />
neb<strong>en</strong> e<strong>in</strong>er ausreich<strong>en</strong>d<strong>en</strong> Me<strong>ng</strong>e stoffvorkomm<strong>en</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Erde ist d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
are ess<strong>en</strong>tial for the formation of gas drates most likely makes up an<br />
von Gas und Was<strong>se</strong>r d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Druck-Tem- Me<strong>ng</strong>e Kohl<strong>en</strong>stoff <strong>in</strong> Gashydrat<strong>en</strong><br />
hydrates, as are suffic<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>nt amounts <strong>en</strong>ormous part of the global organic<br />
peratur-Bedi<strong>ng</strong>u<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong> <strong>en</strong><strong>tsch</strong>eid<strong>en</strong>d. <strong>en</strong>orm groß. In <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Berechnu<strong>ng</strong><br />
of gas and water. Gas hydrates occur carbon. There are still uncerta<strong>in</strong>t<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s<br />
Überw<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>g<strong>en</strong>d tritt Gashydrat ab<br />
gibt es h<strong>eu</strong>te noch Unsicherheit<strong>en</strong>; so<br />
predom<strong>in</strong>antly at water depths<br />
<strong>in</strong> the calculation; it is est<strong>im</strong>ated that<br />
circa 500 Meter Was<strong>se</strong>rt<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>fe auf, <strong>in</strong> wird von e<strong>in</strong>er Größ<strong>en</strong>ordnu<strong>ng</strong><br />
below approx<strong>im</strong>ately 500 meter, but 1,000 to 10,000 Giga tons of carbon<br />
Polargeb<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>t<strong>en</strong> auch <strong>in</strong> d<strong>eu</strong>tlich<br />
zwisch<strong>en</strong> 1.000 bis 10.000 Gigatonn<strong>en</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong> polar regions also at significantly<br />
are t<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>d up <strong>in</strong> gas hydrates (compare:<br />
geri<strong>ng</strong>er<strong>en</strong> T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>f<strong>en</strong>.<br />
Kohl<strong>en</strong>stoff, <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <strong>in</strong> Gashydrat<strong>en</strong><br />
shallower depths.<br />
the atmosphere’s CO 2<br />
store amounts<br />
Im O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>> stammt das Methan z<strong>um</strong> gebund<strong>en</strong> ist, ausgega<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong> (<strong>im</strong> Ver-<br />
For the most part, methane <strong>in</strong> the to 760 Giga tons). This by far exceeds<br />
Großteil aus dem Abbau organisch<strong>en</strong> gleich: <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> CO 2<br />
-Speicher <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
ocean forms duri<strong>ng</strong> the decay of<br />
the carbon cont<strong>en</strong>t of all known<br />
Materials. D<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> bei weitem höchst<strong>en</strong> An- Atmosphäre ist 760 Gigatonn<strong>en</strong> groß).<br />
organic matter. By far the largest con- fossil fuels and constitutes a pot<strong>en</strong>tial<br />
teile an Methan werd<strong>en</strong> <strong>im</strong> Bereich<br />
D<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s übersteigt d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Kohl<strong>en</strong>stoff-<br />
c<strong>en</strong>tration of methane is formed<br />
for the future, wh<strong>en</strong> other <strong>en</strong>ergy<br />
80 <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Kont<strong>in</strong><strong>en</strong>talrän<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> gebildet, weil dort me<strong>ng</strong>e aller zurzeit bekannt<strong>en</strong> Vorkom-<br />
around the cont<strong>in</strong><strong>en</strong>tal shelves, becau<strong>se</strong> resources such as coal, oil and gas have<br />
81<br />
für d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Gasbildu<strong>ng</strong> e<strong>in</strong>e hohe Plankton- m<strong>en</strong> fossiler Br<strong>en</strong>nstoffe bei weitem<br />
the high plankton production and<br />
be<strong>en</strong> depleted. There is however<br />
produktion und große Me<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong> an orga- und stellt somit e<strong>in</strong> Pot<strong>en</strong>zial für d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
large amounts of organic materials <strong>in</strong> the requirem<strong>en</strong>t that, <strong>in</strong>dep<strong>en</strong>d<strong>en</strong>t of<br />
nischem Material <strong>im</strong> Sed<strong>im</strong><strong>en</strong>t zur<br />
<stro<strong>ng</strong>>Zukunft</stro<strong>ng</strong>> dar, w<strong>en</strong>n d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Energ<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>träger<br />
the <strong>se</strong>d<strong>im</strong><strong>en</strong>t needed for gas for-<br />
the CO 2<br />
gre<strong>en</strong>hou<strong>se</strong> problems,<br />
Verfügu<strong>ng</strong> steh<strong>en</strong>. Daher s<strong>in</strong>d Gashy- Kohle, Öl und Gas ausgeschöpft <strong>se</strong><strong>in</strong><br />
mation are pres<strong>en</strong>t there. Thus, gas m<strong>in</strong>i<strong>ng</strong> methods are developed which<br />
drate an fast all<strong>en</strong> passiv<strong>en</strong> und<br />
sollt<strong>en</strong>. Voraus<strong>se</strong>tzu<strong>ng</strong> dafür ist<br />
hydrates can be found at almost<br />
facilitate <strong>en</strong>vironm<strong>en</strong>tally fr<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ndly<br />
aktiv<strong>en</strong> Kont<strong>in</strong><strong>en</strong>talrän<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>n zu f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>en</strong>, jedoch, dass – unabhä<strong>ng</strong>ig von <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
all passive and active cont<strong>in</strong><strong>en</strong>tal shel- excavation <strong>in</strong> mar<strong>in</strong>e and permafrost<br />
aber auch <strong>im</strong> Kaspisch<strong>en</strong> Meer, <strong>im</strong><br />
Treibhausproblematik des CO 2<br />
–<br />
ves, but also <strong>in</strong> the Caspian Sea,<br />
areas.<br />
Schwarz<strong>en</strong> Meer, <strong>im</strong> Mittelmeer und För<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>method<strong>en</strong> <strong>en</strong>twickelt werd<strong>en</strong>,<br />
the Black Sea, the Mediterranean Sea<br />
<strong>im</strong> Baikal<strong>se</strong>e.<br />
d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> e<strong>in</strong><strong>en</strong> vor allem <strong>um</strong>wel<strong>tsch</strong>on<strong>en</strong>-<br />
and Lake Baikal.<br />
d<strong>en</strong> Abbau sowohl <strong>im</strong> mar<strong>in</strong><strong>en</strong> als auch<br />
<strong>im</strong> Permafrostbereich ermöglich<strong>en</strong>.
