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…ç gdf]eujt] ==Ú cflb n]lvPsf] s'/f
k'?iff]Qd lwld/]n] -@)^#.!@.!* sf]
uf]/vfkq_ pNn]v ug'{ ePsf] / o;}u/L
:jfdL 8f= k|kGgfrfo{n] rLgsf] u|]6jfnsf]
9f]sfx?df dxfef/tsf Znf]sx?
;+:s[tefiffdf snfk"0f{ cIf/ n]lvPsf]
s'/f pNn]v ug'{ePsf] 5 . To:tf] k|lti7f
/ dlxdfaf6 cfj4 lxdjtv08sf]
zlQm;|f]tsf] ?kdf lrlgPsf] ;"o{–rGb|
c+lst /fli6«o em08f abNg vf]Hg]x?
g]kfnL cfdfsf] ;Rrf ;Gtfg x'g;St}gg\ .
e"kl/j]li6t ePs} sf/0fn] g]kfn v'lDrP/
a:g'k/]sf] xf]Og, oxfF unt ;Qf;Lgx?sf]
e|i6tf / ljb]zL x:tIf]ksf] sf/0fn] g]kfn
clxn cK7\of/f] cj:yfdf 5 .
g]t[TjkIfdf Tofu / ;dk{0fsf] efjgf
gcfO{ /fi6« lxF8fpg ;lsFb}g . sf+u|]; /
Pdfn] / dfcf]jfbLsf] cx+sf/ / ;Qfdf]xn]
;xdltsf] aftfj/0f st} 5}g . efuj08fdf
clNemP/ g]kfnsf] lbgk|lt;bg cf]/fnf]
nflu/x]sf] 5 . @)^#sf] hgcfGbf]ng
kl5 g]kfnsf] Pstf / klxrfg ;dfKt kfb}{
g]kfnsf] /fli6«otf / ;+;bLo k|hftGqsf]

uGtJodf k|ZglrGx nfu]sf]5 . xfdL
g]kfnLx? O;fO{x?sf] la/f]wL xf]Ogf}+ .
s'g} klg wd{sf] kl/efiff, dfGotf / k4lt
cg]sf}+ x'G5g\ . @)^# ;fneGbf cufl8
g]kfn lxGb' clw/fHosf] ?kdf :yflkt
lyof] . Tof]a]nfdf g]kfndf O;fO{, d'l:nd
s'g} klg wd{sf] la/f]wdf lxGb' tyf af}4x?
lyPgg\ . lxGb' clw/fHodf ;a}wd{x?sf]
;Ddfg ug]{ ;xcl:tTjsf] efjgf sfod
lyof] . t/ lxGb' clw/fHosf] ;lxi0f'tf
dfly cfqmds ag]/ of]hgfj4?kdf
vNaNofpg O;fO{x?sf] nufgLdf
g]kfnsf kf6L{leqsf /fi6«3ftL ck/fwLx?
nfluk/] . ef/tLo sf+u|]; -cfO{_ / p;sf]
u'Ktr/ ;+:yf …/cÚ sf] k|fof]hg / p;}sf]
nufgLdf ePsf] @)^@.^#sf] /Qmkftk"0f{
hgcfGbf]ng u/fOof] . cfGbf]ngn]
p3| ?k lng yfn]kl5 /fhf;Fu ;xdlt
eP/ @)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfg cg';f/
lju6Lt k|ltlglw;ef Ao"tfpg] ;t{df
la;h{g eof] . hgcfGbf]ng la;h{g
ePkl5 cfGbf]ngsf g]tf lul/hfk|;fb
sf]O/fnfn] @)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfg cg';f/
/fhf 1fg]Gb|af6 gf/fo0flx6L /fhb/af/sf]
k6flËgLdf k|wfgd+qL kbsf] ;kyu|x0f
u/]/ d+lqkl/ifb u7g u/] . To;kl5 Pskl5
csf]{ub}{ g]kfnsf klxrfg, cl:dtf
vNaNofpg yfn] . ef/tLo el/of
alg;s]sf sf+u|];sf lul/hf, Pdfn]sf
dfwj g]kfnn] …/cÚ n] ;'/Iff tyf tfnLd
lbP/ ef/tLo Ozf/fdf sfd ug{] u2f/
dfcf]jfbLsf k|r08 / afa'/fd e§/fO{n]
h]–h] eG5g\, ToxL ul/of] . o;/L g]kfnL
cfdfsf] sf]vaf6} hlGdPsfx?n] g}+
g]kfnnfO{ ef}8Ldf xfNg vf]h] . dfcf]jfbL,
sf+u|];, Pdfn]sf] /fi6«b|f]x af/]df @)^#
;fnb]lv g}+ xfdLn] e08fkmf]/ ug{ yfn]sf
lyof}+ . t/ To;a]nf hgdfg;n] xfd|f ;To
s'/f kTofPg . t/ clxn] @)^@ ;fn
d+l;/sf] lbNnLdf ;DkGg !@ a'Fb] ;xdlt
/ @)^@.^# sf] hgcfGbf]ngsf] d"Vo
pb\b]Zo g]kfnsf] cl:tTj g}+ ;dfKt kfg]{
/x]5 eGg] s'/f ;a}sf] cufl8 5nË ePsf]
5 .
cGwfx?n] xfQL 5fDbf cg]sf}+ cy{
nufPsf] h:tf] lqml:rogx?n] cg]sf}+
em"7f cfZjf;g lbP/ e|d l;h{gf u/fO{
wd{ kl/jt{g u/fpg ;lqmo 5g\ . @)^#
;fncl3 g]kfndf O;fO{x? o;/L
vlgPsf lyPgg\ . @)^# ;fnkl5 t
O;fO{x? o;/L g]kfnleq ;zQm ag]sf
5g\ ls elgG5– cf7 xhf/ eGbfa9L
rr{x? :yflkt ul/;s]sf 5g\ . oxL kf/f
/lx/Xof] eg] O;fO{ ;fd|fHo :yflkt u/fpg
ef]lnsf lbgdf lxGb' tyf af}4x?sf]
cl:tTj ;dfKt x'g;S5 . O;fO{ o:tf]
/f]u xf] hxfF h'g 3/nfO{ O;fO{s/0f
ul/G5 tL 3/x?df czflGt, sf]nfxn
dlRrPsf] 5 . wd{ kl/jt{g u/]sf lxGb'x?
s}of}+ ax'nfPsf, em'l08P/ d/]sf 5g\ eGg]
;'lgG5 . cfkm\gf] wd{nfO{ Tofu]/ O;fO{
ag]sfx?sf] dgl:ylt slt vNalnbf]
/x]5 eGg] s'/f tfKn]h'Ë kmªlnªdf 8Da/
>]i7sf kl/jf/ lqml:rog ePsfn] cfk\mgf]
afa' dbf{ glhs}sf] g;{/Ldf nu]/ uf8]sf
lyP . t/ d/]sf] afa'n] /ftL /ftL cfP/
b'Mv lbg yfn]kl5 rf/ aif{kl5 pgLx?n]
lxGb' ;+:sf/ cg';f/ sfhlqmof u/] . g]jf/
;dfhaf6 alx:s[t ePsf 8Da/ >]i7n]
lxGb' ;+;sf/ cg';f/ sfhlqmof u/]kl5
;dfhn] :jLsf/]sf] lyof] eGg] va/
@)&) ;fn c;f]h @) ut]sf] uf]/vfkqdf
k|sflzt ePsf] lyof] . To;f]ePsfn]
@)^# ;fnkl5 ;xdltagf hj/h:t
agfOPsf rr{x? eTsfpg' kb{5 . O{;fO{
wd{ k|rf/sx? eg] cfk;df emu8f ug]{ /
7"nf] ;fgf] eGg] e]befbaf6 pgLx? cfkm}
u|l;t 5g\ . lxGb'b]lv cfkm"x?nfO{ k[ys
b]vfpg O;fO{x? lxGb'x?n] nufpg] 6Lsf
gnufpg], l;+b'/ kf]t] x6fpg], k"hfkf7 gug]{,
j}lbs, af}]4 / lxGb' crf/;+lxtf hnfpg],
d"lt{ eP kmf]8\g] s'sd{ u/]/ lqml:rog wd{n]
clxn] wfld{s cft+ssf] ?k lnPsf] 5 .
lqml:rogx?n] j}lbs lxGb' k/Dk/f TofUg
nufP/ /fHo zlQm xTofpg] s'l6n bfpdf
nfu]sf] s'/f ;a}sf] gh/df 5nË eO;s]sf]
5 . @))& ;fnkl5 lqml:rogx? g]kfndf
l56\k"6 k;] . nnLtk'/df ;]G6d]/L,
;]G6h]lao/ :s"n v'n], zfGtf ejg
c:ktfn v"Nof] . kfNkfdf ldl;g/L
c:ktfn :yflkt eof] . tfklg s'g} la/f]w
lyPg . @)$^ ;fnkl5 s]xL dfqdf n's]/
wd{ kl/jt{g u/fpg nfu]sf lyP . t/ @)^#
;fnsf] cfGbf]ngkl5 t xb gf3]sf] 5 .
@)^# ;fnsf] cfGbf]ngsf] cl3–cl3
tf]8kmf]8ub}{ p3| gf/f nufpg]x? of]hgfj4
?kdf cfGbf]ngsf/Lsf] cl3 cl3 lx8\g]
;a} dfcf]jfbLleqsf lqml:rogx? lyP .
k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf zfnLs eTsfpg] ;a}
lqml:rog dfcf]jfbL lyP . oL ;a}
u/fpg]df g]kfndf afa'/fd e§/fO{s} 7"nf]
xft lyof] . cgy{sf e'm7f s'/f u/]/
;j{;fwf/0fsf] dgl:ylt vnaNofP/ O;fO{
wd{ k|rf/sx?n] g]kfnL ax'nf agfO/x]sf
5g\ . uf]/IfkL7 of]uL jneb|gfy eGg'x'G5–
…g]kfndf Pp6} 3/df sf]xL ;gftg\ wd{df
g}+ cfj4 5g\ sf]xL hf] lqml:rog ag]sf
5g\ . logLx?sf] aLrdf j}d'iotf a9]/
3/3/df snx a9\bf]5 . O;fO{ aGg] afa'sf]
c+zdf emu8f ug]{, kfl/jfl/s snx u/fP/
5÷r}q o'lg6L EjfO;

lxGb' ;lxi0ftfnfO{ c;lxi0f' agfpgdf
O;fO{x? ;kmn ag]sf 5g\ eg] g]kfn
cfkm} klxrfgljxLg aGg] vt/f 5 .Ú
@)^# ;fnkl5 g]kfnsf dfcf]jfbL,
sf+u|];, Pdfn] kf6L{sf bnfn g]tfx?n]
;j{k|yd hgcfGbf]ngsf] qf; b]vfP/
@)^# ;fn h]i7 $ ut] ljb]zLsf]
bafadf g}+ ;efd'v ePsf O;fO{sf]
el/of ;'jf; g]Daf8n] /fhfaf6 Ao"FtfOPsf]
k|ltlglw;efaf6 wd{lg/k]If 3f]if0ff
ul/of] . Tof]a]nfb]lv lxGb':yn g]kfnleq
cWowLs O;fO{x? ;}tfgx? 5f8f ;fF8]
h:t} of] b]je"ldsf] cl:dtf vNaNofpg
;lqmo ag]sf 5g\ . ljZjsf] Psdfq lxGb'
clw/fHosf] cl:tTj ;dfKt ug{ g]kfnsf
ufpF 3/x?df ljb08tf dRrfO/x]sf 5g\ .
