Analyse, Problemen, Rekonstruktion - Materials of Alexey Shipunov
Analyse, Problemen, Rekonstruktion - Materials of Alexey Shipunov Analyse, Problemen, Rekonstruktion - Materials of Alexey Shipunov
the Balkan eroides (Frivaldszky, 1835) and the Anatolian-Iranian forsteri (Pfeiffer, 1938) group of taxa (…) and highly isolated colonies can also be found at the edge of the eremial biom, e.g. in Mongolia (Polyommatus aloisi Bálint, 1988). The stenochorous cold steppe-line – the stoliczkanus group. The stoliczkanus group is a typical representative of the kryoxerotic fauna of the Himalayas, but it is also found in the Pamirs, as well as at lower elevations below timber line in Nepal at the southern edge of the Palaearctic realm (…). This branch can be divided into several subclades (icadius-stoliczkanus-pseuderosarianus), which again form a large verticille. Most probably each lineage is connected to fundamentally different kinds of habitats but we have no documentation to compile any kind of consideration at this moment. This entity has also a strong affinity towards the eremial biom (cf. the arid plateau of Tibet), and a western isolate of the group was very recently found in Kurdistan, SE Turkey (…). The expansive xeromontane line – the icarus group. The group has successfully adapted itself to the eremial zone of the region (Polyommatus turanicus (Heyne, 1895) and Polyommatus szabokyi Bálint, 1990), but convergent endeavors can be recognized everywhere at the boundaries of the Palaearctic regions and the eremial zone (e.g. celina Austaut, 1879 in NW Africa, juno Hemming, 1933 in Lebanon and Israel). Several taxa could successfully penetrate different kinds of biotopes: tundra habitats in high altitude (Polyommatus icarus in W. Mongolia or Polyommatus chitralensis Swinhoe 1910, in the Himalayas) or xeromontane valleys (Polyommatus bienerti Bálint, 1992 in Turkmenistan or a still undescribed Polyommatus sp. in Uzbekistan). P. icarus is one of the best adapted polyommatinae lycaenid of the noosphere (…) and its evolutive strength could perhaps have originated from the coalescence of several phyletic lines (…) as well as from its rather aggressive and vagile behaviour amongst lycaenids (...). This coalescence is most probably the result od a loss of host plant and nectar source specialization which produced the cohesive population structure in the arboreal and xeromontane zone of the Palaearctic regions. This theory, however, must be confirmed by thorough ecologic studies. The importance of the xeromontane elements in the noosphere is rather conspicuous, because several cultivated plant and animal species had “xeromontane” roots (…). The stenochorous xeromontane line – the venus group. The group is distributed at high elevations in the Central Asian mountains and seems to be another stenochorous branch of the group. Its distribution is restricted to the high ranges of Pamirs (Polyommatus annamaria Bálint, 1992) and Tien Shan where its range overlaps the icarus group (e.g. in the district of Kisil-Kum). As the political situation of the region is almost always unstable and it is very difficult to maintain scientific expeditions, we have very little information concerning this group. The eremial line – the bilucha group. This eremial stock of Polyommatus is distributed in Beluchistan and W.Tibet. It is supposed to have originated from the line of pseuderos Moore, 1897, which is supported by the occurrence of florenciae Tytler, 1926 in Chitral. There is very little available information concerning this stock of the complex. The taxonomic problems of the above introduced polyommatine verticille culminates in the Central Asian high mountainous region, where the coalescence, encroachment and flourishing of the phyletic branches are very remarkeble. Going easrwards or westwards from the chorological center of Polyommatus s. str. we usually find highly isolated, allopatric taxa. The transpalaearctic P. icarus and P. eroides, which both seem to be widely distributed in a lot of different kinds of habitats in their range, are the exceptions to the above-mentioned phenomenon. 121