Internationales Seerecht<br />
International Marit<strong>im</strong>e Law<br />
Es ist e<strong>in</strong>er <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> ältest<strong>en</strong> Bereiche des Völkerrechts: das <strong>in</strong>ternationale Seerecht<br />
(auch Seevölkerrecht). Alle Rechtsnorm<strong>en</strong>, d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> das Meer betreff<strong>en</strong> und zwisch<strong>en</strong><br />
e<strong>in</strong>zeln<strong>en</strong> Staat<strong>en</strong> gelt<strong>en</strong>, s<strong>in</strong>d h<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>r zusamme<strong>ng</strong>efasst.<br />
Der weltweite Handel wird überw<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>g<strong>en</strong>d über Seewege abgewickelt. Unter<strong>se</strong>ekabel<br />
s<strong>in</strong>d d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Leb<strong>en</strong>sa<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <strong>in</strong>ternationaler Kommunikation. Fischerei sichert durch<br />
Nahru<strong>ng</strong>sversorgu<strong>ng</strong> e<strong>in</strong><strong>en</strong> Großteil des weltweit<strong>en</strong> Eiweißbedarfs. D<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>>e sp<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>l<strong>en</strong><br />
e<strong>in</strong>e <strong>en</strong><strong>tsch</strong>eid<strong>en</strong>de Rolle <strong>im</strong> global<strong>en</strong> Ökosystem, das es zu schütz<strong>en</strong> gilt.<br />
Vor d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>se</strong>m H<strong>in</strong>tergrund regelt das <strong>in</strong>ternationale Seerecht (kodifiz<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>rt <strong>im</strong> UN-<br />
Seerechtsübere<strong>in</strong>komm<strong>en</strong> von 1982) d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> fr<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>dliche und nachhaltige Nutzu<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>>e, <strong>um</strong>fasst Meeresschutz und Meeresforschu<strong>ng</strong>. Dabei gilt <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Grundsatz <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Freiheit <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Hoh<strong>en</strong> See, das Recht auf fr<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>dliche Durchfahrt durch das Küst<strong>en</strong>meer<br />
an<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>er Staat<strong>en</strong> sow<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Verantwortlichkeit des Flagg<strong>en</strong>staates für <strong>se</strong><strong>in</strong>e<br />
Handels- und Fischereiflott<strong>en</strong>. Der Internationale Seegerichtshof wurde<br />
1996 <strong>in</strong> Hamburg errichtet.<br />
It is one of the oldest areas of <strong>in</strong>ternational law: the <strong>in</strong>ternational law of the <strong>se</strong>a.<br />
Here, all legal norms referri<strong>ng</strong> to the ocean and applicable betwe<strong>en</strong> <strong>in</strong>dividual<br />
countr<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s are s<strong>um</strong>marized.<br />
Global trade is mostly carr<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>d out via <strong>se</strong>a transport. Submar<strong>in</strong>e cables are the<br />
82 lifel<strong>in</strong>e of <strong>in</strong>ternational communication. Fishi<strong>ng</strong> provides a large part of global<br />
83<br />
prote<strong>in</strong> requirem<strong>en</strong>ts. The oceans play an <strong>im</strong>portant role <strong>in</strong> the global ecosystem,<br />
which must be protected.<br />
In this respect, <strong>in</strong>ternational marit<strong>im</strong>e law (codif<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>d <strong>in</strong> the United Nations Conv<strong>en</strong>tion<br />
on the Law of the Sea of 1982) governs the peaceful and susta<strong>in</strong>able<br />
u<strong>se</strong> of the oceans; it <strong>in</strong>cludes the protection of the <strong>se</strong>a and mar<strong>in</strong>e re<strong>se</strong>arch. This<br />
<strong>in</strong>cludes the conv<strong>en</strong>tion of the Freedom of the Seas, the right to <strong>in</strong>noc<strong>en</strong>t<br />
passage through coastal areas of other countr<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s, as well as the responsibility of<br />
flag states for their merchant and fishery fleet. In 1996, the International<br />
Tribunal for the Law of the Sea was established <strong>in</strong> Hamburg.
23 Hörstation: Seerecht<br />
Auditory station: Law of the <strong>se</strong>a<br />
84 85<br />
23 Hörstation: Seerecht Auditory station: Law of the <strong>se</strong>a
Zon<strong>en</strong>e<strong>in</strong>teilu<strong>ng</strong><br />
und Nordpol<br />
Rechte und<br />
Pflicht<strong>en</strong> auf See<br />
Zone Classification<br />
and the North Pole<br />
Rights and<br />
Obligations at Sea<br />
Das Seerecht regelt d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Zuordnu<strong>ng</strong><br />
best<strong>im</strong>mter Meereszon<strong>en</strong> zu<br />
e<strong>in</strong>zeln<strong>en</strong> Staat<strong>en</strong> und gewährleistet<br />
d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Freiheit <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Hoh<strong>en</strong> See und<br />
des T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>f<strong>se</strong>ebod<strong>en</strong>s zugunst<strong>en</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
weltweit<strong>en</strong> Staate<strong>ng</strong>eme<strong>in</strong>schaft.<br />
A<strong>ng</strong>esichts des durch d<strong>en</strong> Kl<strong>im</strong>awandel<br />
verursacht<strong>en</strong> Abschmelz<strong>en</strong>s<br />
des Eispanzers und n<strong>eu</strong>er För<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>technik<strong>en</strong><br />
gerat<strong>en</strong> d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Rohstoffvorkomm<strong>en</strong><br />
<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Arktis, beson<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s Öl<br />
und Erdgas, <strong>in</strong> d<strong>en</strong> Fokus wir<strong>tsch</strong>aftlicher<br />
Interess<strong>en</strong>. A<strong>ng</strong>r<strong>en</strong>z<strong>en</strong>de<br />
Staat<strong>en</strong> hab<strong>en</strong> bereits Expedition<strong>en</strong><br />
<strong>en</strong>tsandt, <strong>um</strong> ihre Ansprüche zu begründ<strong>en</strong>.<br />
D<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Geb<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>te überlapp<strong>en</strong><br />
sich teilwei<strong>se</strong>. H<strong>in</strong>zu tret<strong>en</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> u<strong>ng</strong>elöste<br />
Streit über d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Durchfahrt<br />
durch d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <strong>im</strong> Sommer 2007 erstmals<br />
E<strong>in</strong> Küst<strong>en</strong>staat hat <strong>in</strong> <strong>se</strong><strong>in</strong>er 200-<br />
Seemeil<strong>en</strong>-Zone e<strong>in</strong> Fischere<strong>im</strong>onopol<br />
und kann alle<strong>in</strong> über d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
dort vorhand<strong>en</strong><strong>en</strong> Fischbestände<br />
verfüg<strong>en</strong>. Er muss e<strong>in</strong>e Höchstfa<strong>ng</strong>me<strong>ng</strong>e<br />
festleg<strong>en</strong>, d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Bestände<br />
nachhaltig bewir<strong>tsch</strong>aft<strong>en</strong> und Maßnahm<strong>en</strong><br />
z<strong>um</strong> Schutz vor übermäßiger<br />
Ausb<strong>eu</strong>tu<strong>ng</strong> ergreif<strong>en</strong>.<br />
J<strong>en</strong><strong>se</strong>its d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>se</strong>r Zone gilt für alle<br />
Län<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> zunächst Fischereifreiheit,<br />
d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> jedoch durch regionale Verträge<br />
und das Übere<strong>in</strong>komm<strong>en</strong> für weitwan<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>nde<br />
Fischart<strong>en</strong> begr<strong>en</strong>zt wurde.<br />
D<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Vorschrift<strong>en</strong> s<strong>in</strong>d aber nur für<br />
Staat<strong>en</strong> b<strong>in</strong>d<strong>en</strong>d, d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> dem Bestandsschutz<br />
zugest<strong>im</strong>mt hab<strong>en</strong>.<br />
Der küst<strong>en</strong>ferne T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>f<strong>se</strong>ebod<strong>en</strong> wird<br />
a<strong>ng</strong>esichts steig<strong>en</strong><stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Energ<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>prei<strong>se</strong><br />
Marit<strong>im</strong>e law governs the allocation of<br />
specific ocean areas to the <strong>in</strong>dividual<br />
states and guarantees the Freedom of<br />
the Seas and the ocean floor for the<br />
b<strong>en</strong>efit of the global community of<br />
states.<br />
In light of the deglaciation of the ice<br />
crust cau<strong>se</strong>d by cl<strong>im</strong>ate cha<strong>ng</strong>es,<br />
and new materials handli<strong>ng</strong> technology,<br />
raw material deposits <strong>in</strong> the Arctic,<br />
specifically oil and gas, are becomi<strong>ng</strong><br />
