Nicola Arndt und Matthias Pohl - Neobiota
Nicola Arndt und Matthias Pohl - Neobiota Nicola Arndt und Matthias Pohl - Neobiota
derived from an analysis of soils and vegetation maps validated by an expert review, and the European Land Classification (BUNCE et al. 1984; 1996a), derived from a cluster analysis of European-wide climate data. After several early versions, the final draft map is the result of the combination of the Land classification with the detailed Map of Natural Vegetation, identifying regions where the vegetation units correlate with the land classification, giving more weight to the land classification, as the mean size of the vegetation units is much smaller (about a factor 10). The methodology that has been applied resulted in a division of Europe into 69 ecological reporting regions. At this level the correlation between the two source maps is relatively high and the number of classes manageable with regard to the objectives for making the map. The map could become a valuable tool in the development of a European landscape classification and mapping. The map was produced by ISEGI (Instituto Superior Estatística e Gestão de Informacão, Lisbon). It was finalised in 2000 in coordination with WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature) for their world conservation region project (PAINHO & AUGUSTO 2001). 3 Existing national approaches to landscape assessment The large diversity of landscape characteristics is one of the key cultural heritage elements of Europe. In view of the increasing interest in landscape-related concepts expressed by policy institutes such as the European Commission, the European Environment Agency, the Council of Europe and the OECD, national activities in the field of landscape assessment are becoming an important reference when developing European-wide methods. Being strongly rooted in earth sciences (soil, water, land use, biodiversity) as well as social sciences, landscape typologies can play an essential role when assessing the sustainability of Europe’s rural and peri-urban land (WASCHER 2004). The most striking aspect of the emerging landscape character assessments implemented in England and Scotland (LUC 1999; COUNTRYSIDE AGENCY AND SCOTTISH NATURAL HERITAGE 2001), is the role of the spatial units that are being identified and which are developed into landscape typologies that form a reference basis for future landscape evaluations. Landscape typologies or classifications are of significant importance for both character as well as state assessment, because: − Landscape character units provide the opportunity to identify policy issues at a region-specific and socially as well as economically relevant level; − Landscape character units provide a functional and methodological link between the biophysical main structure and the (agri-)cultural and social-economic ‘expression’ of a landscape; − The use of Geographic Information System in connection with statistical information stored in relational databases allows spatial-analytical assessments; − The development of different hierarchical layers that discern various landscape issues allows to link up with both administrative and environmental typologies; − Landscape character areas provide practical tools for communicating landscape issues to stakeholders and policy makers; − Addressing the matter of fine scale assessment linked to coarse-scale (top-down) assessments. This is the reason that many OECD countries have – independently from landscape character assessments – developed agricultural landscape classifications that serve as a reference basis for indicator assessments. 90
In the light of increasing policy demands at the international and national level, landscape classification projects have been launched on request from national and international agencies. While earlier attempts have been mainly driven by scientific interest of historical geographers, landscape ecologists or regional planners, recent initiatives are much more integrated in wider national monitoring frameworks and are targeting at concrete policy implementation in field of sustainability, natural resource management and environmental assessments. Table 2 provides an overview on selected classifications. More initiatives are known to exist, such as in Portugal, Spain, Poland and Slovak Republic, however, detailed information was not available. Table 2: Selected classifications in use for landscape indicator assessments. Country Classifications Attributes England Map of Landscape Character Areas 111 Character Areas, 587 Countryside Character Types (1 km Land Description Units (LDUs) 2 ) 7 midland counties Scotland Natural Heritage Features 21 Areas Netherlands Landscape Types 9 Main types, 21 sub-types Norway Agricultural Landscape Regions 11 main, 45 regions, 444 sub-units Sweden Cultural Landscapes (1 km 2 ) Hungary Taxonomic distribution of Natural 6 macro regions, 35 meso regions, 75 micro Landscape Units regions and over 200 sub-groups Germany Spatial Structure of Cultural Landscapes (MEYNEN & SCHMITHÜSEN 1062) 77 Units German Landscape Types (CHARADJEDAGHI et al. 2004) 30 main types, 855 sub-units (1 km 2 ) Austria Map of Austrian Cultural Landscapes (SINUS) 12 main / 37 sub-types (1 km 2 ) Some national approaches to landscape mapping are building upon a large amount of scientific expertise and can reflect a long history of landscape ecology or geography. The methodologies can differ substantially, depending on the cultural history, the role and orientation of regional planning and of course on the physical characteristics of a country. The following examples from England, Norway and the Netherlands shall illustrate the way vegetation data have been used when mapping landscapes at the national level. 3.1 England’s Landscape Character Map English Nature has identified and mapped 99 ‘natural areas’ where boundaries are defined by their wildlife and natural features, their land use and human history. On the basis of these areas, the Countryside Agency identified ‘Landscape Character Areas’ as integrated components within the natural areas. It can be concluded that the identification of landscapes builds upon basic information on ecological regions. “The landscape character map of England” is conceptually part of ‘building blocks’ for landscape and nature conservation to form a single, easily understood framework. The data on the actual vegetation has been taken into account when mapping the natural areas, the ‘Landscape Character Areas’ have mainly been identified on the basis of aspects such as landform, drainage basin, cultural character and land use patterns. 91
