Nicola Arndt und Matthias Pohl - Neobiota
Nicola Arndt und Matthias Pohl - Neobiota Nicola Arndt und Matthias Pohl - Neobiota
high. Out of four alpine units indices of three are critical, and of seven subalpine units, four are critical. The indices of Talysh and Eastern Caucasus typical beech forests (F166, F164) are very low, and index values of oak forests are totally critical (only F169 is an exception). At the same time among the forest formations the oak forests are characterised by the highest levels of species diversity. Special attention should be focused on wetlands of the R formation. It is also clear that the formations of the Caucasus steppes and deserts deserve more attention. It would obviously be desirable to elaborate separate strategies for conservation of the Caucasus arid and semi-arid biomes, which could be implemented for instance under the umbrella of the desertification convention. Spatial analyses do not reveal a satisfactory picture either. It is clear at the first sight of Map 1 that existing structure of the Caucasus protected areas is vividly asymmetrical. Large territories of protected areas are concentrated in western part of Great Caucasus. Six of the major protected areas are located here (Sochinsky and Prielbrussky National Parks, Pskhu-Gumista, Ritsa, Kavkazsky and Teberdinsky Nature Reserves), and their collective territories amount to 7,158 km 2 , which is more than 50 % of total protected territory. Relatively large areas are indicated in squares on the maps, where, in terms of geographical structure of protected areas network, obvious spatial gaps can be noticed. In addition to geographical structure, the importance of areas for biodiversity as well as significance of wildlife migration are taken into consideration for identification of the gap areas/squares. Area I covers the northwestern part of the Caucasus region. This is one of the important areas in the Caucasus in terms of wetland concentration and migrating bird routes, where there are several Ramsar sites. While planning for conservation, major attention should be paid to the units without any representation (0 percent). These include, as priorities: R1, R3, U21, P15, also F167, F164 and L7. The area is under strong human impact. Area II is the least distinguished from the biodiversity viewpoint and it is the most developed agriculturally. Here U21, F168, L7, M1, M5, M13, M17, M18a, and P35 are not represented within the protected network. The area is under strong human impact. Area III encompasses a most significant part of the northeastern Great Caucasus, which is distinguished by endemism connected with limestone, by peculiarities of mountain zonation and distribution of Caucasus endemic fauna. Here only unit F168 has zero representation, while the following units have less than 5 %: B57, C43, F164, F167 and N5. The area is under heavy human impact, aggravated by military conflicts. Area IV runs across the western coast of the Caspian Sea, being distinguished by wetlands and vegetation diversity of sandy habitats, and also by special wildlife diversity. The area coincides with a significant bird migrating route. Here, in order of priority, R3, P31, F171 and M18 have zero representation, while the following units have less than 5 %: F164, G62, M18a, O7 and O9. The area is under strong human impact. Area V includes the eastern part of the southwestern Great Caucasus, which is distinguished by Colchic relict/endemic species diversity as well as by large forest areas and Caucasian endemic fauna. Units with less than 5 % here are C42 and H1 and these are the units (subalpine and sub-montane) that are distinguished by the highest level of vegetation diversity. The area is under heavy human impact. less than 5 %. Rare forests are under strong human impact. 254