the focus of economic <strong>in</strong>terests.<br />
Adjac<strong>en</strong>t states have already s<strong>en</strong>t out<br />
expeditions to stake their cla<strong>im</strong>s.<br />
The<strong>se</strong> areas partially overlap. In addition,<br />
there is the unresolved dispute over<br />
the passage through the Northwest<br />
passage, which was free of ice for<br />
the first t<strong>im</strong>e <strong>in</strong> 2007, as well as worr<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s<br />
With<strong>in</strong> its 200 <strong>se</strong>a mile zone, a coastal<br />
state has the monopoly on fishi<strong>ng</strong><br />
and has the sole right to utilize the<br />
existi<strong>ng</strong> fish stock <strong>in</strong> this area. It has<br />
to stipulate the max<strong>im</strong><strong>um</strong> catch levels,<br />
manage stocks <strong>in</strong> a susta<strong>in</strong>able<br />
manner, and take protective measures<br />
to prev<strong>en</strong>t excessive exploitation.<br />
Beyond this zone, fishi<strong>ng</strong> is permit-<br />
ted for all countr<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s. This, however,<br />
is l<strong>im</strong>ited by regional contracts and<br />
agreem<strong>en</strong>ts on highly migratory<br />
fish stocks. The<strong>se</strong> regulations are only<br />
b<strong>in</strong>di<strong>ng</strong> for states which have agreed<br />
to the protection of resources.<br />
Risi<strong>ng</strong> <strong>en</strong>ergy prices have made<br />
offshore deep-<strong>se</strong>a floor an item of<br />
<strong>in</strong>terest due its stores of methane hy-<br />
drates. At the same t<strong>im</strong>e, efforts are<br />
86 eisfre<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Nordwestpassage sow<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
<strong>in</strong>teressant h<strong>in</strong>sichtlich <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> dort lagern-<br />
about a collap<strong>se</strong> of the arctic eco-<br />
bei<strong>ng</strong> made to lower cl<strong>im</strong>ate-affecti<strong>ng</strong><br />
87<br />
d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Sorge vor e<strong>in</strong>em Kollaps des ark- d<strong>en</strong> Methanhydrate. Zugleich wird<br />
system. Whether and which state may gre<strong>en</strong>hou<strong>se</strong> ga<strong>se</strong>s by stori<strong>ng</strong> CO 2<br />
tisch<strong>en</strong> Ökosystems. Ob und<br />
<strong>im</strong> Bemüh<strong>en</strong> <strong>um</strong> e<strong>in</strong>e Verri<strong>ng</strong>eru<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
lay a cla<strong>im</strong> to ocean territor<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s falls <strong>in</strong> the ocean floor. The<strong>se</strong> new forms of<br />
welcher Staat Meeresgeb<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>te bean- kl<strong>im</strong>arelevant<strong>en</strong> Treibhausga<strong>se</strong> daran<br />
un<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Marit<strong>im</strong>e Law. Accordi<strong>ng</strong> to the usage for the ocean floor and its<br />
spruch<strong>en</strong> kann, unterl<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>gt dem<br />
gearbeitet, CO 2<br />
<strong>im</strong> T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>f<strong>se</strong>ebod<strong>en</strong> e<strong>in</strong>zu-<br />
United Nations Conv<strong>en</strong>tion on the<br />
resources pres<strong>en</strong>t a challe<strong>ng</strong>e to the<br />
Seerecht. Nach dem UN-Seerechts- lagern. D<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>se</strong> Nutzu<strong>ng</strong> des T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>f<strong>se</strong>e-<br />
Law of the Sea, every coastal state has <strong>in</strong>ternational legal system.<br />
übere<strong>in</strong>komm<strong>en</strong> hat je<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Küst<strong>en</strong>-<br />
bod<strong>en</strong>s und <strong>se</strong><strong>in</strong>er Rohstoffe stell<strong>en</strong><br />
a shelf of a width of 200 <strong>se</strong>a miles,<br />
staat e<strong>in</strong><strong>en</strong> 200 Seemeil<strong>en</strong> breit<strong>en</strong> d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <strong>in</strong>ternationale Rechtsordnu<strong>ng</strong> vor<br />
where the available resources may only<br />
Festlandsockel, dess<strong>en</strong> vorhan-<br />
Herausfor<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>u<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong>.<br />
be utilized by this specific state.<br />
d<strong>en</strong>e Ressourc<strong>en</strong> er ausschl<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ßlich<br />
Cla<strong>im</strong>s above and beyond this right<br />
nutz<strong>en</strong> kann. Wird mehr bean-<br />
have to be prov<strong>en</strong> to the UN<br />
sprucht, muss d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>se</strong>r Anspruch<br />
Commission on the L<strong>im</strong>its of the<br />
geg<strong>en</strong>über <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> UN-Festland-<br />
Cont<strong>in</strong><strong>en</strong>tal Shelf.<br />
sockelkommission nachgew<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s<strong>en</strong><br />
werd<strong>en</strong>.
Schw<strong>in</strong>d<strong>en</strong>de Fischbestände<br />
Dw<strong>in</strong>dli<strong>ng</strong> Fish Stocks<br />
D<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> e<strong>in</strong>st unerschöpflich<strong>en</strong> Fischbestände <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>>e s<strong>in</strong>d lä<strong>ng</strong>st geschr<strong>um</strong>pft.<br />
D<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Fischerei hat darauf e<strong>in</strong><strong>en</strong> größer<strong>en</strong> E<strong>in</strong>fluss als alle natürlich<strong>en</strong> Faktor<strong>en</strong><br />
zusamm<strong>en</strong>. Überfischu<strong>ng</strong> <strong>im</strong> ökonomisch<strong>en</strong> S<strong>in</strong>ne bed<strong>eu</strong>tet w<strong>en</strong>iger Ertrag, als<br />
es bei e<strong>in</strong>em verbes<strong>se</strong>rt<strong>en</strong> Managem<strong>en</strong>t möglich wäre. D<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Weltbank schätzte<br />
2008, dass sich d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Gew<strong>in</strong>ne dauerhaft <strong>um</strong> mehr als d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Hälfte erhöh<strong>en</strong> l<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ß<strong>en</strong>.<br />
Der Internationale Rat für Meeresforschu<strong>ng</strong> (ICES) schätzt d<strong>en</strong> Fa<strong>ng</strong><br />
<strong>im</strong> Mittel <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> letzt<strong>en</strong> 20 Jahre bei <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Scholle auf 33 Proz<strong>en</strong>t, be<strong>im</strong> Heri<strong>ng</strong> auf<br />
45 Proz<strong>en</strong>t und be<strong>im</strong> Kabeljau auf 59 Proz<strong>en</strong>t des Bestandes an laich<strong>en</strong>d<strong>en</strong><br />
Fisch<strong>en</strong>. Drei V<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>rtel <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Meeresfischbestände s<strong>in</strong>d h<strong>eu</strong>te überfischt o<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> bis an<br />
ihre Tragfähigkeitsgr<strong>en</strong>ze voll g<strong>en</strong>utzt.<br />
Zu e<strong>in</strong>er nachhaltiger<strong>en</strong> Fischerei könnt<strong>en</strong> neb<strong>en</strong> geri<strong>ng</strong>er<strong>en</strong> Fa<strong>ng</strong>me<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong> auch<br />
mar<strong>in</strong>e Schutzzon<strong>en</strong>, z<strong>um</strong> Beisp<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>l geschützte Laichgeb<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>te, beitrag<strong>en</strong>.<br />
The once <strong>in</strong>exhaustible fish stocks <strong>in</strong> the oceans have lo<strong>ng</strong> s<strong>in</strong>ce dw<strong>in</strong>dled. Fisher<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s<br />
have a larger <strong>in</strong>flu<strong>en</strong>ce on the<strong>se</strong> stocks than all natural factors together. In<br />
an economic s<strong>en</strong><strong>se</strong>, overfishi<strong>ng</strong> means lower y<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>lds than would be possible with<br />
better managem<strong>en</strong>t. In 2008, the World Bank est<strong>im</strong>ated that stable earni<strong>ng</strong>s<br />
could be <strong>in</strong>crea<strong>se</strong>d by more than half.<br />
The International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) est<strong>im</strong>ated the<br />
88 average catch of spawni<strong>ng</strong> stock over the last 20 years at 33 perc<strong>en</strong>t for<br />
89<br />
plaice, 45 perc<strong>en</strong>t for herri<strong>ng</strong> and 59 perc<strong>en</strong>t for cod. Today, three quarters of<br />
ocean fish stocks are overfished or are bei<strong>ng</strong> fished at their full capacity.<br />
Aside from l<strong>im</strong>iti<strong>ng</strong> catches, more susta<strong>in</strong>able fishi<strong>ng</strong> could be ach<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ved by<br />
<strong>in</strong>troduci<strong>ng</strong> mar<strong>in</strong>e protected zoned areas, e.g. protected spawni<strong>ng</strong> grounds.