- Seite 41 und 42: SCHMIDT 2000, 2001). Die in diesem
- Seite 43 und 44: Diese „landschaftsökologische Ve
- Seite 45 und 46: Tabelle 2 entsprechende Qualitätsa
- Seite 47 und 48: Abb. 2: Analogie Kugelbeispiel / Ra
- Seite 49 und 50: 0 200 400 600 0 500 1000 1500 2000
- Seite 51 und 52: Abb. 5: Karte der landschaftsökolo
- Seite 53 und 54: Die Analyse der geostatistischen Re
- Seite 55 und 56: DINTER, W. (1999): Naturräumliche
- Seite 57 und 58: Application and Analysis of the Map
- Seite 59 und 60: 2 FAO Requirements Many environment
- Seite 61 und 62: In practical terms, delineation of
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- Seite 65 und 66: Table 2: LUT for Europe, showing th
- Seite 67 und 68: forests (F), 7 subgroups (F1- F7) h
- Seite 69 und 70: Figure 2: Map of Global Ecological
- Seite 71: Annex Table 4: Source maps used for
- Seite 74 und 75: DMEER-Projekt (Digitale Karte der
- Seite 76 und 77: Figure 1: The ecoregions are catego
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- Seite 80 und 81: DASMANN, R.F. (1973): A system for
- Seite 82 und 83: THACKWAY, R. & CRESSWELL, I.D. (eds
- Seite 84 und 85: 1 Background 1.1 Increasing interes
- Seite 86 und 87: While regional and national activit
- Seite 88 und 89: forest systems are supposed to reac
- Seite 90 und 91: According to SCHLÜTER (1991), hete
- Seite 94 und 95: Map 1: Landscape Character Areas of
- Seite 96 und 97: in terms of successions and replace
- Seite 98 und 99: Map 5: Landscape map of Europe by M
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- Seite 102 und 103: 100 Map 7: European Landscape Typol
- Seite 104 und 105: G.3.1/37 F.1.1/7 & F 1 2/15 F.1.1/8
- Seite 106 und 107: Map 10: Comparison of the vegetatio
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- Seite 110 und 111: � Natural vegetation data will al
- Seite 112 und 113: LUC (1999): Glasgow and the Clyde V
- Seite 115 und 116: Application and Analysis of the Map
- Seite 117 und 118: characterized by zonal vegetation i
- Seite 119 und 120: Table 1: FAO Global Ecological Zoni
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- Seite 123: References LAVRENKO E.M. (1964): Al
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In the light of increasing policy demands at the international and national level, landscape<br />
classification projects have been launched on request from national and international agencies. While<br />
earlier attempts have been mainly driven by scientific interest of historical geographers, landscape<br />
ecologists or regional planners, recent initiatives are much more integrated in wider national<br />
monitoring frameworks and are targeting at concrete policy implementation in field of sustainability,<br />
natural resource management and environmental assessments. Table 2 provides an overview on<br />
selected classifications. More initiatives are known to exist, such as in Portugal, Spain, Poland and<br />
Slovak Republic, however, detailed information was not available.<br />
Table 2: Selected classifications in use for landscape indicator assessments.<br />
Country Classifications Attributes<br />
England Map of Landscape Character Areas 111 Character Areas,<br />
587 Countryside Character Types (1 km<br />
Land Description Units (LDUs)<br />
2 )<br />
7 midland counties<br />
Scotland Natural Heritage Features 21 Areas<br />
Netherlands Landscape Types 9 Main types, 21 sub-types<br />
Norway Agricultural Landscape Regions 11 main, 45 regions, 444 sub-units<br />
Sweden Cultural Landscapes (1 km 2 )<br />
Hungary Taxonomic distribution of Natural 6 macro regions, 35 meso regions, 75 micro<br />
Landscape Units<br />
regions and over 200 sub-groups<br />
Germany Spatial Structure of Cultural Landscapes<br />
(MEYNEN & SCHMITHÜSEN 1062)<br />
77 Units<br />
German Landscape Types<br />
(CHARADJEDAGHI et al. 2004)<br />
30 main types, 855 sub-units (1 km 2 )<br />
Austria Map of Austrian Cultural Landscapes<br />
(SINUS)<br />
12 main / 37 sub-types (1 km 2 )<br />
Some national approaches to landscape mapping are building upon a large amount of scientific<br />
expertise and can reflect a long history of landscape ecology or geography. The methodologies can<br />
differ substantially, depending on the cultural history, the role and orientation of regional planning and<br />
of course on the physical characteristics of a country.<br />
The following examples from England, Norway and the Netherlands shall illustrate the way<br />
vegetation data have been used when mapping landscapes at the national level.<br />
3.1 England’s Landscape Character Map<br />
English Nature has identified and mapped 99 ‘natural areas’ where bo<strong>und</strong>aries are defined by their<br />
wildlife and natural features, their land use and human history. On the basis of these areas, the<br />
Countryside Agency identified ‘Landscape Character Areas’ as integrated components within the<br />
natural areas. It can be concluded that the identification of landscapes builds upon basic information<br />
on ecological regions. “The landscape character map of England” is conceptually part of ‘building<br />
blocks’ for landscape and nature conservation to form a single, easily <strong>und</strong>erstood framework.<br />
The data on the actual vegetation has been taken into account when mapping the natural areas, the<br />
‘Landscape Character Areas’ have mainly been identified on the basis of aspects such as landform,<br />
drainage basin, cultural character and land use patterns.<br />
91
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