lzIfssf] ?kdf, lgz'Ns cf}ifwL pkrf/ /
dfgj ;]jfsf] e]ifdf k};fsf] emf]nf af]s]/
3/3/df O;fO{x? aunLdf 5'/f lnP/
lxGb" tyf af}4 hgdfg;sf] cf:yf dfly
s'7/f3ft ug{ k'u]sf 5g\ . dfcf]jfbLleq
clwsf+z lqml:rog ePsfn] dfcf]jbL
g]tf / cGo kf6L{sf g]tf, slyt dfgj
clwsf/jfbL / gful/s ;dfhsf
cu'jfx?nfO{ cfkm|gf] kIfdf lnP/
g]kfnnfO{ O;fO{s/0f ug{ klZrdfx?n]
;lhnf] dfg]sf 5g\ . @)^# ;fn
h]i7 $ ut] g]kfnnfO{ wd{lg/k]If 3f]if0ff
u/]b]lv clxn];Dd g]kfndf wd{ kl/jt{g
/ hlxtxL+ rr{ :yflkt ug]{ cleofg
rn]sf] 5 . klZrdfx?n] ljZjsf cg]sf}+
/fi6«x?df wd{sf] gfddf O;fO{ ;fd|fHo
:yfkgf ug{ vf]h]sf 5g\ . ;LcfP /
o"/f]ksf O;fO{ /fi6«x?n] k};fsf] andf
clk|msf / c/aleq k;]/ s}of}+ b]zsf]
ljv08g / n'6 dRrfPsf 5g\ . clxn]
blIf0fk"j{ PlzofnfO{ lqml:rogs/0f ug{df
klZrdL b]zx? g}+ vlgPsf 5g\ .
bf];|f] ljZjo'4sf] a]nf ox'bL ljåfg j}1flgs
PG;6fOg\af6 lgdf{0f ul/Psf] c0f'jdaf6
hfkfgsf] x]/f]lzdf / gfufzfsLdf
cd]l/sfn] Wj:t agfPsf] lyof] . cd]l/sL
/fi6«klt ?Hj]N6n] PG;6fOg\;Fu k|efljt
eP/– tkfO{ s] dfU5f}+ eGbf PG;6fOg\n]
dfu]– …dnfO{ Pp6f ox'bL /fHo rflxG5 .Ú
PG;6fOgsf] dfu adf]lhd cd]l/sfsf]
k|of;af6 Oh/fonnfO{ ox'bL /fHo 3f]if0ff
u/fOof] . PG;6fOg\nfO{ /fi6«klt aGg] cfu|x
ubf{ /fi6«klt x'g rfx]gg\ . Oh/fon–
ox'bL /fi6« 3f]if0ff ePkl5, lxGb'x?sf]
6÷r}q o'lg6L EjfO;
;/:jtLsf] lrGx if8\sf]0fnfO{ ox'bLsf]
lrGx agfOof] . of] lxGb'wd{s} k]|/0ffsf]
Bf]ts xf] . lqml:rogx?n] …cfd]gÚ
eGg] u/]sf] lxGb'sf] ç g}+ xf] . cfOtaf/
lxGb'x?n] ;"o{nfO{ dfG5g\, ;f]xL cg'?k
rr{df ;"o{af/– Sun Day lxGb'x?n]
Hof]lt:j?k lzjhLnfO{ dfg] h:t} rr{df
qmfOi6nfO{ dfGg hfG5g\ . oL tYox? a'em]/
lqml:rog d'ns / lqml:rog ld;gx?n]
lxGb'Tjsf] dxfgtf / lxGb'x?sf
l;4x:t;Fu ;+jlGwt x'Fbfx'Fb} lxGb'Tjsf]
h/f] pvNg] s'lT;t sfo{ ul//x]sf 5g\ .
lxGb'Tjsf] df}lns k|efjnfO lgld6ofGg
ug{ lqml:rog\sf el/ofx?n] hxfF
e]6\of] pxL lxGb'x?nfO{ emD6g], k};fsf]
nfnrf b]vfP/ lxGb'x?nfO{ lqml:rogdf
kl/0ft u/fP/ h;/L ePklg lxGb'sf]
cl:tj ;dfKt ug]{df 5g . jf:tjdf
lqml:rogx?sf] nflu of] cfTd3ftL
k/fho xf] . lsgls hj/h:t u/]/
dfgjsf] OR5fnfO{ lgoGq0fdf /fVg]
s'g} wd{ x'g;St}g . Ps ef/tLo ljåfg
P;\=sNof0f/d0f eG5g\– lxGb'jfb eg]sf]
af}l4s hfu/0fsf] l9s'6L xf] . o;}af6
d'l:nd / lqml:rog\ wd{sf] k|fb'ef{j
ePsf] xf] . lh;;\ qmfOi6sL cfdf lxGb'
lyOg\ . lh;;\ klg lxGb' ;+:sf/af6 p7]sf
x'g\ . lh;;\ qmfOi6 kl5 p7]sf] 6fO6n\ xf]–
lu|ssf] lxle|o" efiffaf6 ag]sf] .
To:t} g]kfnsf vf]hstf{ ljåfg 8f= :jfdL
k|kGgfrfo{n] j]bdf 5 s] eGg] k':tsdf
>L afaf ;fjf/s/, kfb/L uf]kfnfrfo{,
8f= a'sflgg\, 8f= :k]G;/, ?;sf ljåfg
8f=lgsfn;gf]6f]ljrsf] ;f]w k':ts– …
lhh;\sf] c1fg hLjg' k':ts cflbsf
egfO{nfO{ pb\w[t ub]{ n]v]sf 5g\– …xh/t
O{zfsf] hGd ef/tsf] lxGb' kl/jf/df ePsf]
xf] . Nkmf]/]G;df O{zfsfsL cfdf d]/Lsf]
d"lt{ /flvPsf] 5 . d]lSdng luhf{3/df
klg d]/Lodsf] To:t} d"lt{ /flvPsf] 5 .
O{zfsL cfdfsf] d"lt{ lxGb' /fgL–dxf/fgL
h:tf] ;f8L–u'lgpmF nufPsf] / lgwf/df
lxGb'x?n] nufpg] l6sf nufPsf] 5 .
lxGb' kl/jf/df O{zfn] hGd lnPsf] af/]df
sltko kfZrfTo ljåfgx?sf] klg oxL
dt 5 .Ú u8 Oh\ nfO6 eGg] k/d]Zj/ lzj
xf], Hof]lt xf]– lqml:rogx?sf] . hd{gLsf]
Do"lgssf] lrq3/df lh;;\ qmfOi6sf]
;Gof;L dxfTdfsf] e]ifdf lgwf/df ltns–
l6sf nufPsf] d"lt{ 5 . Nkmf]/]G;sf] d"lt{df
O{zfn] lxGb' a|fd0fsf] em}+ hg} wf/0ff
u/]sf] 5 . /f]ddf kf]k wd{u'?sf] e]l6sg
/fhdxndf /x]sf] Pp6f lrqdf O{zfn]
6fpsf]df 6'KkL / wf]tL nufPsf] ;fw'
e]ifdf 5 . g]kfndf ^ aif{ a;]/ of]u;fwgf
/ af]4 bz[g l;s]sfn] qmfOi6nfO{ lg/+s'z
cGwf wd{le? ;Qfn] Oh/fondf lsnf
7f]s]/ dfl/Psf] cj:yf\df j}lbs of]usf
k|tfkn] d/]sf] h:tf] clego u/]/ ufl8Psf]
lrxfgaf6 p7]/ O{z' ef/tlt/ nfu]sf] /
kl5 pgsf] d[To"kl5 sfl:d/df /flvPsf]
O{zfsf] ;dflw b]Vg ;lsG5 . O{zf !#
aif{b]lv #) aif{;Dd wfld{s lzIff lngsf
nflu lxGb' ;Gof;Lsf] e]ifdf g]kfn /
ef/tdf cfPsf / sfzL, huGgfy, laxf/,
gfnGbf cflbdf j}lbs wd{zf:q k9\g]
u/]sf tYox? 5g\ . g]kfndf nlDjgL
slknj:t', cflb x]b}{ ltAatsf] blIf0fdf
kg]{ sDes0f{ uf}/Lz+s/, dfpG6 Pe/]:6;Fu
;fIffTsf/ u/]sf] s'/f eljio k'/f0fsf] k|;u{
;Dkfbgdf ;+:s[t efiffdf pNn]v ub}{
d]/L af/]df– …O{zfk'q~r df ljl4 s'df/L
ue{;Dejd\Ú -cg'jfb_ cyf{t lh;;\sL

cfdfn] ljjfxeGbf cuflu ue{wf/0ff
u/]sf] lyof] . o;/L qmfOi6sL cfdf Pp6f
l;sdL{af6 ue{jtL ePsL lyOg\ elgG5 .
g]kfnn] k|frLgsfnb]lv g}+ ljZjdf
cfkm\gf] klxrfg lbP/ pleb} cfPsf]
/fi6« xf] . g]kfnsf] /fli6«o em08f,
lxGb'clw/fHo g]kfnsf] klxrfg xf] .
g]kfnsf] /fli6«otfnfO{ dha'tub}{ cfPsf
dxTjk"0f{ ;|f]tdf lxGb' tyf af}4 k/Dk/f
g}+ xf] lsgls g]kfn lxGb' / af}4sf]
cflwsfl/s ynf] xf] . wd{lg/k]If,
u0ftGq / ;+3Lotfsf] gf/f dfcf]jfbL,
sf+u|];, Pdfn] / s'g} dfcf]jfbLsf] Ph]08f
xf]Og . of] t ef/tLo sf+u|]; -cfO{sL
;f]gLof ufFwL, cd]l/sL u'Ktr/ ;+:yf,
o"/f]ksf O;fO{ /fi6«x?sf] Ph]08f xf] .
