Nicola Arndt und Matthias Pohl - Neobiota
Nicola Arndt und Matthias Pohl - Neobiota Nicola Arndt und Matthias Pohl - Neobiota
to the FAO GEZ is straightforward. In other cases, a more thorough study of mapping criteria, including physiognomy, phenology, floristics and dynamics of vegetation types, was needed to establish the correspondence. An additional benefit of using the existing country/regional maps is that they could form the basis or provide supporting information for more detailed regional ecological zoning beyond FRA 2000. The country/regional vegetation maps also helped in harmonisation of Ecological Zone boundaries across countries or regions. The experts attending the Cambridge expert consultation contributed in a major way to define Ecological Zones of their respective regions as well as in edge matching between adjoining geographic regions. The following steps were applied to define and map the FAO global Ecological Zones region by region. They are divided in conceptual, thematic issues and technical production steps. 4.2 Conceptual and thematic issues Collection and study of relevant maps and information: suitable regional/national maps of climate, potential natural vegetation or ecoregions were searched and studied. The ideal maps show distribution and zonation of (potential) natural vegetation, and have supporting documentation with details on classification system and criteria. Other important (map) attributes are floristic and phytogeographic information, climate and landform or physiography. Depending on regions, the scale of maps was usually smaller than 1 million, and both paper and digital versions of the maps were obtained. A first step in the selection of source maps was to identify and delineate the Köppen-Trewartha climate types occurring in the country or region which are the approximate boundaries of FAO GEZ Level 2. This was followed by an in-depth study of the ecological criteria used – and/or vegetation maps, focusing on classification principles –, to select the input maps for generating the global EZ map. Consultation with regional experts, i.e. authors of maps and publications, was vital in this process. A reference list was made of all source data used (see Annex Table 4). Matching or aggregating national/regional classes into the FAO GEZ: Based on the in-depth study the relation between national/regional source classes, vegetation types, ecoregions etc., and the Level 2 global Ecological Zones was established. This usually involved aggregation of a number of regional classes into one GEZ. Then an “equivalence“ or look-up table (LUT) for the region was produced, showing the correspondence between the regional classes and the global Ecological Zones Level 1 and 2 (see Table 2), together with documentation and explanation of the matching for review and evaluation purposes. This includes the description and definition of the regional vegetation types or ecosystems. 4.3 Map production and technical Issues Both the existing FRA1990 ecofloristic zone maps and several existing regional maps have been produced using ESRI Arc/Info GIS software system. Thus, it was convenient for the rest of the work to be conducted on Arc/Info, or at least Arc/Info importable. After study of the digital map in the Arc/Info coverage environment and making sure the digital version has appropriate attributes for the polygons, the coverage was edited and attributes for each FAO GEZ levels (1 and 2) were added. Regarding polygon edge-matching problems along country and regional boundaries, two related causes occurred. One was due to mismatch of polygon definition translations between polygons of both sides, as stated earlier. This problem was generally easy to solve by going back to the original maps and making sure the translation being correct. 62
Table 2: LUT for Europe, showing the correspondence between the global Ecological Zones Level 1 and 2, and the regional (European) classes. FAO system Corresponding European source classes: Zonal and azonal vegetation Domain GEZ formations and their subgroups Subtropical SCf Hygro-thermophilous mixed deciduous broadleaved forests (H) Swamp and fen forests (alder, birch) (T) Caucasian mixed hornbeam-oak forests (F7) SCs Mediterranean sclerophyllous forests and scrub (all types: J1 – J8) Mediterranean mixed deciduous broadleaved forests (G3, G2, G4) Mediterranean pine forests (K2, K1, K4) Azonal vegetation (U1, P1, P2) SM Mediterranean mixed deciduous broadleaved forests (G4, G3, G2) Montane beech and mixed beech forests (F5b) Xerophytic coniferous forests and scrub (K4, K3, K1) Subalpine and oro-Mediterranean vegetation (C3) Supra-Mediterranean holm oak forests (J1b) Oroxerophytic vegetation (N) Temperate TeDo Mesophytic deciduous broadleaved and mixed broadleaved-coniferous forests (F5a, F1a, F2, F3) Sub-Mediterranean broadleaved, oak dominated forests (G3) Hemiboreal coniferous forests with broadleaved trees (D8a, D12a) Azonal vegetation (U1, U2, S1, T, P1) TeDc Mesophytic deciduous