24 Sp<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ltisch: Überfischu<strong>ng</strong><br />
Game table: Overfishi<strong>ng</strong><br />
25 Sp<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ltisch: Fischgröß<strong>en</strong><br />
Game table: Fish sizes<br />
24 Sp<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ltisch: Überfischu<strong>ng</strong> Game table: Overfishi<strong>ng</strong><br />
25 Sp<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ltisch: Fischgröß<strong>en</strong> Game table: Fish sizes<br />
91
Überfischu<strong>ng</strong> und Regul<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ru<strong>ng</strong><br />
Overfishi<strong>ng</strong> and Regulation<br />
Bei Meeresfischbeständ<strong>en</strong> handelt<br />
Preis bekommt. So würde aus e<strong>in</strong>em<br />
Ocean fish stocks are a so called<br />
crea<strong>se</strong> <strong>in</strong> value. The high value of fish<br />
es sich <strong>um</strong> e<strong>in</strong>e so g<strong>en</strong>annte<br />
überfischt<strong>en</strong> Bestand e<strong>in</strong>e nach-<br />
common pool resource. A fish <strong>in</strong> the stocks can easily tempt someone<br />
Geme<strong>in</strong>schaftsressource (common haltig und produktiv g<strong>en</strong>utzte, wertvolle<br />
ocean belo<strong>ng</strong>s to everyone, but<br />
to excessively or illegally avail h<strong>im</strong><strong>se</strong>lf<br />
pool resource): E<strong>in</strong> Fisch <strong>im</strong> Meer<br />
Ressource.<br />
once it is caught, it belo<strong>ng</strong>s only to of this wealth. It is est<strong>im</strong>ated, that<br />
gehört all<strong>en</strong>, aber e<strong>in</strong> gefa<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong>er Fisch<br />
E<strong>in</strong>e erfolgreiche Fischereipolitik<br />
the fisherman. So, the <strong>in</strong>dividual<br />
approx<strong>im</strong>ately one third of all products<br />
gehört dem Fischer. So hat <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
führt dazu, dass d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Fischbestände<br />
fisherman has no <strong>in</strong>c<strong>en</strong>tive to leave <strong>en</strong>di<strong>ng</strong> up <strong>in</strong> shops, were either<br />
e<strong>in</strong>zelne Fischer ke<strong>in</strong><strong>en</strong> Anreiz, d<strong>en</strong> w<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> anwachs<strong>en</strong> und an Wert ge-<br />
the fish <strong>in</strong> the water, ev<strong>en</strong> if this<br />
fished illegally or <strong>in</strong> circ<strong>um</strong>v<strong>en</strong>tion of<br />
Fisch <strong>im</strong> Meer zu lass<strong>en</strong>, auch<br />
w<strong>in</strong>n<strong>en</strong>. Der hohe Wert <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Fisch-<br />
makes ecological and economic s<strong>en</strong><strong>se</strong>. <strong>in</strong>ternational treat<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s. Additionally,<br />
w<strong>en</strong>n es ökologisch und wir<strong>tsch</strong>aftlich bestände kann dann leicht dazu ver-<br />
From the economical po<strong>in</strong>t of v<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>w, EU fishery m<strong>in</strong>isters responsible<br />
s<strong>in</strong>nvoll wäre. Wir<strong>tsch</strong>aftlich<br />
führ<strong>en</strong>, sich an d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>se</strong>m Vermög<strong>en</strong><br />
it certa<strong>in</strong>ly makes s<strong>en</strong><strong>se</strong> to leave fish for susta<strong>in</strong>able managem<strong>en</strong>t have the<br />
ge<strong>se</strong>h<strong>en</strong> hat es durchaus e<strong>in</strong><strong>en</strong> Wert, übermäßig o<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> illegal zu bed<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>n<strong>en</strong>.<br />
<strong>in</strong> the ocean: It can reproduce and<br />
t<strong>en</strong>d<strong>en</strong>cy to be too g<strong>en</strong>erous <strong>in</strong><br />
Fisch <strong>im</strong> Meer zu lass<strong>en</strong>: Er kann<br />
Man schätzt, dass etwa e<strong>in</strong> Drittel<br />
cont<strong>in</strong>ue to ga<strong>in</strong> weight. Sub<strong>se</strong>qu<strong>en</strong>tly, their yearly total catch quota. On an<br />
sich reproduz<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>r<strong>en</strong> und auch weiter <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Produkte, d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <strong>in</strong> d<strong>en</strong> Handel gelan-<br />
larger y<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>lds become possible.<br />
average, their quotas have be<strong>en</strong><br />
an Gewicht zunehm<strong>en</strong>. Danach<br />
g<strong>en</strong>, illegal o<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> unter Umgehu<strong>ng</strong><br />
So, catchi<strong>ng</strong> a fish comes at a price: 48 perc<strong>en</strong>t above the sc<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ntific recomwär<strong>en</strong><br />
höhere Fa<strong>ng</strong>erträge möglich. <strong>in</strong>ternationaler Abkomm<strong>en</strong> gefa<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong><br />
This possible <strong>in</strong>crea<strong>se</strong> <strong>in</strong> value is lost. m<strong>en</strong>dations. The result is, that <strong>in</strong><br />
E<strong>in</strong><strong>en</strong> Fisch zu fa<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong> hat also<br />
wurde. Aber auch d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> für e<strong>in</strong> nach-<br />
In the ca<strong>se</strong> of overfished stocks, which EU waters 88 perc<strong>en</strong>t of stocks are<br />
e<strong>in</strong><strong>en</strong> Preis: D<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> mögliche Wert-<br />
haltiges Managem<strong>en</strong>t verantwortlich<strong>en</strong><br />
are <strong>in</strong> particular need of recovery,<br />
over-fished wh<strong>en</strong> compared to<br />
steigeru<strong>ng</strong> geht verlor<strong>en</strong>. Bei über-<br />
EU-Fischere<strong>im</strong><strong>in</strong>ister neig<strong>en</strong> dazu,<br />
this price can ev<strong>en</strong> exceed the fair the “max<strong>im</strong><strong>um</strong> susta<strong>in</strong>able y<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ld“.<br />
fischt<strong>en</strong> Beständ<strong>en</strong>, d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> e<strong>in</strong>e<br />
bei ihr<strong>en</strong> jährlich<strong>en</strong> Beschlüss<strong>en</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
market value of the caught fish. In<br />
92 Erholu<strong>ng</strong> beson<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s nötig hab<strong>en</strong>,<br />
erlaubt<strong>en</strong> Gesamtfa<strong>ng</strong>me<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong> zu<br />
the ca<strong>se</strong> of fish as a common resource,<br />
93<br />
kann d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>se</strong>r Preis sogar größer<br />
großzügig zu <strong>se</strong><strong>in</strong>. Im Schnitt lag<strong>en</strong><br />
no one counts the real economic price<br />
<strong>se</strong><strong>in</strong> als <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Marktpreis e<strong>in</strong>es gefan- ihre Beschlüs<strong>se</strong> 48 Proz<strong>en</strong>t über<br />
and more is caught than makes ecog<strong>en</strong><strong>en</strong><br />
Fisches. Be<strong>im</strong> Fisch als<br />
<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> wiss<strong>en</strong>schaftlich<strong>en</strong> Empfehlu<strong>ng</strong>.<br />
