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American Pragmatism, Sociology and the Development of Disability Studies similar view of their social worlds, organizing a disability movement to institute changes in social policy and public attitudes was a natural and easy process. This myth does not reflect the reality. In the United States, disability groups originally formed around types of impairment, age, employment status and military experience. There were, for example, powerful groups that coalesced around visual impairment, deafness, polio, spinal cord injury and mental illness. Some of these groups, like the March of Dimes, concentrated on the young while others, like the Vocational Rehabilitation Administration focused on returning disabled people with skills and experience to the workplace. Again, the Veterans Administration is a entire government agency devoted to assisting veterans of military service with medical care and rehabilitation. These groups often fought among themselves for the scarce resources available for medical treatment, rehabilitation, social services, independent living and modification of the environment. Behind the scenes, competition rather than cooperation was the rule of the day. That is why the convergence of these groups behind the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) was such news. Since Harlan HAHN has a chapter later in this book [vgl. Hinweise zum Ursprung dieses Textes, Anm. d. Herausgeber] on disability politics and the disability movement where he uses a minority group model to understand the evolution of the American disability movement, I will keep my focus on how pragmatism and sociology helped to shape disability studies and crystallize the disability movement. From a social interactionist perspective, the self that people present depends on the role that they are playing. Not all disabled people have disability as their defining role. For example, in an examination of identity, roles and disability culture, DEV- LIEGER and ALBRECHT (2000) discovered that inner city, disabled - 39 - Heilpädagogik online 03/ 03
American Pragmatism, Sociology and the Development of Disability Studies African Americans who lived on the near west side of Chicago did not have a strong disability identity nor claim a disability culture. Instead, their master statuses were more likely to be African American, poor, survivors or gang members. This is one of the reasons why the American disability movement is overwhelmingly composed of white, privileged, educated adults with visible disabilities. When these people speak for all disabled people, many wonder whom they are representing. The disability movement leaders publicly preach unity and inclusion but where are the poor, the people of color, the individuals with non-visible disabilities and the intellectually disabled? Power is about representation. If only some are represented in the movement, the others are without voice (CHARLTON 1998). The symbolic interactionists have also noted that social life is made predictable through shared expectations and rules. As indicated above, the members of the disability movement often organized around specific disabilities or issues, were in competition with other disability groups and excluded those who did not share their disability or viewpoint. As a consequence their impact was limited and did not include the majority of disabled people in the nation. Erving GOFFMAN (1959), using a dramaturgical metaphor, studied the aligning actions people employed to redirect potentially disruptive interactions. He and other symbolic interactionists suggest that finding a common identity and cause, organizing against an outside force, including people with the same interests, developing organizational signs, symbols and culture, presenting a united front and becoming politically astute are concrete actions that can be taken to unite groups. These are also the strategies most likely to produce social change as expressed in public attitudes, laws, and accessible environment and independent living. - 40 - Heilpädagogik online 03/ 03
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