broadleaved and mixed broadleaved-coniferous forests (F3, F4a, F1a, F5a, F7) Hemiboreal coniferous forests with broadleaved trees (D8a, D12a, D11a) Forest steppes (L1a, L2, L1b) Broadleaved, oak dominated forests (G2, G1, G3) Steppes (M2b) Azonal vegetation (U1, T, S3, S1, P2, P1, R) TeBSk Steppes (M2a, M1a, M3, M4) Azonal vegetation (U1, R, P2, P1) Pine forests, partly with broad-leaved trees (D12a) TeBWk Deserts (O1, O2) Azonal vegetation (U1, P2, R, P1) Oroxerophytic vegetation (N) TeM Mesophytic deciduous broadleaved and mixed broadleaved-coniferous forests (F5b, F6, F4b, F1b) Montane coniferous forests, partly with broadleaved trees (D9, D8b,D11b, D12b) Subalpine vegetation (C3) Alpine and nival vegetation (B5, A2) Montane steppes (M2b, M1b) Nemoral, sub-and oro-Mediterranean pine forests (K1) Oroxerophytic vegetation (N) Boreal Ba Boreal coniferous forests (D1– D6, D10, D11a, D11b, D8a) Azonal vegetation, mostly mires (S1, S3, U1) Southern arctic and shrub tundras – Iceland (B3) Western boreal birch forests, partly with pine (C2) Bb Eastern boreal woodlands (C1) Southern arctic and shrub tundras (B3) Azonal vegetation: mires (S2, S3) BM Western boreal and montane birch forests, with pine (C2) Alpine vegetation (B5, B4) Montane (Ural) coniferous forests (D7, D5, D4) Subnival-nival vegetation of high mountains (A2) Atlantic dwarf shrub heaths (E) Azonal vegetation: ombrotrophic mires (S1) Polar P Arctic tundras (B3, B1, B2, B4) Arctic-subarctic ombro-minerotrophic mires (S2) Arctic polar deserts (A1) Source: General Map of the Natural Vegetation of Europe (1:10 million) in BOHN et al. (2000). 63
- Seite 13 und 14: Foreword An International Workshop
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Table 2: LUT for Europe, showing the correspondence between the global Ecological Zones Level 1 and 2, and<br />
the regional (European) classes.<br />
FAO system Corresponding European source classes: Zonal and azonal vegetation<br />
Domain GEZ formations and their subgroups<br />
Subtropical SCf Hygro-thermophilous mixed deciduous broadleaved forests (H)<br />
Swamp and fen forests (alder, birch) (T)<br />
Caucasian mixed hornbeam-oak forests (F7)<br />
SCs Mediterranean sclerophyllous forests and scrub (all types: J1 – J8)<br />
Mediterranean mixed deciduous broadleaved forests (G3, G2, G4)<br />
Mediterranean pine forests (K2, K1, K4)<br />
Azonal vegetation (U1, P1, P2)<br />
SM Mediterranean mixed deciduous broadleaved forests (G4, G3, G2)<br />
Montane beech and mixed beech forests (F5b)<br />
Xerophytic coniferous forests and scrub (K4, K3, K1)<br />
Subalpine and oro-Mediterranean vegetation (C3)<br />
Supra-Mediterranean holm oak forests (J1b)<br />
Oroxerophytic vegetation (N)<br />
Temperate TeDo Mesophytic deciduous broadleaved and mixed broadleaved-coniferous forests (F5a,<br />
F1a, F2, F3)<br />
Sub-Mediterranean broadleaved, oak dominated forests (G3)<br />
Hemiboreal coniferous forests with broadleaved trees (D8a, D12a)<br />
Azonal vegetation (U1, U2, S1, T, P1)<br />
TeDc Mesophytic deciduous broadleaved and mixed broadleaved-coniferous forests (F3,<br />
F4a, F1a, F5a, F7)<br />
Hemiboreal coniferous forests with broadleaved trees (D8a, D12a, D11a)<br />
Forest steppes (L1a, L2, L1b)<br />
Broadleaved, oak dominated forests (G2, G1, G3)<br />
Steppes (M2b)<br />
Azonal vegetation (U1, T, S3, S1, P2, P1, R)<br />
TeBSk Steppes (M2a, M1a, M3, M4)<br />
Azonal vegetation (U1, R, P2, P1)<br />
Pine forests, partly with broad-leaved trees (D12a)<br />
TeBWk Deserts (O1, O2)<br />
Azonal vegetation (U1, P2, R, P1)<br />
Oroxerophytic vegetation (N)<br />
TeM Mesophytic deciduous broadleaved and mixed broadleaved-coniferous forests (F5b,<br />
F6, F4b, F1b)<br />
Montane coniferous forests, partly with broadleaved trees (D9, D8b,D11b, D12b)<br />
Subalpine vegetation (C3)<br />
Alpine and nival vegetation (B5, A2)<br />
Montane steppes (M2b, M1b)<br />
Nemoral, sub-and oro-Mediterranean pine forests (K1)<br />
Oroxerophytic vegetation (N)<br />
Boreal Ba Boreal coniferous forests (D1– D6, D10, D11a, D11b, D8a)<br />
Azonal vegetation, mostly mires (S1, S3, U1)<br />
Southern arctic and shrub t<strong>und</strong>ras – Iceland (B3)<br />
Western boreal birch forests, partly with pine (C2)<br />
Bb Eastern boreal woodlands (C1)<br />
Southern arctic and shrub t<strong>und</strong>ras (B3)<br />
Azonal vegetation: mires (S2, S3)<br />
BM Western boreal and montane birch forests, with pine (C2)<br />
Alpine vegetation (B5, B4)<br />
Montane (Ural) coniferous forests (D7, D5, D4)<br />
Subnival-nival vegetation of high mountains (A2)<br />
Atlantic dwarf shrub heaths (E)<br />
Azonal vegetation: ombrotrophic mires (S1)<br />
Polar P Arctic t<strong>und</strong>ras (B3, B1, B2, B4)<br />
Arctic-subarctic ombro-minerotrophic mires (S2)<br />
Arctic polar deserts (A1)<br />
Source: General Map of the Natural Vegetation of Europe (1:10 million) in BOHN et al. (2000).<br />
63
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