To;}n] @)^# ;fnkl5 g]kfnnfO{ ljb]zL
eGbf :jb]zL ls/fx?n] vfg nfu]sf
5 . g]kfnnfO{ tLgj6f 7"N7"nf /f]ux?–
@)^@ df !@ a'Fb} ;xdltdf x:tfIf/ u/]/
g]kfnnfO{ 8'afpg vf]Hg] sDo'lgi6x?,
lqml:rog / SofG;/ oL 7"nf /f]u x'g\ .
oL # j6f /f]uaf6 g]kfn afFRgsf] nflu
oL /f]ux?nfO{ pGd'ng ug{;Sg] Ifdtf
xfdL g]kfnLx?df x'g'k5{ . oL /f]uaf6
xfdL ;'/lIft x'g ;s]gf}+ eg] xfdL / xfd|f]
b]zsf] d/0f x'g;S5 . g]kfnsf] /fli6«otf,
/fhtGq / k|hftGqsf] aLrdf ;Gt'ng /
;dGjosf;fy ;f+:s[lts ?kn] k|jn
x'g;s]df o'uo'ufGt/;Dd o;sf] cl:tTj
arfpg ;Sg'k5{ . wfld{s k/Dk/f dfgjLo
cf:yf xf] . lqm:rogx?n] lxGb' tyf
af}4 dfly cfqmds ag]/ h'g ck/fw
ul//x]sf 5g\ Tof] g]kfnsf] nflu c;Xo
5 . wfld{s cf:yf s:tf] x'G5 eGg] s'/f
s]xLaif{ klxnf ;'8fgdf Ps dl:nd
s]6Ln] O;fO{;Fu lajfx u/]sf]df ;'8fg
cbfntn] k]6df aRrf /x]sL tL o'jtLnfO{
d[To"b08sf] ;hfoF ;'gfof] . oBlk ;hfoFsf
cg]sf}+ af6f x'Fbfx'Fb} klg d[To"b08sf] ;hfoF
gfhfoh lyof] . wfld{s cf:yf dfly 3ft
ug]{x? dflysf] of] ul/Psf] 36gfnfO{
pbfx/0f ?kdf O;fO{x?n] a'em"g\ . o;/L
g]kfndf 7"nf] zq'sf] ?kdf lqml:rogx?
dflgG5g\ . To;}n] g]kfndf klg @)^#
;fneGbfkl5 O;fO{ ag]sf g]kfnLx?nfO{
cfkm\gf] dft[wd{df kmsf{pg] kxn ul/g' k5{
/ aLgf ;+emf}tf agfOPsf rr{x? eTsfOg'
k5{ . O;fO{af6 pTk|]l/t sfo{qmd / ;xof]u
;a} aGb ul/g'k5{ .
Vofn/xf];\ g]kfn 6'qmofP/ nyflnË
agfP/ ef/tn] sAhf ug{ hjfx/nfn
g]x? ljZj ljBfnosf k|f= o;\=8L=d'gLn]
k6s–k6s eGb} cfPsf 5g\–…!@ a'Fb]
;dembf/L, dfcf]jfbL ;ft bn ;xsfo{,
bf];|f] hgcfGbf]ng, dfcf]jfbLsf]
d"nwf/df k|j]z, zflGtk|lqmof, ;+ljwfg;ef
lgjf{rg u0ftGq 3f]if0ff cflb oL
;a}df xld{hsf] e"ldsf] s'g} g s'g} ?kdf
lyof] . dfcf]jfbLx? / …/cÚ aLr pTs[i6
;dembf/L x'g'df …/cÚ sf gofF k|d'v xld{h
wf/fsg / afa'/fd e§/fO{aLrsf] /fd|f]
JolQmut ;Dks{n] klg ;xhLs/0f u/]sf]
lyof] .Ú To;}u/L ef/tLo u'Ktr/ ;+:yfsf
k"j{ k|d'v kL= xld{hn] kl5 eg]sf lyP–
…g]kfndf h]hlt sfd eof], To;sf] d"Vo
>]o k|wfgd+qL dgdf]xg l;+xdf hfG5 . !@
a'Fb] ;dembf/L ljz]if kl/l:yltdf ePsf]
lyof] .Ú kL= xdL{h dfcf]jfbL slyt
hgo'4sf] a]nf / b/af/ xTofsf08sf]
;dodf g]kfn g}+ …/cÚ k|d'v lyP .
;f]gLof ufFwL klg Sofyf]nLs kL= xdL{h /
afa'/fd e§/fO{ b'a} Sofyf]nLs lqml:rog
ePsfn] ;f]gLofF ufFwLsf] cfl;/jfb k|fKt
eP/ g]kfnnfO{ O;fO{s/0f ug{df pgLx?
;lqmo ag]sf lyP . :d/0fxf];\– k|wfgd+qL
/fhLj ufFhL g]kfn e|d0fsf] cj;/df
;f]gLofF ufFwL O;fO{ ePsfn] e§ k"hf/Ln]
kz'kltgfysf] bz{gdf ;f]gLofF ufFwLnfO{
/f]s nufPsf lyP . ToxL cfqmf]; lyof]
g]kfndf wd{lg/k]If nfw]/ O;fO{s/0f
u/fpg] . k|r08 k|wfgd+qL / afa'/fd
e§/fO{ cy{d+qL ag]kl5 kz'kltgfydf
e§ k"hf/Lx?nfO{ lg:sfl;t u/]/
dfcf]jfbLn] O;fO{ ;dy{s k'hf/L egf{ u/]/
;f]gLofF ufFwLsf] OR5f k"/f ug{ vf]h]sf
lyP . w'/Laf6 kfk s/fpF5 eg]em}+ @)&!
;fnkl5 ef/tdf sf+u]|; -cfO{_ sf] ;}tfgL
;Qf 9n]sf] 5 . ef/tdf lxGb' /fi6«jfbL
kf6L{ ef/tLo hgtf kf6L{ -efhkf_ sf]
;Qf cfPsf] 5 . xfdLnfO{ ljZjf;
5 ljZjsf] Ps dfq lxGb' clw/fHo
efhkfsf] klg rf;f]sf] ljifo ePsfn]
cj efhkf nufot ljZjsf lxGb'x?sf]
k|lti7fsf] nflu klg ljZjsf] Psdfq
lxGb'clw/fHo / g]kfnsf] :yfoL vDafsf]
?kdf :yflkt /fh;+:yfnfO{ ;Ddfg u/]/
g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d cl:tTj arfpg xfdL
;a} Pst[t agf}+ .
7÷r}q o'lg6L EjfO;

k|wfgdGqLsf] rLg e|d0f / pknAwL
8f s]zj b]jsf]6f
k|wfgdGqL k'iksdn bfxfnsf] l5d]sL
rLgsf] ;ftfAofkL -r}t !)–!^_ e|d0f
;DkGg ePsf] 5 . pxfF l5d]sL ldq/fi6«
rLgsf] cf}krfl/s e|d0fs} nflu geP/
af]cfcf] ;Dd]ngdf efu lng To;tkm{
hfg'ePsf] lyof]] . t/ klg To;qmddf
pxfFn] lrlgofF g]tfx?;Fu e]6 u/]/
g]kfn / rLg aLrsf sltko d'4fx?
cufl8 a9fpg' ePsf] 5 . sltko
c;dem\bf/Lx?nfO{ x6fpg] k|of; ug'{
ePsf] 5 / g]kfn Ps rLg gLltdf cl8u
/x]sf] s'/f km]l/ klg bf]x¥ofP/ k|lta4tf
AoQm ug'{ePsf] 5 . pxfFsf] e|d0fsfqmddf
g]kfn / rLg ;/sf/sf aLrdf s'g}klg
;lGw ;+emf}tf / ;xdltdf x:tfIf/x?
8÷r}q o'lg6L EjfO;
geP klg o;n] bL3{sfnLg?kdf To:tf
;lGw / ;+emf}tfx?sf nflu cfwf/ tof/
u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf k|wfgdGqL
af]cfcf]h:tf] dxTjk"0f{ cGt/fli6«o
kmf]/ddf ;xefuLx'Fbf /fi6«sf nflu w]/}g}
kmfObfx? ePsf 5g\ . ToxfF ;fO8nfOg
ldl6ªx? klg ePsfn] To;af6
g]kfnnfO{ bL3{sfnLg ?kdf kmfObf k'u]sf]
:ki6 5 . v'nf Aofkf/ ;Demf}tf, s]?ªsf]
af6f] agfpg] s'/f, rLgsf] /]n sf7df8f}+x'Fb}
kf]v/f k'¥ofpg] s'/f, l;Ns/f]8af/] Pdcf]o'
a'emfPsf] laifo w]/} dxTjk"0f{ /x]sf 5g\ .
lrlgofF ;xof]udf sf7df8f} pkTosfdf
aflx/L rqmky agfpg] eg]/ w]/}aif{ cl3
;+emf}tf ePklg Tof] cufl8 a9\g ;s]sf]
lyPg . To;nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] s'/f w]/}
dxTjk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . jfg a]N6 jfg /f]8df
ef/tn] gdfg] klg g]kfnn] To;df ;xdlt
hgfPsf] 5 . kfls:tfgsf] ljjflbt
slZd/ eP/ of] af6f] cufl8 hfg] ePsfn]
ef/tn] cfklQ hgfPsf] x'g;SYof] . t/
g]kfnn] To;df ef/t;Fu Psfsf/ x'g'kg]{
s'g} sf/0f lyPg / ePg klg . jfg a]N6
jfg /f]8 w]/} dxTjk"0f{ of]hgf xf] . blIf0f
Plzofsf nflu g]kfnaf6} af6f] agfpg]
s'/fnfO{ sd dxTj lbg'x'Fb}g .
k|d bfxfnsf] rLg e|d0fsf] k"a{;GWofdf h]
h:tf ultlalwx? eP tLeg] rrf{nfos
5g\ . g]kfnsf k|wfgdGqL bfxfnn] cfˆgf]
rLg e|d0fsfqmddf ToxfFsf /fi6«klt;Fusf]
e]6nfO{ lgSs} dxTj lbPsf] b]lvPsf]
lyof] . g]kfnsf] dfcf]jfbL kf6L{sf
cWoIf bfxfn dfcf]sf] b]z rLg e|d0fdf
hfFbf ToxfFsf /fi6«kltn] ge]6\g' ePsf] eP
To;sf] ;Gb]z /fd|f] hfg]jfnf lyPg / Tof]
;a}sf nflu cfZro{sf] laifo x'g]jfnf
klg lyof] . To;}n] xf]nf k|d bfxfnn]
rLgsf /fi6«klt;Fusf] e]6sf] ;'lglZrttf
geP;Dd rLg ghfg];Ddsf] cleAolQm
lbg'k/]sf] lyof] . s:tf] klg e}lbof]eg]
g]kfnsf k|wfgdGqL rLg e|d0fdf hfg]lbg
kf/]/ rLgsf /IffdlGq ut r}t !) ut]g}
sf7df8f} cfOk'Ug' ePsf] lyof] . pxfF
;/f;/ k|dnfO{ e]6\g hfg' klg a'emg ;lsg]
s'/f lyof] . g]kfn e|d0fdf cfpg' ePsf
rLgsf /IffdGqL hg/n rfª jfg x\jfg
/ k|d bfxfnaLr w]/} dxTjk"0f{ laifox?df
dxTjk"0f{ e]6jftf{ ePsf] lyof] .
k|wfgdGqL lgjf; afn'jf6f/df ePsf] ;f]
e]6df k|d bfxfnn] g]kfn / rLgaLr nfdf]
;dob]lv ulx/f] cfTdLo ;DaGw /xFb}
cfPsf] atfpFb} rLgn] cl3;f/]sf] jfg
a]N6 jfg /f]8 kl/of]hgfdf ;fem]bf/ aGg
g]kfn OR5's /x]sf] atfpg' ePsf] lyof] .