nomic s<strong>en</strong><strong>se</strong>. Economic approaches to<br />
Geme<strong>in</strong>schaftsressource zahlt aber Das hat dazu geführt, dass <strong>in</strong><br />
fishery managem<strong>en</strong>t – for example<br />
n<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>mand d<strong>en</strong> wahr<strong>en</strong> volkswirt-<br />
EU-Gewäs<strong>se</strong>rn 88 Proz<strong>en</strong>t <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Be-<br />
the buyi<strong>ng</strong> and <strong>se</strong>lli<strong>ng</strong> of <strong>in</strong>dividual catch<br />
schaftlich<strong>en</strong> Preis, und es wird mehr stände gemess<strong>en</strong> am „Max<strong>im</strong>al<strong>en</strong><br />
quotas – a<strong>im</strong> to give fish <strong>in</strong> the ocean<br />
gefa<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong> als ökonomisch s<strong>in</strong>nvoll<br />
Nachhaltig<strong>en</strong> Ertrag“ überfischt s<strong>in</strong>d.<br />
a veritable economic price. Thus, overist.<br />
Ökonomische Ansätze des Fische-<br />
fished stocks would be transformed<br />
re<strong>im</strong>anagem<strong>en</strong>ts – etwa <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Handel<br />
<strong>in</strong>to susta<strong>in</strong>able and productively u<strong>se</strong>d<br />
mit <strong>in</strong>dividuell<strong>en</strong> Fa<strong>ng</strong>quot<strong>en</strong> – z<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>l<strong>en</strong><br />
resources.<br />
darauf, dass <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Fisch <strong>im</strong> Meer<br />
Successful fishery regulations <strong>en</strong>sure<br />
<strong>se</strong><strong>in</strong><strong>en</strong> wahr<strong>en</strong>, volkswir<strong>tsch</strong>aftlich<strong>en</strong><br />
that fish stocks can recover and <strong>in</strong>-
27 Das K<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ler Weltrel<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>f ist d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> weltweit<br />
g<strong>en</strong>aueste dreid<strong>im</strong><strong>en</strong>sionale Abbildu<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Kont<strong>in</strong><strong>en</strong>te und Weltmeere. D<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Dat<strong>en</strong><br />
für d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Topograf<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>>böd<strong>en</strong> l<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ferte<br />
d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> „G<strong>en</strong>eral Bathymetric Chart of the<br />
Oceans“ (GEBCO).<br />
The K<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>l global contour map is the most<br />
exact three-d<strong>im</strong><strong>en</strong>sional depiction of the<br />
cont<strong>in</strong><strong>en</strong>ts and oceans. The „G<strong>en</strong>eral<br />
Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans” (GEBCO)<br />
provided the topographical data.<br />
27 Rel<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>fkarte <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Erde Rel<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>f map of earth<br />
95
28 S<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> werd<strong>en</strong> an Kabeln geführt und<br />
l<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>fern aus bis zu taus<strong>en</strong>d<strong>en</strong> Metern T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>fe<br />
hochauflös<strong>en</strong>de Bil<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Meeresbod<strong>en</strong>-<br />
Topograph<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>. D<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>se</strong> geb<strong>en</strong> Auskunft über<br />
bod<strong>en</strong>nahe Strömu<strong>ng</strong><strong>en</strong>, ihre Richtu<strong>ng</strong> und<br />
Geschw<strong>in</strong>digkeit.<br />
The<strong>se</strong> are cable-guided and supply highdef<strong>in</strong>ition<br />
pictures of the ocean floor<br />
topography up to <strong>se</strong>veral thousand meters<br />
below. They provide <strong>in</strong>formation on<br />
ground-level curr<strong>en</strong>ts, their route and speed.<br />
96 97<br />
28 Seit<strong>en</strong>sichtsonar: scannt d<strong>en</strong> Meeresbod<strong>en</strong> Sidescan sonar: scans the <strong>se</strong>a floor
K<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ler Exzell<strong>en</strong>zcluster „O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>Zukunft</stro<strong>ng</strong>>“<br />
The K<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>l Cluster of Excell<strong>en</strong>ce „The Future Ocean”<br />
Im Exzell<strong>en</strong>zcluster „O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>Zukunft</stro<strong>ng</strong>>“ hat sich e<strong>in</strong> Netzwerk von mehr als 250<br />
Wiss<strong>en</strong>schaftlern <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu K<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>l, des Leibniz-Instituts<br />
für Meereswiss<strong>en</strong>schaft<strong>en</strong> (IFM-GEOMAR), des Instituts für Weltwir<strong>tsch</strong>aft (IfW) und<br />
<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Muthesius Kunsthochschule gebildet, <strong>um</strong> d<strong>en</strong> O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>>wandel zu erforsch<strong>en</strong>,<br />
d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Chanc<strong>en</strong> und Risik<strong>en</strong> daraus zu bewert<strong>en</strong> und d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Ergebnis<strong>se</strong> an d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Öff<strong>en</strong>tlichkeit<br />
zu vermitteln.<br />
D<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Entwicklu<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>>e, ihre Versaueru<strong>ng</strong> o<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Verän<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>u<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>>zirkulation<br />
steh<strong>en</strong> eb<strong>en</strong>so <strong>im</strong> Mittelpunkt w<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Erforschu<strong>ng</strong> mar<strong>in</strong>er Ressourc<strong>en</strong>.<br />
Weitere Z<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>le s<strong>in</strong>d d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Untersuchu<strong>ng</strong> von Naturgefahr<strong>en</strong> <strong>in</strong> Küst<strong>en</strong>region<strong>en</strong>. Der<br />
Exzell<strong>en</strong>zcluster beschäftigt sich mit dem Seerecht und d<strong>en</strong> Möglichkeit<strong>en</strong>,<br />
d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Meeresorganism<strong>en</strong> <strong>in</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Mediz<strong>in</strong> sp<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>l<strong>en</strong> könn<strong>en</strong>. In zukunftsweis<strong>en</strong><stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Form<br />
werd<strong>en</strong> naturwiss<strong>en</strong>schaftliche, sozioökonomische und rechtliche Aspekte des<br />
O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s <strong>in</strong> e<strong>in</strong>em fächerübergreif<strong>en</strong>d<strong>en</strong> Ansatz erforscht, <strong>um</strong> zu e<strong>in</strong>em global<strong>en</strong><br />
O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>>-Managem<strong>en</strong>t beizutrag<strong>en</strong>.<br />