This brief survey showed us that the Central Palaearctic “stoliczkanus complex” of polyommatine lycaenids is a flourishing Himalayan and Turkmenian branch of the phyletic tree of the large and very diverse lycaenid genus Polyommatus Latreille, 1804.» Aricia R[eichenbach] L[eipzig], 1817. Es geschieht die Gattung, offenbar, wie auch Polyommatus, aus der turanishen aridishen Zone, worüber sagt die erhöhte Zahl seiner Arten in diesem Region indirekt. Eumedonia Forster, 1938. Untergattung der Polyommatus, der von zwei Arten vorgestellt ist. Das Zentrum der Vielfältigkeit der Untergattung befindet sich in Darwaz, für das Zentrum der Abstammung muß man Westlichen Pamir rechnen. Aller Wahrscheinlichkeit nach, wurde die Gattung aus dem Zentrum der Abstammung durch Alai und Tienschan (der Nordfluß) und durch Klein- und Vorderasien (der südliche Fluß) angesiedelt. Paragrodiaetus Rose & Schurian, 1977. Gute Untergattung der Polyommatus, alles sieben dessen Arten treffen sich am Territorium Mittelasiens. Das Zentrum der Vielfältigkeit der Untergattung befindet sich in Gissaro-Alai (fünf Arten). Es stammt der Untergattung, offenbar, aus dem gissarishen formenabstammigen Zentrum. Spialia Swinhoe, 1919. Praktisch treffen sich alle Arten der Gattung in Mittelasien und in den angränzenden Regionen. Ein Zentrum der Vielfältigkeit der Gattung sind Kopet-Dagh und Iran; von diesem letzten Territorium stammt er aller Wahrscheinlichkeit nach eben. Muschampia Tutt, 1906. Von den reichen Arten die Gattung, sieben dessen Örten treffen sich am Territorium Mittelasiens. Ein Zentrum der Ansichtsvielfältigkeit der Gattung ist Tienschan – Alai, wo alles sich sieben mittelasiatischer Arten der Gattung treffen. Ich bin überredet, zu rechnen, daß die Gattung aus der turanishen aridishen Zone wie das Produkt miozenisher Aridisatio des Klimas Mittelasiens geschehen hat. 122
- Seite 74 und 75: Jetzt schicke wir dicht zum matemat
- Seite 76 und 77: sichtbar ist, bildet die gemeine Za
- Seite 78 und 79: K. ansobica - - - - - - - + - + - -
- Seite 80 und 81: P. iphigenides - + + - - + + + - +
- Seite 82 und 83: Kapitel 3. Taxonomische Analyse ein
- Seite 85 und 86: PLATE 2
- Seite 87 und 88: polyphiletisch. Beide Standpunkte h
- Seite 89 und 90: Westwood, 1849, Pararge Hübner, [1
- Seite 91 und 92: Lunulen rot oder orange gefüllt. D
- Seite 93 und 94: Richtung gerade, zylindrisch, mit d
- Seite 95 und 96: submarginalishe Zeichnung ist kaum
- Seite 97 und 98: Männchen - die blaue Farbe hell is
- Seite 99 und 100: Kapitel 4. Formengenesis der Genera
- Seite 101 und 102: Tabelle 7 Endemische und subendemis
- Seite 103 und 104: K. latifasciata (Grum-Grshimailo, 1
- Seite 105 und 106: 1835) 31 Farsia 6 6 100 Vacciniina
- Seite 107 und 108: Der zweite grosse Zweig der Evoluti
- Seite 109 und 110: Zeichnung der Flügel von andreji w
- Seite 111 und 112: Vertrockenung Tetises) und Nordtien
- Seite 113 und 114: Abbn. 15 - 19. Abb. 15 - die migrat
- Seite 115 und 116: Schlüsse sind nach der Evolution d
- Seite 117 und 118: Genitalien dessen Männchens verfü
- Seite 119 und 120: Die dritte Gruppe der Arten besetzt
- Seite 121 und 122: sich und der Vorfahr der Athamanthi
- Seite 123: iris, V. (F.) rutilans, V. (F.) han
- Seite 127 und 128: Metamorphismus wurde praktisch nich
- Seite 129 und 130: Im folgenden begann die Stellen Par
- Seite 131 und 132: Die Entstehung der antarktischen Gl
- Seite 133 und 134: 5.2. Die ultraviolette Ausstrahlung
- Seite 135 und 136: Abbn. 23 - 26. Abb. 23 - die Flüß
- Seite 137 und 138: anderen Teil Mittelasiens so gross,
- Seite 139 und 140: Tasch-Metschet nähe, 1400 m» besc
- Seite 141 und 142: Flecke im analen Winkel der unteren
- Seite 143 und 144: captured by recent collectors. TSCH
- Seite 145 und 146: (bei der vergleichenden Analyse der
- Seite 147 und 148: zoologische Museum der Kiewuniversi
- Seite 149 und 150: goniopterum. Anderes Beispiel, auf
- Seite 151 und 152: unter Umständen höherer und alter
- Seite 153 und 154: vor allen Dingen bewiesen, daß der
- Seite 155 und 156: Literatur Ackery (Philip R.), 1973.
- Seite 157 und 158: Ershov (N.), 1874. - Lepidoptera. P
- Seite 159 und 160: Korshunov (Y.P.), 1990. - New gener
- Seite 161 und 162: Pljustsh (I.G.) & Tshikolovets (V.V
- Seite 163 und 164: Stshetkin (J.J.) & Stshetkin (J.L.)