;f] e]6sf qmddf k|wfgdGqL bfxfnn] Ps
rLg gLltk|lt g]kfnsf] b[9 ;dy{g
/xFb} cfPsf] atfpFb} rLgsf] cleGg c+u
ltAat / tfOjfg lj/f]wL ultljlwsf]
;w} g]kfnn] lj/f]wug{] arga4tf klg

f]x¥ofpg' ePsf] lyof] . g]kfnL ;]gf
/ rLgsf] hgd'lSt ;]gfaLr ljsl;t
kl5Nnf] ;DjGwk|lt k|wfgdGqLn] ;Gtf]if
JoSt ug'{ePsf] lyof] . lrlgofF /IffdGqL
rfªn] g]kfn ;/sf/ / g]kfnL hgtfn]
rLgk|lt b]vfPsf] ;b\efj / cfTdLo
;DaGwk|lt cfef/ JoStub}{ tfOjfg
/ ltAat dfldnfdf rLgk|lt g]kfnsf]
alnof] ;dy{gsf nflu wGojfb lbg'k/]sf]
lyof] . To;}qmddf g]kfnsf /IffdGqL
afns[i0f vfF0f / rfªaLr l;+xb/af/l:yt
/Iff dGqfnodf e]6jftf{ ePsf] lyof] .
lrlgofF /IffdGqL rfªn] g]kfnL ;]gfsf]
pkTosf k[tgfsf] lg/LIf0f tyf cjnf]sg
e|d0f klg ug'{ePsf] lyof] . /fi6«klt
ljBfb]jL e08f/L;Fu pxfFn] /fi6«klt
ejg zLtn lgjf;df e]6 ug{'ePsf]
lyof] . To;}u/L pxfFn] g]kfnsf u[xdlGq
ljdn]Gb| lglw;Fu klg e]6 ug'{eof] eg]
;}lgs d'Vofnodf k|wfg;]gfklt /fh]Gb|
IfqL;Fu e]6jftf{ ug{'ePsf] lyof] . h;df
rLgn] g]kfnsf] ;'/Iff Aoj:yf dha't
agfpg ;Sbf] ;xof]u ug]{ / g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{
7"nf] cfly{s ;xof]u ug]{ 3f]if0ff u/]sf]
5 . g]kfndf ef/tLo x:tIf]k lbg k|ltlbg
a9\b}uPsf] cj:yfdf rLgn] u/]sf] ;}Go
;xof]usf] 3f]if0ff Hofb} dxTjk"0f{ ePsf]
5 . ;a}n] s] a'em\g' kb{5 eg] g]kfnsf
k|wfgdGqLnfO{ rLg e|d0fug{ glbg
laleGg sf]0fx?af6 k|of; ePsf lyP .
pxfF clGtd ;do;Dd klg rLg hfg] ls
ghfg] eGg] b'ljwfdf x'g'x'GYof] . To;}sf
nflu lgjf{rg cfof]un] k|wfgdGqLnfO{
ljb]z e|d0fdf ghfg cf}krfl/s cfu|x
klg u/]sf] lyof] . t/ k|d bfxfnn] rLgsf]
e|d0f ;'lglZrt u/]/ To;tkm{ hfg'eof] .
pxfF rLg hfg] lglZrt ePkl5 / rLgn]
g]kfndf ;'/Iff ;xof]u a9fpg] 3f]if0ff
u/]kl5 lbNnL lgs6sf zlQmx? PsfPs
un]sf] / ;xdlt tyf ;dembf/Ldf
cfPsf] b]lvPsf] lyof] . csf]{ s] klg
dxTjk"0f{ kIf /x]sf] lyof]eg] k|wfgdGqL
bfxfnn] cfˆgf] rLg e|d0fsf] k"a{;GWofdf
g]kfnsf k"a{k|wfgdGqL / k//fi6«lab\x?;Fu
lgSs} dxTjk"0f{ 5nkmn ug'{eof] . ;f]
5nkmndf efu lng] ;a}n] k|d bfxfnnfO{
rLg;Fusf] ;DaGwdf pNn]Vo ;'wf/
Nofpg ;'emfj lbg' ePsf] lyof] . csf]{
b[Zo s] klg b]lvof]eg] k|d bfxfnsf] rLg
e|d0fsf] ;Gbe{ hf]8]/ ef/tLo ;~rf/
dfWodx?n] g]kfnsf] sfkmL xb;Dd
cfnf]rgf u/] . o;af6 ef/tLo ;+:yfkg
kIf k|d bfxfnsf] rLg e|d0fk|lt gf/fh
/x]sf] / cfz+lst ePsf] :ki6 u/]sf]
lyof] . t/ k|wfgdGqL bfxfnn] To;nfO{
jf:tf u/]sf] b]lvPg . k|d bfxfnsf]
rLg e|d0fsf bf}/fgdf låkIfLo ;DaGw
;'b[9Ls/0fsf ;fy;fy} jg j]N6 jg /f]8,
/]Nj], k]6«f]lnod e08f/0f, ;Ldfkf/ cfly{s
If]q, eG;f/ gfsf Pj+ k|zf/0f nfOgsf
ljifodf låkIfLo 5nkmnx? ePsf 5g\ .
h'g s'/f dfcf]jfbL s]Gb|sf g]tfx?n] k|d
bfxfnsf] rLg e|d0f cufa} klg To:tf]
5nkmn x'g] of]hgf /x]sf] atfpg' ePsf]
lyof] . af]cfcf]df /xFbf k|wfgdGqLn]
r}t !! ut] rLgsf pkk|wfgdGqL emfª
ufpnL;Fu e]6 ug'{ePsf] lyof]eg] !@ ut]
d~rsf] pb3f6g ;df/f]xnfO{ w]/} dxTjk"0f{
;Daf]wg ug'{ePsf] lyof] . pxfF r}t !@ ut]
g} a]Olhª k'Ug'ePsf] lyof] . hxfF pxfFn]
ToxfF l:yt g]kfnL b"tfjf;sf] sfo{qmddf
efu lng'sf ;fy} ToxfF /x]sf g]kfgnL /
g]kfnsf z'e lrGtsx?;Fu e]6 ug'{ePsf]
lyof] . k|wfgdGqLn] a]Olhª km/]g :6l8h
o'lgel;{6Ln] cfof]hgf u/]sf] g]kfn–
rLg ;DaGwM;d[l4sf cj;/ ljifosf]
5nkmn sfo{qmdnfO{ r}t !# ut]
;Daf]wg ug'{ePsf] lyof] . r}t !# ut] g}
pxfFn] rLgsf /fi6«klt;Fu dxTjk"0f{ jftf{
ug'{ePsf] lyof] . k|d bfxfnn] lrlgofF
Aofkf/L ;d'bfo;Fu 5nkmn ug'{sf ;fy}
ljZjljBfnosf] kl/;/df :yfkgf ePsf]
g]kfn cWoog s]Gb|sf] pb\3f6g ug'{
ePsf] lyof] . k|wfgdGqL bfxfn g]t[Tjsf]
g]kfnL k|ltlglwd08n r}t !% ut] rLgsf]
:jzfl;t If]q ltAatsf] Nxf;f k'u]sf]
lyof] . hxfF g]kfn / ltAat ;/sf/aLr
:yfgLo txdf laBdfg låkIfLo ;+oGq
yklqmofzLn agfpg] ljifodf s]lGb|t
/x]/ ltAat ;/sf/sf g]tf;Fu 5nkmn
ePsf] lyof] . rLgsf] ;ftfAofkL e|d0f
;DkGgu/L k|wfgdGqL bfxfn r}t !^
ut] :jb]z kms{g' ePsf] lyof] . o;/L
k|d bfxfnsf] rLg e|d0fsfqmddf gofF
låklIfo;Demf}tf gePklg g]kfnn] tof/
kf/]sf nufgL, Aofkf/, b'O{ b]znfO{ hf]8g]
oftfoft ;~hfn lj:tf/ nufotsf
Ph]08fnfO{ d"t{?k lbOg' sd dxTjsf]
s'/f xf]Og . lrlgofF clwsf/Lx?;Fusf]
e]6df d'VotM kfFr ljifonfO{ k|fyldstf
lbOPsf] b]lvPsf] lyof] . h;df 6«flG;dzg
nfOg, nufgL, qm; af]8{/ Osf]gf]lds
hf]g, cf]lacf]cf/ Ps If]q, Ps dfu{ /
sf]bf/L–/;'jfu9L afx|} dlxgf ;~rfng
ug{] cflb laifox? /x]sf 5g\ . ;du|df
eGg'kbf{ k|d bfxfnsf] o;k6ssf] rLg
e|d0f ;a}n] ;f]r]sf] eGbf a9L ;kmn /
kmnbfoL ePsf] 5 . o;sf] c;/ g]kfn /
g]kfnL dfem bL3{sfnLg?kn] kg]{ s'/fdf
låljwf ug]{ 7fpF 5}g .
9÷r}q o'lg6L EjfO;

fs8L / rfKn';Ljfnfn] xf]Og
l6i6f sf“u8f lkmtf{ lng l9nf] eof]
l8cf/ sf]O/fnf
/fli6«o uLt ufpFbf klZrd lsNnf sf+u8f
k"j{df l6i6f === eGg] t/ :s"ndf k9\bf
k"j{df d]rL gbL klZrddf dfxfsfnL gbL
==== g]kfnsf] ;Ldfgf xf] eGb} cfPsf xfdL
g]kfnLx? cndNn kg'{ :jfefljs} xf] .
xfdL lsg cndNn x'Fb} 5f} < g]kfnsf]
;Ldfgf sf+u8f / l6i6f xf] ls d]rL /
dxfsfnL xf] < d]rL / dxfsfnL ;Ldfgf
xf] eg] uLt ufpFb} yKk8L dfg'{ ePg, xf]Og
eg] sf+u8f / l6i6f g} xfd|f] ;Ldfgf xf]
eg] bfjf ;fy eGg ;Sg' k¥of] / k|s[of
cufl8 a9fpFg' k¥of] lg < vf]Ot To;f]
ePsf]] < lj/fnfsf 3fF6Ldf 306L afWg]
syf h:tf] lsg u/]sf] xf] xfd|f ;Qfl;g
k|wfgdGqL, k//fi6«dGqL / ef/tl:yt g]kfnL
/fhb"tx?n] . s] sf/0fn] cfh;Dd
logLx?n] d'v vf]Ng g;s]sf

k|]/0ffbfoL JolQmTj M c~h' l;+x
d]/f] af/]df eGg'kbf{ M
g]kfnsf] /fi6«lgdf{tf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf]
vns x'F d . /ut}n] klg b]z arfpg'k5{
eGg] efjgf ddf hfu[t x'G5 . jftfj/0f
;+/If0fsf If]qdf ljut @% jif{b]lv
lqmofzLn eO{ nfluk/]sf] 5' . jftfj/0f
eGg] s'/f cfkm}Fdf ljzfn s'/f xf] . o;sf]
Pp6f ;fgf] efudf d}n] ;fgf] sfd ub}{
cfO/x]sL 5' . of] sfd ug]{ lhDdf dnfO{
s;}n] lbPsf] xf]Og, d cfkm}Fn] ;dfhdf
s]xL kl/jt{gsf/L sfd ug'{k5{ eg]/
;'?jft u/]sL x'F .
sf7df8f}Fsf] kmf]x/d}nfdf xft xfn]sL 5' .