In the Cluster of Excell<strong>en</strong>ce “The Future Ocean“, more than 250 sc<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ntists from the<br />
Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu K<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>l, the Leibniz Institute of Mar<strong>in</strong>e Sc<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>nces<br />
(IFM-GEOMAR), the Institute for the World Economy (IfW) and the Muthesius Academy<br />
of F<strong>in</strong>e Arts and Design, have formed a network to explore cha<strong>ng</strong>es <strong>in</strong> the<br />
98 oceans, as<strong>se</strong>ss the chances and risks arisi<strong>ng</strong> from the<strong>se</strong> and to convey the results<br />
99<br />
to the public.<br />
The developm<strong>en</strong>t of the oceans, their acidification or cha<strong>ng</strong>es <strong>in</strong> ocean circulation<br />
is just as much a focus as the <strong>in</strong>vestigation of mar<strong>in</strong>e resources. Other objectives<br />
<strong>in</strong>clude the re<strong>se</strong>arch of natural disasters <strong>in</strong> coastal regions. The Cluster of Excell<strong>en</strong>ce<br />
also concerns it<strong>se</strong>lf with the Law of the Sea and the possibilit<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s of mar<strong>in</strong>e<br />
organisms <strong>in</strong> medical applications. To further global ocean managem<strong>en</strong>t, the sc<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ntific,<br />
socio-economic and legal aspects of the ocean are re<strong>se</strong>arched <strong>in</strong> a<br />
forward-looki<strong>ng</strong> and <strong>in</strong>terdiscipl<strong>in</strong>ary approach.
29 Future Ocean Explorer:<br />
Wiss<strong>en</strong> vert<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>f<strong>en</strong><br />
Future Ocean Explorer:<br />
Expandi<strong>ng</strong> knowledge<br />
100 101<br />
29 Future Ocean Explorer: Wiss<strong>en</strong> vert<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>f<strong>en</strong> Future Ocean Explorer: Expandi<strong>ng</strong> knowledge
30 Über d<strong>en</strong> Exzell<strong>en</strong>zcluster<br />
O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>Zukunft</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
About the Cluster of Excell<strong>en</strong>ce<br />
The Future Ocean<br />
31 Flasch<strong>en</strong>post<br />
Message <strong>in</strong> a bottle<br />
31 Flasch<strong>en</strong>post Message <strong>in</strong> a bottle<br />
30 Über d<strong>en</strong> Exzell<strong>en</strong>zcluster O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>Zukunft</stro<strong>ng</strong>> About the Cluster of Excell<strong>en</strong>ce The Future Ocean<br />
103
32 K<strong>in</strong><stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>kist<strong>en</strong><br />
Kids boxes<br />
33 Le<strong>se</strong>ecke<br />
Readi<strong>ng</strong> area<br />
104 105<br />
33 Le<strong>se</strong>ecke Readi<strong>ng</strong> area<br />
32 K<strong>in</strong><stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>kist<strong>en</strong> Kids boxes
106 107
Maki<strong>ng</strong> of<br />
Son<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>au<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sste</stro<strong>ng</strong>><stro<strong>ng</strong>>llu</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong> „O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>Zukunft</stro<strong>ng</strong>>“, D<strong>eu</strong><strong>tsch</strong>es Mus<strong>eu</strong>m, Münch<strong>en</strong><br />
The exhibition „The Future Ocean“, German Mus<strong>eu</strong>m, Munich<br />
Au<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sste</stro<strong>ng</strong>><stro<strong>ng</strong>>llu</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong>sgestaltu<strong>ng</strong> Muthesius Kunsthochschule<br />
Au<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sste</stro<strong>ng</strong>><stro<strong>ng</strong>>llu</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong>koord<strong>in</strong>ation, PR, Schulprogramme<br />
„O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>Zukunft</stro<strong>ng</strong>>“<br />
Prof. Manfred Schulz Architektur und Design<br />
Prof. Tom Duscher Digitale Med<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>n/Corporate Design<br />
Fr<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ike Balzereit Leitu<strong>ng</strong> Pres<strong>se</strong>- und Öff<strong>en</strong>tlichkeitsarbeit<br />
Prof.Stephan Sachs Film<br />
Dan<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>la Me<strong>ng</strong>e Au<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sste</stro<strong>ng</strong>><stro<strong>ng</strong>>llu</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong>skoord<strong>in</strong>ation<br />
Ana Fro<strong>tsch</strong>er Assist<strong>en</strong>z Prof. Manfred Schulz<br />
Annika Wallaschek Au<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sste</stro<strong>ng</strong>><stro<strong>ng</strong>>llu</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong>skoord<strong>in</strong>ation<br />
Gesa Schmidt-Hohag<strong>en</strong> Assist<strong>en</strong>z Bereich Ra<strong>um</strong>strateg<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>n Dr. Katr<strong>in</strong> Knickme<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>r Koord<strong>in</strong>ation Schulprogramme<br />
Maria Röh Assist<strong>en</strong>z Bereich Ra<strong>um</strong>strateg<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>n<br />
Mette Lüni<strong>ng</strong> Webadm<strong>in</strong>istration<br />
S<strong>in</strong>a Kähler Assist<strong>en</strong>z Bereich Ra<strong>um</strong>strateg<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>n<br />
Sonja D<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>rk Assist<strong>en</strong>z Öff<strong>en</strong>tlichkeitsarbeit/Gestaltu<strong>ng</strong><br />
Cristian Costoiu Assist<strong>en</strong>z Bereich Industr<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>design<br />
Olga C<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>lski Assist<strong>en</strong>z Koord<strong>in</strong>ation Schulprogramme<br />
Michael Gülzow Assist<strong>en</strong>z Reg<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Krist<strong>in</strong>a Me<strong>ng</strong>ers<strong>en</strong> Assist<strong>en</strong>z Reg<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Pres<strong>se</strong>- und Öff<strong>en</strong>tlichkeitsarbeit IFM-GEOMAR<br />
Ulrike Me<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>r Assist<strong>en</strong>z Reg<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Jill Teichgräber Assist<strong>en</strong>z Reg<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Dr. Andreas Villwock Leitu<strong>ng</strong> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Pres<strong>se</strong>- und Öff<strong>en</strong>tlichkeitsarbeit<br />
Dr. Gerd Hoffmann-W<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ck Au<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sste</stro<strong>ng</strong>><stro<strong>ng</strong>>llu</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong>smanagem<strong>en</strong>t<br />
Maike Nicolai Öff<strong>en</strong>tlichkeitsarbeit<br />
Grafik und Interfacedesign<br />
Alexan<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Brauch gebrauchsgrafikundso<br />
3D-Modelli<strong>ng</strong><br />
Patrick Müller gebrauchsgrafikundso<br />
Michel Mag<strong>en</strong>s Interface- und Scre<strong>en</strong>design<br />
Nicole Gregoire Ra<strong>um</strong>strateg<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>n<br />