- Seite 165 und 166: Vom Autor 3 Einleitung 4 Die kurze
the Balkan eroides (Frivaldszky, 1835) and<br />
the Anatolian-Iranian forsteri (Pfeiffer, 1938)<br />
group <strong>of</strong> taxa (…) and highly isolated<br />
colonies can also be found at the edge <strong>of</strong> the<br />
eremial biom, e.g. in Mongolia<br />
(Polyommatus aloisi Bálint, 1988).<br />
The stenochorous cold steppe-line –<br />
the stoliczkanus group. The stoliczkanus<br />
group is a typical representative <strong>of</strong> the<br />
kryoxerotic fauna <strong>of</strong> the Himalayas, but it is<br />
also found in the Pamirs, as well as at lower<br />
elevations below timber line in Nepal at the<br />
southern edge <strong>of</strong> the Palaearctic realm (…).<br />
This branch can be divided into several<br />
subclades (icadius-stoliczkanus-pseuderosarianus),<br />
which again form a large verticille.<br />
Most probably each lineage is connected to<br />
fundamentally different kinds <strong>of</strong> habitats but<br />
we have no documentation to compile any<br />
kind <strong>of</strong> consideration at this moment. This<br />
entity has also a strong affinity towards the<br />
eremial biom (cf. the arid plateau <strong>of</strong> Tibet),<br />
and a western isolate <strong>of</strong> the group was very<br />
recently found in Kurdistan, SE Turkey (…).<br />
The expansive xeromontane line –<br />
the icarus group. The group has<br />
successfully adapted itself to the eremial<br />
zone <strong>of</strong> the region (Polyommatus turanicus<br />
(Heyne, 1895) and Polyommatus szabokyi<br />
Bálint, 1990), but convergent endeavors can<br />
be recognized everywhere at the boundaries<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Palaearctic regions and the eremial<br />
zone (e.g. celina Austaut, 1879 in NW<br />
Africa, juno Hemming, 1933 in Lebanon and<br />
Israel).<br />
Several taxa could successfully<br />
penetrate different kinds <strong>of</strong> biotopes: tundra<br />
habitats in high altitude (Polyommatus icarus<br />
in W. Mongolia or Polyommatus chitralensis<br />
Swinhoe 1910, in the Himalayas) or<br />
xeromontane valleys (Polyommatus bienerti<br />
Bálint, 1992 in Turkmenistan or a still<br />
undescribed Polyommatus sp. in<br />
Uzbekistan).<br />
P. icarus is one <strong>of</strong> the best adapted<br />
polyommatinae lycaenid <strong>of</strong> the noosphere<br />
(…) and its evolutive strength could perhaps<br />
have originated from the coalescence <strong>of</strong><br />
several phyletic lines (…) as well as from its<br />
rather aggressive and vagile behaviour<br />
amongst lycaenids (...). This coalescence is<br />
most probably the result od a loss <strong>of</strong> host<br />
plant and nectar source specialization which<br />
produced the cohesive population structure in<br />
the arboreal and xeromontane zone <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Palaearctic regions. This theory, however,<br />
must be confirmed by thorough ecologic<br />
studies.<br />
The importance <strong>of</strong> the xeromontane<br />
elements in the noosphere is rather<br />
conspicuous, because several cultivated plant<br />
and animal species had “xeromontane” roots<br />
(…).<br />
The stenochorous xeromontane line –<br />
the venus group. The group is distributed at<br />
high elevations in the Central Asian<br />
mountains and seems to be another<br />
stenochorous branch <strong>of</strong> the group. Its<br />
distribution is restricted to the high ranges <strong>of</strong><br />
Pamirs (Polyommatus annamaria Bálint,<br />
1992) and Tien Shan where its range<br />
overlaps the icarus group (e.g. in the district<br />
<strong>of</strong> Kisil-Kum). As the political situation <strong>of</strong><br />
the region is almost always unstable and it is<br />
very difficult to maintain scientific<br />
expeditions, we have very little information<br />
concerning this group.<br />
The eremial line – the bilucha group.<br />
This eremial stock <strong>of</strong> Polyommatus is<br />
distributed in Beluchistan and W.Tibet. It is<br />
supposed to have originated from the line <strong>of</strong><br />
pseuderos Moore, 1897, which is supported<br />
by the occurrence <strong>of</strong> florenciae Tytler, 1926<br />
in Chitral. There is very little available<br />
information concerning this stock <strong>of</strong> the<br />
complex.<br />
The taxonomic problems <strong>of</strong> the above<br />
introduced polyommatine verticille<br />
culminates in the Central Asian high<br />
mountainous region, where the coalescence,<br />
encroachment and flourishing <strong>of</strong> the phyletic<br />
branches are very remarkeble. Going<br />
easrwards or westwards from the<br />
chorological center <strong>of</strong> Polyommatus s. str.<br />
we usually find highly isolated, allopatric<br />
taxa. The transpalaearctic P. icarus and P.<br />
eroides, which both seem to be widely<br />
distributed in a lot <strong>of</strong> different kinds <strong>of</strong><br />
habitats in their range, are the exceptions to<br />
the above-mentioned phenomenon.<br />
121