sltn] t olQsf] k9]sf] dfG5] lsg kmf]x/df
sfd u/]sf] Dof8 eg]/ dnfO{ lh:ofpg]
ub{5g\ . d}n] pgLx?nfO{ s]xL g/fd|f]
hjfkm lbGg, ;Fu} ;fydf lnO{ jftfj/0fs}
If]qdf sfd ug{ cfJxfg u5'{ . d}n]
kmf]x/d}nfaf6 a9LeGbf a9L dflg;nfO{
/f]huf/L l;h{gf ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] s'/f
/fd|/L a'em]/ g} o; If]qdf nfluk/]sL
x'F . g]kfnsf $–% ;o dflg;x?nfO{
kmf]x/d}nfaf6} /f]huf/L lbO/x]sf] 5' . cem}
!)cf}F xhf/ o'jfx?nfO{ g]kfnd} /f]huf/L
lbg] p2]Zosf ;fy @)cf}F jif{b]lv o;
If]qd} sfd ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5' . dnfO{
g]kfnL o'jfx? k};fsf] nf]edf k/L vf8L
/ c/a e"lddf uP/ rsf]{ udL{df sfd
ul//x]sf] b]Vbf÷;'Gbf Hofb} b'Mv nfu]/
cfpF5 . g]kfnL o'jfx?nfO{ :jb]zd}
cfo{cfh{gdf ;dflxt ug]{ dxTjk"0f{
sfdsf] ?kdf d}n] kmf]x/d}nfaf6 k|z:t
;Defjgfx? b]v]sf] 5' . d}n] @) jif{b]lv
u/]sf] sfdsf] d"Nof+sg u/]/ g} xf]nf
o; jif{ Dofg]hd]G6 P;f]l;P;g g]kfnsf]
tkm{af6 /fi6«klt cjf8{’ k|fKt u/]sf] 5' .
o;af6 o; If]qdf sfd ug{ cem} xf};nf
ldn]sf] 5 .
kmf]x/nfO{ ;a}n] x]osf b[li6n] x]g]{ ub{5g\
t/ xfdLn] kmf]x/nfO{ df]x/df ?kfGt/0f
11÷r}q o'lg6L EjfO;

ug]{ cleofgdf nfu]sf 5f}F . sf7df8f}Fsf]
6]s'df /x]sf] kmf]x/af6 lah'nL afNg] sfddf
xfdLn] ;kmntf k|fKt ul/;s]sf 5f}F .
To:t}, kmf]xf]/af6 lg:s]sf lrhljhx?nfO{
xfdLn] sDkf]i6 dnsf] ?kdf ;xL k|of]u
ug{ ;S5f}F . xfd|f] h:tf] s[lifk|bfg b]z
oxfF s[lif k]zfdf k|r"/ ;Defjgf 5g\ t/
klg s[ifsnfO{ pkNnf] bhf{sf] ?kdf x]g]{
ul/G5 . d}n] kmf]xf]/sf] If]qdf xft xfn]sf]
5' . lj:tf/} ljsf; ub}{ nfg] ;f]rsf ;fy
cl3 al9/x]sf] 5' .
‘j]i6 OghL{’sf ;Gb{e s]xL ;do cl3
sf7df8f}F dxfgu/kflnsfn] 6]G8/ cfJxfg
u/]sf] lyof] . To;avt xfdLn] sfd ug{
;S5f}F eg]/ 6]G8/ xfNof}F / sfd xfdLn]
k|fKt u/L sfo{ ;Dkfbg ;d]t ul/;s]sf
5f}F .
sf7df8f}Fsf] kmf]x/d}nfnfO{ s;/L
Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] s'/f
;/sf/sf] ;w}el/sf] 6fpsf] b'vfO{sf]
ljifo xf] . ;w}Fel/ xfdL csf{sf] el/of /
csf{sf] j'O r9]/ slt lbg afFRg] eG7fg]/
sf7df8f}Fsf] kmf]x/nfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/n]
Joj:yfkg ug{ g;s]/ lj=;+= @)$^ ;fn
cufl8 g} hd{g ;/sf/n] cfP/ kmf]x/nfo{
Joj:yfkg ul/lbPsf] lyof] . s]xL ;o;Dd
sf7df8f}F pkTosf ;'Gb/ eof] . pgLxc?n]
Tof] kl/of]hgf ;DkGg u/]kZrft\ 5f8]/
uO;s]kl5 ;a} lhDd]jf/x? sf7df8f}F
gu/kZrftodf cfof] . @)$^ kl5 b]zdf
7"nf] kl/jt{g cfof] . h'ga]nf ax'bnn]
;/sf/sf] g]t[Tjdf cfof] . k|hftGq
cfPkZrft\ pGgtLeGbf a];LF cjGglt b]v]F .
;fgf] s'/f, kmf]xf]/ d}nfsf] Joj:yfkg;Dd
klg ;/sf/n] ug{ ;s]g] . 7"N7"nf ;lkª
;]G6/x? lgdf{0f eP, /fd|f–/fdf k|f8f]
kh]/f]x? u'8] . ;dfhnfO{ ;';'lrt
ug]{ p2]Zosf ;fy y'k|} kqklqsf, /]l8of],
l6eLh:tf ldl8of ;+:yfx? rf}tkmL{
?kdf km}lnP . t/ klg ;fgf] s'/f klg
Jojl:yt ug{ ;ls/x]sf 5}gf}F . ;a}n] s;}
g s;}sf] emf]nL af]s]sf 5g\ . s'g} g
s'g} b]zn] pgLx?nfO{ ;kf]{6 u/]sf 5g\ t/
cfkm\gf] :jfledfg / /fli6«otf eGg] s'/f
;a}n] e'Nb} uPsf]df b'Mv nflu/x]sf] 5 .
12÷r}q o'lg6L EjfO;
xfdLn] xfd|f] ;|f]tnfO{ d]xgtsf ;fy
pkof]u ug{ ;Sof}F eg] s;}sf] ;kf]{6sf]
h?/t g} kb}{g xfdLnfO{ . o;y{, xfdLn]
k/lge{/ x'g'eGbf klg :jfjnDaL eO{
afFRg] ;+:sf/ l;sf}F . o;sf] lglDt
cg]sg\ ;Defjgf / cfwf/x? b]v]/ g}
d}n] kmf]x/sf] If]qdf sbd cufl8 a9fPsL
x'F . clxn] g]kfn ;/sf/sf sd{rf/Lx?n]
klg cfxf] Û /fd|f] sfd ug'{eP5 Dof8d,
cg'bfg lng cfpgf];\ eg]/ eGg yfn]sf]
cj:yf 5 . d klg pxfFx?sf] cfu|xnfO{
:jLsf/ ub}{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] cl3 ;f/]sf
of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdx?df ;d]t xft]dfnf]
ub}{ l8Fl8/x]sf] 5' .
b'/b/fh;Dd r]tgf km}nfpg]
cleofg M
d ;fdflhs ;]jf sfo{df /f]6/L OG6/g]zg
Snasf] dfWodaf6 k|j]z u/]sL x'F . d}n]
nfdf] ;do;Dd /f]6/L OG6/g]zg Snasf]
pkfWoIf eP/ sfd u/]F . hxfF %–^ jif{;Dd
;fd'bflos lgb]{zs eP/ sfd u/]F . ToxfF
d}n] s'g} tna lnP/ sfd u/]sL xf]Og,
cfkm\g} k};f /fvL, clg To;df ‘Doflrª
u|f08’x? vf]Hb} sfd ug]{ ul/GYof] . xfdLn]
l;Gw'kfNrf]ssf] ef]6]rf}/sf] c:ktfn,
:ofª\hf / aGbLk'/sf] c:ktfnx? To;/L
lgdf{0f u/]sf xf}F . o;} l;nl;nfdf xfdLn]
;d'bfosf s[ifsx?nfO{ *( j6f ufO{
;d]t ljt/0f u/]sf lyof}F . y'k|} b'/b'/fhdf
xfdLn] :jf:Yo lzlj/x? nu]sf lyof}F .
clxn] d Psbh{g hlt ;+3;+:yfdf cfj4
5' . ;fy} d /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o
?kdf sfo{kq k|:t't u/L cfkm\gf]
/f]hL/f]6Lsf] Joj:yf ug]{ u/]sf] 5' .
cfOPghLcf], PghLcf]nfO{ aGb
ug'{k5{ M
ha;Dd d'n'sdf ;/sf/L tj/af6 /fHosf]
lglDt 7f]; of]hgfcg'?k sfd ul/Fb}g ta
b]zsf] ljsf;sf] nflu bft[/fi6«x?n] hlt
;xof]u lbFbf klg Tof] jfn'jfdf kfgL
xfn];/x x'g hfG5 . clxn] g]kfn ;/sf/
/ ljleGg cfOPghLcf] / PghLcf]dfkm{t\

cfPsf] hlt klg ;xof]u /fzL g]kfndf
lelqPsf 5g\ To;sf] Ps rf}yfO{ klg
;b'kof]u x'g ;s]sf] cj:yf 5}g . of]
Hofb] lj8Djgfk"0f{ s'/f xf] . o;tkm{
;DalGwt lgsfosf] Wofg k'Ug g;Sg'sf]
k5fl8 ljljw sf/0fx? x'g ;Snfg\ . of]
;+:sf/ gx6];Dd g]kfnsf] slxNo} klg
ljsf; x'g ;Sb}g .
b]zsf] ljsf; ug{ o;f] ug'{knf{ M
hlt klg bft[lgsfoaf6 cg'bfg k|fKt
x'g] ;a} lsl;dsf 9f]sfx?nfO{ aGb u/L
/fHon] Psåf/ gLltaf6 bft[ /fi6«af6 k|fKt
ePsf] ;xof]unfO{ ;j{k|yd kf/bzL{ ?kdf
/fHosf] 9's'6Ldf /fVg'k5{ / /fli6«o dxTj /
of]hgfsf sfo{qmdx?df Tof] k};f k"jf{u|xL
ljgf vr{ ug{ ;lsPsf] v08df d'n'ssf]
ljsf; x'G5 eGg] d]/f] b[li6sf]0f /x]sf]
5 . o;f] elg/xFbf clwgfosjfb h:tf]
b]lvg ;S5' . xfd|f]h:tf] b]z :ju{e"ld
xf] . o;nfO{ elh{gNof08 -s'df/L e"ld_
sf] ?kdf klg dfGg ;lsG5 . oxfF ul/vfg]
w]/} ;Defjgf 5g\ / af6fx? k|z:t 5g\ .
lj8Djgfk"0f{ s'/f xfdL d]xgtL lyof}F,
t/ clxn] d]xgtL 5}gf}F . xfd|f afpafh],
k'vf{ d]xgtL lyP t/ xfdL 5}gf}F . xfdLn]
cfkm\gf] k]zfnfO{ slxNo} ;Ddfg ug{
hfg]gf}F . c?sf] k]zfnfO{ xfdLn] ;Ddfg
ul//x\of}F t/ cfkm\gf] k]zfnfO{ cfb/
;Ddfg ug{ hfg]gf}F . oxL sf/0fn] xfdL
cjGgtL ePsf xf}F . xfdLn] xfd|f df}lns
vfgfx? u'Gb|'s / l9Fnf]nfO{ la;]{/ lkHhf
/ ju{/ ?rfpg] o'jfk':tfnfO{ ;+:sf/ lbof}F,
k9]/ cfdfa'afsf] ;]jf ug'{ / :jb]zsf]
;]jf ug'{ eGbf klg hLjge/ ljb]z
e"lddf /ut–kl;gf aufP/ a"9]zsfndf
8n/;Fu} g]kfn lelqFb} g]kfnnfO{ dfof
ug]{ Kof/f] g]kfnL eGg] dfgl;stf 3/b]lv
ljZjljBfno;Dddf xfd|f k':tfx?nfO{
l;Sofcf}F . of] ;+:sf/nfO{ ca h/}b]lv
kl/jt{g ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf eO;s]sf] 5 .