Christian E<strong>ng</strong>ler Interaktive Installation<strong>en</strong><br />
J<strong>en</strong>s Ewald Kommunikationsdesign<br />
Modellbau<br />
Sonja D<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>rk Kommunikationsdesign<br />
Astrid Schessner Modellbau Muthesius Werkstätt<strong>en</strong><br />
Lektorat / Über<strong>se</strong>tzu<strong>ng</strong><br />
Produktion und Au<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sste</stro<strong>ng</strong>><stro<strong>ng</strong>>llu</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong>saufbau<br />
Dr. Harro Schweizer, Susanne Clauss<strong>en</strong><br />
Thore Sch<strong>in</strong>dowski Produktionsleitu<strong>ng</strong><br />
Erik N<strong>eu</strong>bert Aufbauteam<br />
Mart<strong>in</strong>a Emiris Aufbauteam<br />
Führu<strong>ng</strong><br />
S<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>gfr<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>d Huxol Aufbauteam<br />
Astrid Haas Meeresbiolog<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Rüdiger Duda Aufbauteam<br />
Alex Weiss Aufbauteam<br />
Ulf Rubach Aufbauteam<br />
Wiss<strong>en</strong>schaftliche Beiträge<br />
Matthias Kai<strong>se</strong>r Aufbauteam<br />
Fritz Abegg ROV-Team IFM-GEOMAR<br />
Marcel Schiffmann Aufbauteam<br />
Prof. Col<strong>in</strong> Devey Geolog<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
R<strong>en</strong>e Lühr Aufbauteam<br />
Arm<strong>in</strong> Form Biolog<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Dr. Ra<strong>in</strong>er Froe<strong>se</strong> Biolog<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Produktion Them<strong>en</strong>module<br />
Dr. Matthias Haeckel Mar<strong>in</strong>e Geochem<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Prof. Peter M. Herzig Geolog<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Harald Krischer kwod design GmbH<br />
Kar<strong>en</strong> Hissmann Tauchboot JAGO-Team<br />
Kurt Od<strong>en</strong>dahl kwod design GmbH<br />
Dr. Johannes K<strong>in</strong>zer Meeresbiolog<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Prof. Sebastian Krastel Geophysik<br />
Wir dank<strong>en</strong> für d<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> großzügige Unterstützu<strong>ng</strong><br />
Dr. Klas Lackschewitz Geolog<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Thomas L<strong>en</strong>tfer technische Mitarbeit<br />
Fa. Bornhöft Industr<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>geräte, K<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>l<br />
Dr. Uwe L<strong>en</strong>z Leitu<strong>ng</strong> TLZ IFM-GEOMAR<br />
Ree<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ei Br<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>se</strong>, Leer<br />
Dr. Volker L<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>betrau Mar<strong>in</strong>e Geochem<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Fa. Col<strong>um</strong>bus<br />
Dr. Peter L<strong>in</strong>ke Biolog<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
ESA (European Space Ag<strong>en</strong>cy)<br />
Stefan<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Maak Biolog<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Fachhochschule K<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>l<br />
Heike Mun<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>loh Assist<strong>en</strong>z wiss<strong>en</strong>schaftliche Beiträge<br />
Germanischer Lloyd<br />
Ilona Oelrichs technische Mitarbeit<br />
Fa. Hubert Helterhoff<br />
Dr. Sv<strong>en</strong> Peters<strong>en</strong> M<strong>in</strong>eralog<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Internationales Marit<strong>im</strong>es Mus<strong>eu</strong>m Hamburg<br />
Dr. Olaf Pfannkuche Meeresbiolog<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Fa. KUM Umwelt- und Meerestechnik, K<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>l<br />
Dr. Uwe Piatkowski Mar<strong>in</strong>e Ökolog<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Ree<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ei Laeisz, Hamburg<br />
Prof. Alexan<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Proelß Jura<br />
Fa. Oktopus, Meerestechnik, K<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>l<br />
Prof. Mart<strong>in</strong> Quaas Volkswir<strong>tsch</strong>aft<br />
Fa. Opt<strong>im</strong>are, Meerestechnik, Bremerhav<strong>en</strong><br />
Prof. Till Requate Volkswir<strong>tsch</strong>aft<br />
RF Ree<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ei, Brem<strong>en</strong><br />
Sounddesign<br />
B<strong>en</strong>jam<strong>in</strong> Roloff Modellbau Muthesius Werkstätt<strong>en</strong><br />
H<strong>en</strong>drik Lörper Muthesius Kunsthochschule<br />
Prof. Ulf R<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>be<strong>se</strong>ll Biolog<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Dr. Kirst<strong>en</strong> Schäfer Biolog<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Fa. MBT Torst<strong>en</strong> Turla, Meerestechnik, K<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>l<br />
Zoologisches Mus<strong>eu</strong>m, K<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>l<br />
108 Sv<strong>en</strong> Lütg<strong>en</strong> Muthesius Kunsthochschule<br />
Jürg<strong>en</strong> Schauer Tauchboot JAGO-Team<br />
109<br />
Dr. Jörn Schmidt Biolog<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Bildmaterial<br />
Referat des Exzell<strong>en</strong>zclusters „O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>Zukunft</stro<strong>ng</strong>>”<br />
Prof. Kerst<strong>in</strong> Schrottke Geolog<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Lichtdesign<br />
Solv<strong>in</strong> Zankl, Dan<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>la Me<strong>ng</strong>e, Felix Schönmuth,<br />
Dr. Klaus Schwarzer Küste<strong>ng</strong>eolog<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Dr. Emanuel Södi<strong>ng</strong> Projektmanagem<strong>en</strong>t<br />
Mart<strong>in</strong> Witzel Muthesius Kunsthochschule<br />
Gregor Steff<strong>en</strong>s, Madele<strong>in</strong>e Gulyas, Susanne Paas,<br />
PD. Dr. Ursula S<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>bert T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>rmediz<strong>in</strong><br />
Bernd E. Standke, Thomas Kuhn BGR<br />
Prof. T<strong>in</strong>a Tr<strong>eu</strong>de Biolog<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Sprecher des Exzell<strong>en</strong>zcluster „O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>Zukunft</stro<strong>ng</strong>>“<br />
Prof. Athanasios Vafeidis Geograph<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Softwareprogramm<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ru<strong>ng</strong> und EDV<br />
Prof. Mart<strong>in</strong> Visbeck O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ograph<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Prof. Mart<strong>in</strong> Visbeck Leibniz-Institut für Meereswiss<strong>en</strong>schaft<strong>en</strong><br />
Digitaldruck<br />
D<strong>en</strong>nis Niss<strong>en</strong> Software<strong>en</strong>twicklu<strong>ng</strong> und EDV<br />
Dr. Rüdiger Voss Biolog<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
(IFM-GEOMAR)<br />
Georg Willer Postproduktion<br />
Johannes Haage Kle<strong>in</strong>hempel<br />
Prof. Klaus Wallmann Geochem<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Prof. Ralph Schnei<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu K<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>l<br />
Monique Klawa tr<strong>en</strong>d GmbH<br />