Table 1: Conservation proportion of the Caucasus vegetation formations/units by Strict Nature Reserves and National Parks based on the Map of the Natural Vegetation of Europe (scale 1:2,500,000). Code Formation/Mapping Unit Area in the Caucasus (km 2 ) Protected territory (%) A Subnival-nival vegetation of high mountains 985 44,7 (?) A6 Caucasian open vegetation of lichens and mosses 985 44,7 B Alpine vegetation 13,660 11,2 B56 West Caucasian alpine grasslands etc. 5,780 25,5 B57 East Caucasian 5,930 0,4 B58 North Low Caucasian 1,500 1,4 B59 South Low Caucasian 450 0 C Subalpine vegetation 38,070 5,6 C41 Northwest Caucasian krummholz etc. 4,030 26,0 C42 Southwest Caucasian 4,260 3,4 C43 Northeast Caucasian 15,990 2,7 C44 Southeast Caucasian 4,590 5,7 C45 West Low Caucasian 1,140 12,7 C46 East Low Caucasian 6,690 1,4 C47 South Low Caucasian open woodlands etc. 1,370 0 D Mesophytic and hygromesophytic coniferous and mixed forests 13,000 14,3 D32 West Caucasian fir, spruce-fir and beech-fir forests with evergreen understorey 6,150 23,4 D33 Caucasian fir, spruce-fir and beech-fir forests without evergreen understorey 3,940 6,0 D64 Caucasian pine forests 2,910 6,3 F Mesophytic deciduous broad-leaved and mixed forests 102,760 3,5 F163 East Euxinian-Caucasian oriental beech forests with evergreen understorey 7,530 9,6 F164 Caucasian oriental beech forests without evergreen understorey 24,470 4,3 F165 East Caucasian submontane/montane hornbeam-mapleoriental beech forests 700 6,4 F166 Oriental beech forests of Talysh mountains 510 3,1 F167 Crimean-North Caucasian sessile oak forests 10,800 4,2 F168 North Caucasian pedunculate oak and hornbeam-oak forests 16,670 0 F169 East Euxinian oak and hornbeam-oak forests 8,300 11,3 F170 Transcaucasian oak forests 27,820 0,8 F171 East Caucasian oak forests 820 0 F172 East Transcaucasian altimontane oak forests 5,140 3,0 G Thermophilous mixed deciduous broad-leaved forests 1,200 0 G61 Crimean-West Caucasian oriental hornbeam-downy oak forests 980 0 G62 Dagestanian downy oak forests 220 0 H Hygro-thermophilous mixed deciduous broad-leaved forests 7,800 1,6 H1 Colchic lowland to submontane oak forests 5,540 2,1 H2 Hyrcanian lowland to submontane oak forests 1,450 0,5 H3 Hyrcanian colline to montane oak forests 810 0 K Xerophytic coniferous forests, woodlands and scrub 1,655 6,6 K24 West Caucasian Pinus pityusa-forests 45 20,0 K33 Transcaucasian colline-montane open juniper woodlands 1,610 6,2 L Forest steppes and dry grasslands 24,950 0.2 L7 West Caucasian meadow steppes 14,970 0 L8 North Caucasian meadow steppes 9,980 0.4 M Steppes 158,890 1.4 M1 West and central Pontic lowland-colline herb-rich grass 49,470 0 255
- Seite 205 und 206: BOHN, U.; NEUHÄUSL, R., unter Mita
- Seite 207 und 208: Application and Analysis of the Map
- Seite 209 und 210: landforms, vegetation and plant spe
- Seite 211 und 212: types, in conjunction with ecologic
- Seite 213 und 214: The inclusion of Nordic vegetation
- Seite 215 und 216: In the systems of Palaearctic Habit
- Seite 217 und 218: Anwendung und Auswertung der Karte
- Seite 219 und 220: Landschaftsschutzgebiet (LSG): weit
- Seite 221 und 222: oder Ersatzgesellschaften, und zwar
- Seite 223 und 224: und LSG Křivoklátsko, das Cephala
- Seite 225 und 226: Nr. der KE Wissenschaftlicher Name
- Seite 227: NEUHÄUSLOVÁ, Z. (1997): Fytocenol
- Seite 230 und 231: Planung benutzt. Eine Kurzfassung,
- Seite 232 und 233: 3 Schutzmaßnahmen zum Erhalt der n
- Seite 235 und 236: Anwendung und Auswertung der Karte
- Seite 237 und 238: Was die regionale Stetigkeit betrif
- Seite 239 und 240: Nr. Einheit Schutzgebiete 49 K12 5,
- Seite 241 und 242: Abb. 1: Hochlagen über 1900 m NN (
- Seite 243 und 244: Abb. 3: Reste von Traubeneichen-Zer
- Seite 245 und 246: Die Auenwälder an den Flüssen Cer
- Seite 247 und 248: ausgenommen ein hochstämmiger Best
- Seite 249 und 250: PEDROTTI, F. (1996): Suddivisioni b
- Seite 251 und 252: Nr. Einheit V E FVG VE LO PIE LAZ A
- Seite 253 und 254: Application and Analysis of the Map
- Seite 255: strategically-planned network of pr
- Seite 259 und 260: migrating routes lying across the C
- Seite 261 und 262: Map 2: Vegetation units with less t
- Seite 263: Author’s address: Nugzar Zazanash
- Seite 266 und 267: ökologie und im Naturschutz auf na
- Seite 268 und 269: misch zuordnen lassen (vgl. auch DI
- Seite 270 und 271: Tabelle 1: Flächenstatistik der Ka
- Seite 272 und 273: 4 Gegenüberstellung der Kartierung
- Seite 274 und 275: gen die weit verbreiteten artenarme
- Seite 276 und 277: BUNDESAMT FÜR NATURSCHUTZ (BFN) [H
- Seite 279 und 280: Anwendung und Auswertung der Karte
- Seite 281 und 282: und Parallelisierung von Art und In
- Seite 283 und 284: Tabelle 2: Skala der Mosaiktypen de
- Seite 285: Anschrift des Autors: Dr. rer. nat.