lwSsf/ 5 g]kfnLnfO{,
dft[e"ldsf] ca dfof u/ M
ev{/} uPsf] e'sDksf] gfddf klg 7"nf]
wg/fzL g]kfndf lelqof] eg]/ elgPsf]
xf] . xfdLn] kqklqsfdf klg x]/]s}
xf}F . Pp6f ;/sf/L sd{rf/LnfO{ To;sf]
ljifodf ;f]Wbf k};f cfPsf] 5}g, af]n]sf]
dfq xf] eGg] k|To'Q/ lbg] u5{g\ . of] t ‘tF
/f]Ph:t} u/, d s'6]h:tf] u5'{ . eGg] k|j[lQ
eO/x]sf] 5 . dnfO{ Pp6f ;Ktfxk"hfsf]
;Demgf cfof] . ;Ktfx nfpFbfv]l/ olt
nfv, plt nfv eg]/ dfOsdfkm{t\ u'?sf]
d'vaf6 af]Ng nufOG5, t/ ha ;Ktfx
;lsG5 clg k};f p7fpg 3/3/ wfpFb}sf]
x}/fgL, k};f rflxF p7\g] x}g . o;y{, xfdLn]
Ifl0fssf] nflu 7"nf] aGg] ;kgf sbflk
lhGbuLdf gb]vf}F, OdfGbf/L sfd ug{
;Sg'k5{ / l;Sg'k5{ ;a}n] eGg] nfU5
dnfO{ .
xfdLn] hfkfgsf] klg pbfx/0f lng ;S5f}F .
bf];|f] ljZjo'4 kl5 pgLx?n] w]/} b'Mv
u/L cfkm\gf] b]znfO{ ;d[l4sf] lzv/df
k'¥ofP . l;+ufk'/, yfONof08sf] cfh sxfF
k'u]sf] 5 . g]kfnL ;a} ‘OhLdgL’sf] k5fl8
bf}l8/x]sf 5g\ . sfdnfO{ 7"nf] / ;fgf]
eGg] ;+:sf/ xfd|f] afpafh]b]lv g} lje]b
ePsf] kfOG5 . g]kfnh:tf] s[lifk|bg b]z
xf], t/ klg s[lif k]zfnfO{ x]osf] b[li6n]
x]g]{ ul/G5 .
ljb]zdf /x]sf g]kfnLn] cfkm\gf
5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ ufnL ubf{ klg /fd|/L k9\,
gq g]kfn k7fOlbg knf{’ eg]/ cfkm\gf]
5f]5f]/LnfO{ eGb} ubf{ pgLx?df g]kfnk|ltsf]
dfgl;stf s:tf] /xnf . ljb]zdf /x]sf
u|Lgsf8{ xf]]N8/x?n] s] g]kfnsf] ;fFlRrs}
dfof unf{g\ t < o;s'/faf6 klg k'li6
x'g] ub{5 . To;}n] dnfO{ ljb]zdf a:g]
dflg;x? w'Gwfg /fd|f x'g\, pgLx?n] 8n/
sdfPsf xf]nfg\ t/ ;xL ?kdf g]kfnnfO{
dfof ug]{ ;+:sf/ pgLx?n] cfkm\gf
;GttLnfO{ lbgsf lglDt klg pgLx?n]
cfkm\gf af]nL / Jojxf/x?df kl/jt{g
Nofpg ljb]zdf /xg'ePsf bfh'efO tyf
lblbalxgLx?df cg'/f]w ug{ rfxG5'.
k'g, l3l;ª / uf}tdx?sf]
of]ubfg slxNo} ge'nf} M
g]kfn cfdfn] dxfjL/ k'gnfO{ hGd lbOg,
of] v'zLsf] s'/f xf] . s'ndfg l3l;ªsf]
k|of;nfO{ ;fy lbOg, of] uj{sf] ljifo xf] .
clg uf]ljGb uf}tdsf] cfkm\gf] e"ld/Iffsf]
;f]rnfO{ ;x|f/f ul/g] ca g]kfnL ;dfh
/ Oltxf;n] of] s'/fnfO{ slxNo} e'Ng
ldNb}g . g]kfn cfdfsf] d'xf/ xFl;nf] kfg{
ul/Psf] k|of; ca k|To]s g]kfnLx?n]
ug'{kg]{ a]nf eO;s]sf] 5 . o;y{, ljb]zdf
a;]/ g]kfnL dfof u/]sf] gf6seGbf klg
cfkm\gf] :jb]z kms]{/ cfdfa'af / kl/jf/;Fu
v'zLsf ;fy afFRg] ;kgf / ;ª\sNk
lnFb} cl3 a9\g d k|To]s g]kfnnfO{ o;}
klqsfdfkm{t\ cfJxfg ug{ rfxG5' .
o; d'n'sdf ;a} e|i6}e|i6 dfq} klg t
hlGdPsf 5}gg\ . ca /fd|f dflg;x?sf]
klxrfg ub}{ e|i6x?nfO{ gfª\u]emf/ kfg'{kg]{
lhDd]jf/L tkfOFxfd|f] sfFwdf cfO;s]sf]
5 . olb l9nf] eof] eg] d'n's cem}
ajf{bLs]f lbzftkm{ pGd'v x'g ;Sg]5 .
cem} xfdLn] y'k|} sfdx? ug{ ;Sg'kg]{5 .
xfdLn] cfpFbf k':tfsf lglDt dfu{bz{gsf]
?kdf s]xL gjLg sfdsf] ;'?jft
ul/lbg'kg]{ 5 . o;n] g} g]kfnL df6f]df
s]xL ;sf/fTds ;Gb]z k|jfx x'g]5 eGg]
ljZjf; lnPsL 5' .
cr]n ;a}df b]vfl;vLkg a9]sf]
5 . ufpFsf] dfG5] ;x/ l5g]{ ;kgf b]V5,
zx/sf dfG5] ljb]z k'Ug] ;kgf b]V5 .
xfdLsxfF ef}lts lrhx? dfq} ag] . t/
;+:sf/, ;+:s[lt / lzi6frf/sf] s'/fx?
;a}n] lj:tf/} e'Nb} uPsf 5g\ . olb
ef}lts lrhx? ;8sx? ag]/ dfq}
ljsf; / kl/jt{g dflg; xf] eg] ca of]
b]z l/Qf] xf]nf ls eGg] lrGtf a9]sf] 5 .
cr]n ufpFufpF a"9fa'9L / dlxnfafx]s
c? sf]xL 5}gg\ . clg o'jf zlQm ljb]zd}
knfog x'g] xf] eg] clg b]zsf] pGgtL
s;/L x'g ;S5, of] j8f] ;f]rgLo s'/f]
xf] . ;/sf/n] ;dod} Wofg k'¥ofO
g]kfndf g} /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/x? l;h{gf
ug]{ jftfj/0ftkm{ nfUg'k¥of] . d jftfj/0f
j}1flgs ePsf] gftfn] s] eGg rfxG5'
eg] b]zsf] ljsf;sf] lgldt ;fdflhs,
cfly{s, /fhgLlts, wfld{s oL rf/}j6fsf
;dGjo eO{ cufl8 a9]sf] v08df dfq}
aNn Tof] b]zsf] ljsf; ePsf] dflgG5 .
cr]n ljsl;t /fi6« rLg, cd]l/sf h:tf
7fpFdf klg dflg;df l8ef];{ ug]{ / aRrf
13÷r}q o'lg6L EjfO;

hGdfpg w]/}n] 5f]l8;s]sf 5g\ . o;n] 7"nf]
;fdflhs b/f/sf] l:ylt lgDTofPsf]df
lrlGtt x'gkg]{ cj:yf eO;s]sf] 5.
o;y{, ;dfh ef}lts ?kdf aGg' dfq
ljsf; xf]Og eGg] nfUb5 .
d'n'sdf kl/jt{g eof] eGg]
l:ylt 5}g M
g]kfnsf] Oltxf;nfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg]
k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] u/]sf] zf;g
cjlwb]lv @)!&, #@, #^ / $^ x'Fb}
u0ftflGqs d'n's;Dddf u/]sf ;Dk"0f{
kl/jt{gsf] cfFsng ul/g' h?/L 5 .
To;sf/0f ljsfd x'g] qmd rflxF eO/x]sf
5g\, s'g}df a9L s'g}df sd 5g\ . t/
h'g lj;sf x'g'kg]{ xf] gofF k':tfnfO{
b]vfpg'kg]{ af6fx? pgLx?k|lt /fHosf]
tkm{af6 lbg'kg]{ pQ/bfloTj / Tof] ;Fu}
hf]l8Psf] eljiosf] ax'cfoflds
kf6fx?, u/L vfg] pBf]uwGbf ;~rfng
x'g ;s]sf 5}gg . b'Mvsf s'/f clxn]
t kl/jf/;Dd} Ps};fy 5}g s;/L kl/jt{g
eof] eg]/ eGg] < 5f]/f5f/L Psflt/ 5g\,
a'afcfdf Psflt/ 5g\, dfof 5}g, df]x 5}g
olQ ;fdflhs ljrng cfPsf 5, clg
;/sfn] kl/jt{g sxfFg]/ s;/L u¥of] . d}n]
rflxF o;nfO{ ;sf/fTds ?kdf lnPsL
5}g .
xf], lxhf] xfdL t]nlng nfO{ hls{g
lnP/ hfGYof}, b"w lngnfO{ 9'ª\u|f] lnP/
hfGYof}F, cfh Tof] ;a} x6]/ uPsf] 5 .