Dr. Wilhelm We<strong>in</strong>rebe Geophysik
Impress<strong>um</strong><br />
Impr<strong>in</strong>t<br />
Editi<strong>ng</strong><br />
Fr<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>><stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ike Balzereit, Tom Duscher<br />
Layout, Production<br />
Sonja D<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>rk<br />
Pictures<br />
Thorst<strong>en</strong> Nae<strong>se</strong>r, Tom Duscher,<br />
Manfred Schulz, Dan<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>la Me<strong>ng</strong>e<br />
Pr<strong>in</strong>ti<strong>ng</strong><br />
N<strong>eu</strong>e N<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>swand Druck GmbH<br />
Werftbahnstr. 8<br />
24143 K<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>l<br />
<strong>in</strong>fo@nndruck.de<br />
www.nndruck.de<br />
Future Ocean Office<br />
The Cluster of Excell<strong>en</strong>ce<br />
„The Future Ocean“<br />
Christian - Albrechts - Universität zu K<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>l<br />
Christian - Albrechts - Platz 4<br />
24118 K<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>l, Germany<br />
Tel. ++49 - (0) 431 - 880 16 04<br />
Fax. ++49 - (0) 431 - 880 25 39<br />
<strong>in</strong>fo@o<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>>-<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>-zukunft.de<br />
www.o<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>>-<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>-zukunft.de<br />
110 111<br />
Film zur Au<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sste</stro<strong>ng</strong>><stro<strong>ng</strong>>llu</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong><strong>se</strong>röffnu<strong>ng</strong><br />
am 24. März 2010 unter<br />
http://www.o<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>>-<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>-zukunft.de/<br />
au<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sste</stro<strong>ng</strong>><stro<strong>ng</strong>>llu</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong>-und-schule/au<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sste</stro<strong>ng</strong>><stro<strong>ng</strong>>llu</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong>/<br />
2010/d<strong>eu</strong><strong>tsch</strong>es-mus<strong>eu</strong>m-mu<strong>en</strong>ch<strong>en</strong>/<br />
Published September 2010
D<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Exponate <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Au<stro<strong>ng</strong>>sste</stro<strong>ng</strong>><stro<strong>ng</strong>>llu</stro<strong>ng</strong>><strong>ng</strong><br />
The exhibits<br />
30<br />
31<br />
01 Satellit<br />
Satellite<br />
02 Satellit<strong>en</strong>bil<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> von Küst<strong>en</strong><br />
Satellite <strong>im</strong>ages of coasts<br />
03 Rel<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>fglobus<br />
Rel<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>f globe<br />
04 Bohrkern<br />
Drilli<strong>ng</strong> core<br />
05 Seit<strong>en</strong>sichtsonar:<br />
scannt d<strong>en</strong> Meeresbod<strong>en</strong><br />
Sidescan sonar:<br />
scans the <strong>se</strong>a floor<br />
06 S<strong>im</strong>ulation:<br />
Zeigt d<strong>en</strong> Meeressp<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>gelanst<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>g<br />
S<strong>im</strong>ulation:<br />
Shows the <strong>se</strong>a level ri<strong>se</strong><br />
07 Kaste<strong>ng</strong>reifer<br />
beprobt d<strong>en</strong> Meeresbod<strong>en</strong><br />
Deep <strong>se</strong>a grab<br />
samples the <strong>se</strong>a floor<br />
08 Modell: FS M.S. Merian<br />
Model: RV M.S. Merian<br />
09 Bizarre Geschöpfe <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>f<strong>se</strong>e<br />
Bizarre creatures of the deep <strong>se</strong>a<br />
10 Tauchroboter: ROV Super Safir<br />
Offshore Robot: ROV Super Safir<br />
11 Hörstation: Tauchfahrt<br />
Auditory station: Divi<strong>ng</strong> Crui<strong>se</strong><br />
12 Messroboter: ARGO Float<br />
Measuri<strong>ng</strong> robot: ARGO Float<br />
13 O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>>beobachtu<strong>ng</strong><br />
Ocean monitori<strong>ng</strong><br />
14 Messroboter: AUV Gleiter<br />
Measuri<strong>ng</strong> robot: AUV Gli<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
15 Verankeru<strong>ng</strong><br />
Moori<strong>ng</strong><br />
16 T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>f<strong>se</strong>eprobe Schwarze Raucher<br />
Deep <strong>se</strong>a sample Black Smoker<br />
17 T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>f<strong>se</strong>eprobe Kiss<strong>en</strong>lava<br />
Deep <strong>se</strong>a sample pillow lava<br />
18 Rohstoffe aus <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
T<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>f<strong>se</strong>e<br />
Raw materials from the<br />
deep <strong>se</strong>a<br />
19 Modell: Phytoplankton<br />
Model: Phytoplankton<br />
20 Kaltwas<strong>se</strong>rkoralle Lophelia<br />
Cold water coral Lophelia<br />
21 Modell: Jago<br />
bemanntes Tauchboot<br />
Model: Jago<br />
manned submersible<br />
22 Modell: Mesokosmos<br />
Labor <strong>im</strong> Meer<br />
Model: Mesocosm<br />
Laboratory <strong>in</strong> the <strong>se</strong>a<br />
23 Hörstation: Seerecht<br />
Auditory station: Law of the <strong>se</strong>a<br />
24 Sp<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ltisch: Überfischu<strong>ng</strong><br />
Game table: Overfishi<strong>ng</strong><br />
25 Sp<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>ltisch: Fischgröß<strong>en</strong><br />
Game table: Fish sizes<br />
26 Tauchroboter: AUV Abyss<br />
Divi<strong>ng</strong> robot: AUV Abyss<br />
27 Rel<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>fkarte <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> Erde<br />
Rel<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>f map of Earth<br />
28 Seit<strong>en</strong>sichtsonar:<br />
scannt d<strong>en</strong> Meeresbod<strong>en</strong><br />
Sidescan sonar:<br />
scans the <strong>se</strong>a floor<br />
29 Future Ocean Explorer<br />
Wiss<strong>en</strong> vert<stro<strong>ng</strong>>ie</stro<strong>ng</strong>>f<strong>en</strong><br />
Future Ocean Explorer<br />
Expandi<strong>ng</strong> knowledge<br />
30 Über d<strong>en</strong> Exzell<strong>en</strong>zcluster<br />
O<stro<strong>ng</strong>>zean</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>> <stro<strong>ng</strong>>Zukunft</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
About the Cluster of Excell<strong>en</strong>ce<br />
The Future Ocean<br />
31 Flasch<strong>en</strong>post<br />
Message <strong>in</strong> a bottle<br />
32 K<strong>in</strong><stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>kist<strong>en</strong><br />
Kids boxes<br />
33 Le<strong>se</strong>ecke<br />
Readi<strong>ng</strong> area<br />
34 Modell: FS Sonne<br />
Model: RV Sonne<br />
A Lan<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>><br />
Deep-<strong>se</strong>a Lan<stro<strong>ng</strong>>der</stro<strong>ng</strong>>s<br />
18<br />
24<br />
17<br />
26<br />
16<br />
15<br />
29<br />
27<br />
25<br />
19<br />
14<br />
13<br />
12<br />
8<br />
5<br />
6<br />
11<br />
20<br />
7<br />
21<br />
10<br />
28<br />
4<br />
ausga<strong>ng</strong><br />
Exit<br />
32<br />
23<br />
32<br />
9<br />
22<br />
33<br />
ENTRANCE<br />
Ei<strong>ng</strong>a<strong>ng</strong><br />
3<br />
32 34<br />
2<br />
1<br />
A<br />
113
114