- Seite 288 und 289: aktuellen Vorherrrschen der landwir
- Seite 290 und 291: Figure 2: Potential natural vegetat
- Seite 292 und 293: Also the sand dune unit, P5: the no
- Seite 294 und 295: Nearly all vegetation units in the
- Seite 296 und 297: In the natural vegetation, species
- Seite 298 und 299: BUCHWALD, E.; HONORE, S.; JØRGENSE
- Seite 300 und 301: potential natural phytodiversity. D
- Seite 302 und 303: • Im Ergebnis der vor allem durch
- Seite 304 und 305: Abb. 2: Auf der Grundlage der Stich
Table 1: Conservation proportion of the Caucasus vegetation formations/units by Strict Nature Reserves and<br />
National Parks based on the Map of the Natural Vegetation of Europe (scale 1:2,500,000).<br />
Code Formation/Mapping Unit Area in the<br />
Caucasus (km 2 )<br />
Protected<br />
territory (%)<br />
A Subnival-nival vegetation of high mountains 985 44,7 (?)<br />
A6 Caucasian open vegetation of lichens and mosses 985 44,7<br />
B Alpine vegetation 13,660 11,2<br />
B56 West Caucasian alpine grasslands etc. 5,780 25,5<br />
B57 East Caucasian 5,930 0,4<br />
B58 North Low Caucasian 1,500 1,4<br />
B59 South Low Caucasian 450 0<br />
C Subalpine vegetation 38,070 5,6<br />
C41 Northwest Caucasian krummholz etc. 4,030 26,0<br />
C42 Southwest Caucasian 4,260 3,4<br />
C43 Northeast Caucasian 15,990 2,7<br />
C44 Southeast Caucasian 4,590 5,7<br />
C45 West Low Caucasian 1,140 12,7<br />
C46 East Low Caucasian 6,690 1,4<br />
C47 South Low Caucasian open woodlands etc. 1,370 0<br />
D Mesophytic and hygromesophytic coniferous and mixed<br />
forests<br />
13,000 14,3<br />
D32 West Caucasian fir, spruce-fir and beech-fir forests with<br />
evergreen <strong>und</strong>erstorey<br />
6,150 23,4<br />
D33 Caucasian fir, spruce-fir and beech-fir forests without<br />
evergreen <strong>und</strong>erstorey<br />
3,940 6,0<br />
D64 Caucasian pine forests 2,910 6,3<br />
F Mesophytic deciduous broad-leaved and mixed forests 102,760 3,5<br />
F163 East Euxinian-Caucasian oriental beech forests with<br />
evergreen <strong>und</strong>erstorey<br />
7,530 9,6<br />
F164 Caucasian oriental beech forests without evergreen<br />
<strong>und</strong>erstorey<br />
24,470 4,3<br />
F165 East Caucasian submontane/montane hornbeam-mapleoriental<br />
beech forests<br />
700 6,4<br />
F166 Oriental beech forests of Talysh mountains 510 3,1<br />
F167 Crimean-North Caucasian sessile oak forests 10,800 4,2<br />
F168 North Caucasian pedunculate oak and hornbeam-oak forests 16,670 0<br />
F169 East Euxinian oak and hornbeam-oak forests 8,300 11,3<br />
F170 Transcaucasian oak forests 27,820 0,8<br />
F171 East Caucasian oak forests 820 0<br />
F172 East Transcaucasian altimontane oak forests 5,140 3,0<br />
G Thermophilous mixed deciduous broad-leaved forests 1,200 0<br />
G61 Crimean-West Caucasian oriental hornbeam-downy oak<br />
forests<br />
980 0<br />
G62 Dagestanian downy oak forests 220 0<br />
H Hygro-thermophilous mixed deciduous broad-leaved<br />
forests<br />
7,800 1,6<br />
H1 Colchic lowland to submontane oak forests 5,540 2,1<br />
H2 Hyrcanian lowland to submontane oak forests 1,450 0,5<br />
H3 Hyrcanian colline to montane oak forests 810 0<br />
K Xerophytic coniferous forests, woodlands and scrub 1,655 6,6<br />
K24 West Caucasian Pinus pityusa-forests 45 20,0<br />
K33 Transcaucasian colline-montane open juniper woodlands 1,610 6,2<br />
L Forest steppes and dry grasslands 24,950 0.2<br />
L7 West Caucasian meadow steppes 14,970 0<br />
L8 North Caucasian meadow steppes 9,980 0.4<br />
M Steppes 158,890 1.4<br />
M1 West and central Pontic lowland-colline herb-rich grass 49,470 0<br />
255
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