;fdflhs, kfl/jfl/s ljrngx?df slt
5g\, Pp6f ;fgf]eGbf ;fgf] dflg;nfO{ klg
oxfF afFRgnfO{ slt sl7g 5 . kfOn}lkR5]
8/ / qf;k"0f{ jftfjf/0fdf afFRg'kl//]x]sf
5 eg] o;}nfO{ dfq ljsf; d rflxF
dfGg ;lSbgF . clxn] ;fdflhs ;'/Iff /
lzi6frf/ g} 5}g .
u/] eGb}df ;jf s/f]8eGbf a9L g]kfnLsf]
efjgfdfly s'7f/f3f6 ug{ ldNb}g . ;Lldt
k};f / k|efjsf e/df wd{ kl/jt{gsf]
gf6s /Rg]jfnf g]kfnL cfdfsf ;Rrf
;GttLn] Tof] xs{t sbflk ug]{ 5}gg\ . d
Pp6f lqmlZrt /fi6«df a;]/ k9]sL dfG5] .
d;Fu w]/} lqmlZrog ;fyLx? klg 5g\ .
lqmlZrogn] klg lxGb" wd{nfO{ dfG5g\ .
cd]l/sfsf k"j{ /fi6«klt jf/fs cf]jfdfs}
s'/f ug]{ xf] eg] pgn] lxGb' k"hf/L klg
/fv]sf lyP, k"hf u/]/ l6sfk|;fb u|x0f
ug]{ ub{y] . xfd|f b]zsf g]tf egfpFbfx?n]
hgtfsf cfFvfdf 5f]/f xfnL !)cf}F xhf/
g]kfnL cfdfsf] 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] Hofg df/L
s';L{df k'u]/ cg]sg t'gfd'gf a'Gb} cem
klg hgtfnfO{ em'Sofpg] v]n v]Nb} tdf;f
b]vfO/x]sf 5g\ . x]/f}F, slt~h]n;Dd
logLx?sf tdf;f l6Sg] xf], tdf;f Ps
g Ps lbg kbf{kmf; x'g] s'/fdf g]kfnL
hgtfx? k|ltIff u/L s'l//x]sf 5g\ .
x'g t xfdLh:tf b'O{rf/ cIf/
k9]n]v]sf dflg;x? g} /fhgLlts If]qdf
k|j]z gu/]sf sf/0f g]kfnsf] /fhgLltdf
e]8fayfgsf] x'n em}F ag]sf] xf] . k9]sf
dfG5] 8f= afa'/fd e§/fO{h:tf] dfG5] klg
/fhgLlts nfu]sf] lyP, pgL klg xfF;sf]
x'nsf] as'Nnf ag], x'g ;S5 pgn] klg
xfd|f] /fli6«otf / dof{bfsf s'/fx? e'n]
eGg] ;'Gbf Hofb} b'Mv nfU5 .
dnfO{ ca /fhgLlts If]qdf nfUg'eGbf
klg cfkm"n] xft xfn]sf] jffj/0fsf] If]q
/ ;fdflhs If]qsf] sfd ub}{ a9L cfgGb
/ uj{sf] cg'e"lt ug]{ u/]sf] 5' . To;}n]
o;}df ;dlk{t eO{ afFsL ;do JotLt ug]{
;f]rdf 5' .
jf:tjdf wd{n] /fi6« rnfpg] xf]Og. wd{
/x\of] eg] dfq cg'zf;g, rl/q / dfgj
hLjgdf ;'vzfGtL k|fKt x'g ;Sb5 . g]kfn
lxhf] klg lxGb'/fi6« xf], ca ko{Gt klg
lxGb"/fi6«s} ?kdf /lx/xg'k5{ . s]jn g]tf
egfpFbfx? Psb'O{hgf sf]7fdf a;]/ lg0f{o
14÷r}q o'lg6L EjfO;

uf]/v axfb'/ lj=;L=
@! cf}+ ztfAbL ;"rgf / k|ljlwsf] o'u
xf] . of] ;"rgf / k|ljlwn] ljZjsf
dflg;x?nfO{ Pp6} 3/ h:t} glhSofpg]
Ps cfk;sf ;d:of ;dfwfg /
cGt/lj/f]wx? a'emg]] a'emfpg] ;xh
?kn] ;+rflnt x'g] ;+rf/sf] 7"nf]
k|ultdf kmN8sf] df/]sf] 5 . ;+rf/n]
dfG5]sf wf/0ffdf klg 7"nf] kl/jt{g ub}{
tnb]lv dfly;Dd cfˆgf] kx'Fr :yflkt
u/L ultl;n ljZj pgd'vlt/ 5 . ;"rgf
/ ;+rf/sf] lj:tf/n] ljZjsf hgtfx?
;f]Rg]z}nL / lrGtgdf cfd'n kl/jt{g
dfq} u/]sf 5}g o;n] 7"nf7"nf /fhg}lts,
cfly{s, ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts kl/jt{gsf
afxs ePsf] 5 . ;"rgfk|ljlwn]
/f]huf/Lsf cj;/x? clwstd
?kn] j[l4df klg ;+xof]u k'¥ofPsf]
5 . ljZjdf ePsf åGåx?nfO{ ldl8ofsf]
dfWodaf6 ;xhLs/0f ug{ klg w]/} 7"nf]
;xof]u ag]sf] 5 . ;+rf/sf] ljsf;;Fu}
dfgj;d'bfodf k|ljlwsf] k|of]udf
;b'kof]u / b'?kof]u klg a9L/x]sf] tyf
cfd dflg;nfO{ pkef]Qmfjfbdf kml;g]
vt/f klg pTkGg ePsf] 5 . o;} k]l/km]/Ldf
;+rf/ dfWod ;+nUg ;+:yf, JolQmx?n]
;dfh, /fi6« k|lt a9L pQ/bfoL lhDd]jf/L
klg ylkPsf] 5 . ;Fu} hLjg ofkgsf
tl/sfx?nfO{ ;xlhs/0f ug]{ / :jfldTj
u|x0f ug]{ g}lts w/ftnsf] bf]iffwdf
cfhsf] ldl8of ;+3if{/t 5 . ljZje/Lsf]
;~rf/sf] ljsf;qmddf g]kfndf klg
ljleGg ?kn] ;~rf/sf] k|of]u ljlwx?
k|flrgtd x'Fb} cfw'lgs o'usf] k|ljlwdf
k|j]z u/]sf] 5 . g]kfndf k|flrg ;dodf
;"rgfsf] k|of]u k+IfL b]lv lglZrt dflg;
k|of]u u/L ul/GYof] . cem Tof] ;dodf
ef]hkq, tfdfkq, l;nfkq cflb dfkm{t
lzIff tyf k|rf/ ul/GYof] . cem eGg] xf]
eg] dflg;nfO{ e]nf x'g afhfahfP/ Ps}
7fpFdf hDdf x'g] ;+rf/ ;+s]tx? k|of]u
ul/GYof] . ufOg], km]/L nfupg] hf]uLx?
dfkm{t /fHosf] ;"rgf ;+sng ug]{ k/Dk/f
lyof] . Tof];+u} x'nfs, kqd~h';f x'Fb}
6]nLu|fkm dfkm{t cfdhgtfnfO{ ;"rgfsf]
kx'r k'¥ofpg] k|of; eP . ;do qmd;Fu}
k|sfzgsf ljlwx? dfkm{t klqsf
k|sfzg ug{ z'? ul/of] . of] ;Fu cfd
g]kfnL ;dfhdf r]gtfsf] :t/j[l4 ug{
k|sfzg dfWodaf6 7"nf] e"ldsf v]Nof] /
;dfhnfO{ kl/jt{g clwsf/ ;DkGg agfpg
klqsfx?n] ljz]if e"ldsf v]Nof] . of];Fu
ljB'tLo ldl8ofsf] ljsf; u/]/ >Ao
;"rgf dfkm{t cfd dflg;df ;"rgf k|fKt
ug]{ ljZjel/sf 36gfqmdx?sf ljifodf
;f]Rg] wf/0ff agfpg] cfwf/ aGof] .
of];Fu} b[Zo tyf >Ao ;fwgx? lgdf{0f
ul/ hgtfsf ;d:ofx?sf] ljifodf
/+usdLdfkm{t ;dfhnfO{ hfu/0f u/fpg]
sfd eof] . of];+u 6]lnkmf]g, 6]lnlehg
ljsf;;Fu} z}lIfs :t/ klg clej[l4 x'Fb}
hfFbf hgtfn] cfˆgf] clwsf/ / st{Jok|lt
bfloTj af]w u/L hgcfGbf]ng u/] . hf]
@)$^ ;fnsf] kl/jt{gn] ;"rgf If]qdf
Jofks ljsf; u/L /]l8of], Pkm=Pd=x?sf]
Jofks ljsf; eof] ;Fu} 6]lnlehgx?sf]
klg ljsf; eof] . ;"rgf e"d08nLs/0f
dfkm{t cgnfO{g ;~rf/dfWodsf] ljsf;n]
clxn] ljZj Pp6} ufpF h:t} ePsf]
5 . ;"rgf / k|ljlwsf] ljsf;n] dfG5]sf]
;f]r tl/sf, n]vg tl/sf, cleJoQ ug]{
t/Lsf gfddf dfq ljsf; ePg To;n]
a9\bf]t/L /f]huf/sf cj;/;Fu Jofkf/sf
gofF cfofdx? r/d ljsf;sf] ultdf
kl/jt{gsf];fy} ljsf; ePsf] 5 .
P]ltxf;Ls sfnb]lv ljleGg ;dodf
5nkmn ax; cg';Gwfg dfkm{t a}l4s
tyf k|fl1s, ax; vf]h cg';Gwfg dfkm{t
dflg;nfO{ g}lts tyf rl/qjfg agfO{
/fHo ;~rfg ljlwnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{
ljleGg ;dodf 7"n7"nf wd{ ;efdfkm{t
bz{gx?sf] ljsf; ul/of] . Tof] P]ltxfl;s
k|df0fsf] ?kdf 57 bz{g -Jofs/0f,
a]b, ;f+ª\v], lgdfz+, ci7of]u, Gofobz{g_
xfd|} lj4fg n]vsx?n] n]v]sf] :ki6
g} 5 . o;};Fu ljsl;t u/L pklgifb\,
k'/f0f pkk'/f0f, sfAo n]vg k/Dk/fsf]
ljsfl;t cfwf/x? xfdLsxfF tfh} 5 .
;dosfn kl/jt{g;Fu n]vgLo 9fFrfx?
Jofks ljsf;sf af6fx? v'Nnf ?kn]
cfd ;d'bfo;Fu k'Ug] / To;nfO{ cWoog
ug]{ / a'em\g] tl/sfdf Jofks lj:tf/
15÷r}q o'lg6L EjfO;

eO{ n]vg k/Dk/fdf cfw'lgs ;~rf/sf]
k|ljlw hf]8]/ ljZj dfgjsf efjgfx?
cGt/+u ?kn] a'em\g] aemfpg] s'/fdf
;xh ePsf] 5 . n]vsx?sf] ;+Vof
qmdz a9]sf] 5 . Tof];Fu} n]vgLo snfdf
;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds k|efj klg a9\b}
uO/x]sf] 5 . n]vg snfdf ;flxTodf
sfJo, dxfsfJo, pkGof;, lgjGw, gf6s,
sljtf, ;dfnf]rgf, uLt, uhn cflbsf]
dfkm{t ;dfhsf 36gfx? tTsfn /
lb3{sfnLg ?kdf s:tf] k|efj x'G5 eGg]
s'/f n]vsx?n] af6f] b]vfPsf] x'G5 .
n]vsx?n] ;fdflhs /fhg}lts, cfly{s,
;f+:s[lts ?kfGt/0f / kl/jt{gnfO{
;+:yfut ug{ ;dodf ;dofdf 7"nf] e"ldsf
v]n]sf] 5 eGg] s'/f ;a}df ;j{ljlwt}
5 . snfsf/ /+usdL{x?n] ;dfhsf
a]lyltx? / cfˆgf] ;dfhsf] e"ldsf /
p;sf] k/Dk/fsf ljifodf clego Jo+Uo
lrqsnf cflbdfkm{t 7"nf] ;Gb]z d'ns
sfo{ u/]sf 5g\\ . ;dflhs / /fhg}lts
kl/jt{gdf /+usdL / snfsf/x?sf] 7"nf]
e"ldsf ;do, sfn ljleGg kl/l:yltdf
/xFb} cfPsf] 5 . To;}n] ;dfhn]
n]vs, kqsf/, sfnfsf/, /+usdL{x?sf]
e"ldsfnfO{ slxn] e'Ng / gh/cGbfh ug{
;Sb}gg\ .
