Nicola Arndt und Matthias Pohl - Neobiota
Nicola Arndt und Matthias Pohl - Neobiota Nicola Arndt und Matthias Pohl - Neobiota
Also the sand dune unit, P5: the northwest European ’Atlantic’ dune vegetation complex, is more common along Danish exposed coasts than shown in the map. The Baltic dune unit, P4, is found in Denmark only on the isle of Bornholm. The fifth coastal unit, E10: dune heath on acid sand dominated by Empetrum nigrum along the west coast of Jutland seems to be a nearly exclusively Danish vegetation unit. The unit is regarded as being the terminal stage of dune succession (climax), or at least a very stable subclimax, in the dune row of west Jutland (RIIS-NIELSEN et al. 1991). 2.3 Open inland and freshwater units Inland, treeless units are represented on the European map within Denmark by S8: raised bog with Sphagnum magellanicum, which is found scattered in the landscape in Denmark as well as in southern Sweden. Freshwater areas such as lakes and rivers, which occupy about 1,7 % of the land area, include one map unit: R1, tall reed swamp. In the map this unit is shown at two localities. However, the unit is very common in Denmark along sheltered banks of lakes. 3 Current land use and vegetation of Denmark In the present Danish landscape, about 76 % of the total area is occupied by arable land, urbanization and infrastructure (Figure 4). Accordingly, the proportion of the country left to relatively natural development is reduced to about 24 %. This area is occupied by 12 main types of vegetation (Table 2). Six of these types are not represented on the European map being of anthropogenic nature. The remaining types include European map units either present in a more or less unchanged extension or strongly reduced. Below, the occurrence of the 12 current vegetation types will be discussed in relation to the vegetation units of the European map. 3.1 Forests In the current landscape, the forest area including dune plantations is reduced to about 11 % of the area (Table 2). The minimum total forest area, 4 %, was found around year 1820; since that time the forest area has gradually increased due to afforestation. Only about 17 000 ha of the current forest area is unmanaged or managed according to traditional practises (coppicing, grazing etc.). The remaining forest area is mostly intensively cultivated (BUCHWALD et al. 2001, RUNE 2001). The cultivated forests are dominated by introduced coniferous tree species (about 62 % of the forested area): Picea spp., Pinus spp., Abies alba etc., which are not part of the natural forest vegetation. Stands of deciduous trees (mostly beech and oak) make up the remaining area. The deciduous forest, which makes about 93 % of the potential natural vegetation, is reduced to about 4% in the current landscape, most of which is cultivated forest. 3.3 Open inland biotopes In the inland areas of the European map, treeless biotopes were represented only by raised bogs, constituting less than 1 % of the area. In the current landscape, open inland biotopes make up about 9 % of the total area, including a large variety of types and plant communities, combined into five groups: grasslands, fresh meadows, fens and mires (including raised bogs), heathlands and small, rural biotopes (hedges, roadsides etc.) (Table 2). Apart from the raised bogs and probably some types of 290
minerotrophic fens, these vegetation types are not supposed to be part of the natural vegetation, or at least as small patches only. Figure 4: Current land use/vegetation of Denmark: Relative area occupied by the main groups of land use/vegetation types. Grasslands originate from heavy grazing of forests during the centuries before year 1805, at which time the Danish forests began to be regulated by law (EJRNÆS & BRUUN 1998). Fresh meadows originate from felling, drainage and grazing of wet forests, mainly alder forests, which in former times occupied large areas in moist valleys and along banks of lakes and rivers. Minerotrophic fens are present as patches in open land as well as in natural wet, undrained forests (LARSEN & VIKSTRØM 1995). Heathlands originate from felling of oligotrophic forests on sandy soils followed by a few years of cultivation and subsequent invasion of heathland chamaephytes, favoured by grazing and leaching of the soil (HANSEN 1970, HANSEN 1971, RIIS-NIELSEN et al. 1991). The maximum extension of heathland occurred around the year 1800 (Figure 5). Since that time most heathland areas have been recultivated or afforested. Heathlands may include inland dunes. 4 Natural and current vegetation in relation to NATURA 2000 According to the Flora-Fauna-Habitats Directive of 1992, EU countries have committed themselves to protect valuable natural habitat types within NATURA 2000 sites (FF-Habitat areas). Nearly 200 natural habitat types have been named on the European level. In Denmark more than 50 of these types, including 13 high priority types, occur (BUCHWALD & SØGAARD 2000). 291
- Seite 241 und 242: Abb. 1: Hochlagen über 1900 m NN (
- Seite 243 und 244: Abb. 3: Reste von Traubeneichen-Zer
- Seite 245 und 246: Die Auenwälder an den Flüssen Cer
- Seite 247 und 248: ausgenommen ein hochstämmiger Best
- Seite 249 und 250: PEDROTTI, F. (1996): Suddivisioni b
- Seite 251 und 252: Nr. Einheit V E FVG VE LO PIE LAZ A
- Seite 253 und 254: Application and Analysis of the Map
- Seite 255 und 256: strategically-planned network of pr
- Seite 257 und 258: Table 1: Conservation proportion of
- Seite 259 und 260: migrating routes lying across the C
- Seite 261 und 262: Map 2: Vegetation units with less t
- Seite 263: Author’s address: Nugzar Zazanash
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- Seite 268 und 269: misch zuordnen lassen (vgl. auch DI
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- Seite 281 und 282: und Parallelisierung von Art und In
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- Seite 285: Anschrift des Autors: Dr. rer. nat.
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- Seite 290 und 291: Figure 2: Potential natural vegetat
- Seite 294 und 295: Nearly all vegetation units in the
- Seite 296 und 297: In the natural vegetation, species
- Seite 298 und 299: BUCHWALD, E.; HONORE, S.; JØRGENSE
- Seite 300 und 301: potential natural phytodiversity. D
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- Seite 304 und 305: Abb. 2: Auf der Grundlage der Stich
- Seite 306 und 307: 5 Die Übereinstimmung der Baumarte
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- Seite 310 und 311: wären die pi für alle Arten gleic
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- Seite 314 und 315: 7 Die Quantifizierung der Ökosyste
- Seite 316 und 317: JENSSEN, M. & HOFMANN, G. (1996): D
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- Seite 325 und 326: % Arten 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 A
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- Seite 329 und 330: Tabelle 2: Verteilung der wichtigst
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- Seite 333 und 334: Literatur ADLER, W.; OSWALD K. & FI
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- Seite 337 und 338: Anwendung und Auswertung der Karte
- Seite 339 und 340: Abb. 1: Klimadiagramme ausgewählte
- Seite 341 und 342: (S. graeca, S. hajastana u. a.) und
minerotrophic fens, these vegetation types are not supposed to be part of the natural vegetation, or at<br />
least as small patches only.<br />
Figure 4: Current land use/vegetation of Denmark: Relative area occupied by the main groups of land<br />
use/vegetation types.<br />
Grasslands originate from heavy grazing of forests during the centuries before year 1805, at which<br />
time the Danish forests began to be regulated by law (EJRNÆS & BRUUN 1998). Fresh meadows<br />
originate from felling, drainage and grazing of wet forests, mainly alder forests, which in former times<br />
occupied large areas in moist valleys and along banks of lakes and rivers. Minerotrophic fens are<br />
present as patches in open land as well as in natural wet, <strong>und</strong>rained forests (LARSEN & VIKSTRØM<br />
1995).<br />
Heathlands originate from felling of oligotrophic forests on sandy soils followed by a few years of<br />
cultivation and subsequent invasion of heathland chamaephytes, favoured by grazing and leaching of<br />
the soil (HANSEN 1970, HANSEN 1971, RIIS-NIELSEN et al. 1991). The maximum extension of<br />
heathland occurred aro<strong>und</strong> the year 1800 (Figure 5). Since that time most heathland areas have been<br />
recultivated or afforested. Heathlands may include inland dunes.<br />
4 Natural and current vegetation in relation to NATURA 2000<br />
According to the Flora-Fauna-Habitats Directive of 1992, EU countries have committed themselves to<br />
protect valuable natural habitat types within NATURA 2000 sites (FF-Habitat areas). Nearly 200<br />
natural habitat types have been named on the European level. In Denmark more than 50 of these types,<br />
including 13 high priority types, occur (BUCHWALD & SØGAARD 2000).<br />
291
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