/fi6«, ;dfh / gful/sx?k|lt
kqsf/, n]vs, snfsf/ / /+usdL{n]
nufPsf] u'0f / kl/jt{gnfO{ :yflkt
ub}{ ;+:yfut ug]{ tyf ;a}sf] clwsf/nfO{
;Daf]wg ug]{ g}lts clwsf/ / bfloTj
/ lhDd]jf/L axgug]{ cx+d e"ldsf v]Ng]
sfd ug'{ kb{5 . ljs[lt / lj;+ultsf
tdfd s[ofsnfkx?nfO{ lg:t]hkfb}{ cfd
gful/snfO{ ;r]t ug]{ d'ne"t lhDd]jf/L
ylkPsf] 5 . ax';+Vos hgtfsf] lxtdf
86]/ ;fdgf u/L /fi6« / ;dfhnfO{
;lxaf6f]df nfg] / b]vfpg] bfloTj oL
g} k]zf;Fu hf]l8Psf] x'G5 . /fHooGqsf]
unt gLlt / sfo{qmdnfO{ lgik{|efjL
agfO{ hgtfsf] clwsf/nfO{ l:yflkt
ug]{ cfd hg;d'bfonfO{ ;r]tagfO{
g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{kb{5 . /fHo
oGq / cfd gfu/LsnfO{ ;dfGoh:otf
:yfkgf ug]{ ;]t'sf] sfd ug'{ kb{5 .
tdfd ;d:ofx?sf afah't oL k]zfdf
cfj4 JolQmx?sf klg 7"nf ;d:ofx?
16÷r}q o'lg6L EjfO;
5g\\ . ToxL ;d:ofx?nfO{ ;dfwfg ug{
klg 66\sf/f] cfjZostf 5 . oL k]zfdf
cfj4 ;d'bfosf] cfly{s ;fdflhs
af}of]QmL -b}lgs_ ;'/Iffsf ljifo cToGt}
sdhf]/ / ul/5g\\ . ;d:ofx? ;dfwfg
ug{ /fHonfO{ bjfj lbO{ k]zfut xs
lxtsf] ;'/lIft ug]{ clxn]sf] cfjZostf
5 . jt{dfg cj:yfdf Joj:foLo wd{df
/x]/ oL k]zf ug]{x?sf] cj:yf cToGt}
bogLo / gfh's 5 . o; ljifo j:t'n]
ubf{ gful/sn] kfpFg] ;]jf ;'ljwf ;+k|/0f
ug{ s7Lg kl//x]sf] 5 . h:n] ubf{
k]zfsf] dof{bfdf O{:vng cfpg] vt/f
a9L /x]sf] 5 . k]zfut dof{bf eGbf
aflx/sf JolQmx?sf] lgoGq0f, lgb]{zg
/ sf]efhgdf Joj;foLo n]vs kqsf/,
snfsf/ /+usdL{ k/]sf 5g\\ . o;nfO{ klg
xfdL n]vs kqsf/x?n] Wofg lbO{ ;du|
e"dLsfsf] cleofgdf ljz]ift kqsfx?n]
/f]ndf]8n eO{ ;+k|]z0fdf cem a9L nfUg'
kg]{ ePsf] 5 .
o;y{ g]kfnL ;dfhsf] jt{dfg kl/
l:yltnfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ o; leqsf tdfg
36gfqmdx? lbzflgb]{zg ub}{ ;fdflhs,
kfl/jf/Ls lj36g tyf ;f:s[lts
ljrngnfO{ /f]Sg / pkef]QmfjfbL
dgf]lrGtgnfO{ ;'wf/ u/L ;dfhdf /x]sf]
lj/f]wx?nfO{ ;+Daf]wg ug]{ cfwf/ tof/
u/L /fHooGqdf ;dfg ;xefuLtf, Gofo,
;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df ;fdflhs
/fhgLltssf] ;+af]wg u/fpg] kxn sbd
u/L zflGtsf] :yfloTj ub}{ d'n'snfO{
ljsf; r/0fdf k|j]z u/fpg] tdfd
af6fx?nfO{ v'nf ub}{ ;d[l4 tkm{ d'n'''snfO{
cufl8 a9fpg xfdL ;a}sf] ;femf kxn
sbd / bfloTjk"0f{ e"ldsf] lhDd]jf/L jxg
ug]{ sfd xfdL n]vs, kqsf/, snfsf/ /
/+usdL{x?sf] g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf sfwdf
cfPsf] 5 .

g]kfn l;lSsdLs/0flt/ pGd'v
8f= zf:qbQ kGt
/0fgLlts cj:yf M
!= g]kfnn] l;lSsd ef/tdf ljno
ePsf]df 3f]/ cfklQ hgfof] . g]kfnn]
To;nfO{ cfh;Dd klg ;dy{g u/]sf]
5}g . s'6g}]lts efiffdf l;lSsd cfh
klg :jtGq b]z xf] . l;lSsdsf] af/]df
w]/}n] w]/} rrf{ u/]sf 5g\\ t/ l;lSsd
s;/L xTofOof] eGg] af/] sd} dflg;nfO{
yfxf 5 . cem Tof] eGbf 7"nf] s'/f h'g
tl/sfaf6 l;lSsd ef/tdf ljno u/fOof]
7Ls ToxL k|lqmof oltv]/ g]kfndf rfn'5,
g]kfn l;lSsdLs/0flt/ 8'Ab} uPsf] 5 .
To;sf/0f ltgtfsf l;Ssddf u/]sf s'/f
/ oltv]/ g]kfndf ul/Psf s'/fnfO{ a'Fbfut
¿kdf k|:t't ug{ sf]l;; u/]sf] 5' . d]/f] of]
k|oTg ;a} bnsf g]tf / sfo{stf{n] tyf
o'jf hutn] /fd|/L a'e\mg ;s'g / :jtGq
;fj{ef}d g]kfn /fVg ;s'g\ eGg] dfq xf] .
@=!= …/cÚsf] cys k|oTgkl5 d] *, !(&#
b]lv l;lSsddf k|hftGq cfof] u0ftGq
eof] t/ l;Fuf] b]z k/tGq eof], pklga];
eof], Ol08ofsf] u'nfd eof], bf; eof] .
a]nfotLn] Ol08ofdf zf;g u/]h:t} ca
Ol08ogn] l;lSsddf zf;g u/]sf 5g\\ .
ha b]z :jtGq x'Fb}g, b]zn] k|hftGq
kfpFb}g, b]zsf s'g} df}lns clwsf/
x'Fb}gg\ ToxfF k|hftGq x'g', u0ftGq x'g'
eGg] h:tf s'/fn] s'g} dxTj /fVb}gg\ .
b]zdf h];'s} /fhgLlts Joj:yf ePklg
b]zsf] klxnf] / clgjfo{ cfjZostf
xf] To; b]zsf] /fli6«o :jtGqtf . cfh
l;lSsdn] Tof] cGt/kL8f ef]u]sf] 5 .
pgLx¿ Ps ca{ Ol08og;Fu k|lt:kkwf{
u/]/ Pp6f tNnf]] txsf] hflu/ klg vfg
;Sb}gg\, pBf]uwGbf jf c¿ /f]uhf/df lz/
p7fpg klg ;Qm}gg\ . eG;f/ glt/]sf] ;:tf]
Ol08og sf/ r9\g] bf]hL{jfbsf] ;kgfn] k"/f
l;lSsdL csf]{ b]z Ol08ofsf] bf; ag]sf]
cGt/j]bgf tL l;lSsd]n] cfh cg'e"t
u/]sf 5g\\ hf] b}lgs %) ¿k}ofFsf] sfd
vf]Hb} g]kfnsf cGt/ v'Gt/df lgdf{0f x'g]
of]hgfdf HofdL sfd ug{ cfOk'u]sf 5g\\ .
@=@= cfh Tof] b]zsf] n]08"k bf]h]{n] h;n]
b]znfO{ g} d[To' b08 lbof], v'b k5'tfPsf]
5 . bnfnL ug{] cfhsf g]kfnsf g]tfsf
;+tltn] cfkm\gf k':tfnfO{ ef]nL ;/fKg]5g\\,
lwSsfg{] 5g\\ . b]z s:n] ljno u/fof]
eg]/ cg';Gwfg ug{]5g\\ . ToxL sf/0f
cfh s'g} klg bnk|lt hgtfsf] ljZjf;
5}g . bnnfO{ dt lbg] k|ltztnfO{ bnsf]
;dy{s eGg ldNb}g . vfPvf gvfPl3r
eGg] ljsNk laxLg r'gfjL k|lqmofsf
sf/0f To;f] ePsf] xf] .
#=!= d}n] p7fPsf o:tf s'/. p7fpg]
JolQmnfO{ …/cÚn] pu| /fi6«jfbL, ef/t
la/f]wL, d08n], b/afl/of, /fhfjfbL cflb
gf/f p7fP/ bnfn bnsf sfo{stqf{ åf/f
la/f]w / bdg ug{ nufpg] ub{5 . g]kfnL
x'F eGg]n] o:tf s'/f ulxl/P/ a'e\mg ;Sg'
kb{5 . …/cÚsf] cy{df æ/fi6«jfb eg]sf]
x'nb+uf u/L b'Mv lbg] s]xL cNk;+Vossf]
c;fdfGo dlte|i6«tf xf] .Æ^^ g]kfndf
Ol08ofsf] lyrf]ldrf]sf] lj/f]w ug]{x¿nfO{
æk|hftGq df:g] pu| blIf0fkGyLÆ / …d08n]Ú
eGg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . g]sfF, sf]O/fnf / pgsf]
u'6 åf/f a9L h;f] o;f] eGg] ul/G5 .
To;}n] pgLx¿sf] e"ldsf / n]08'k bf]h]{n]
l;lSsddf cbf u/]sf] e"ldsfdf vf;}
cGt/ kfOFb}g . 3[0ff ckmjfx x'ax' ToxL
5 . To;sf] 7Ls pn6f] csf{y/L hTyfn]
gf/fo0flx6L b/af/sf] houfg ug{]nfO{
dfq /fi6«jfbL egfpg] u/]sf] kfOG5 .tL
d08n] dfq x'g\ . o;/L /fi6«jfbL / d08n]
a]Unfa]Un} j:t' x'g\ eg]/ g klxrfg];Dd
g]kfnLn] b]znfO{ l;lSsdLs/0f x'g'af6
arfpg ;Sb}gg\ . kl5 To; af/] klg d}n]
5n{Ëofpg] 5' .
#=@= …/cÚn] a+unfb]z kl5 l;lSsdsf]
ck/]zgsf] sfd kmQ] u¥of] . oltv]/
g]kfnsf] /fhgLltsf] 5xf/Ldf ToxL s'/f
klGkO/x]sf] 5 . 7"n–7"nf g]tf To;df
nfu]sf 5g\\ . oltv]/ g]kfndf g]kfnL
lHfofp/ /xdfg / y'k}}| n]08'k bf]h]{x¿n]
g]kfnL /fhgLltsf] dxTjk"0f{ cf]xf]bfdf
s8f ks8 lnO;s]sf 5g\\ .
#=#= ToxL ks8sf sf/0f g]kfnsf]
cy{gLlt :jtGq /fVg] / g/fVg]sfaLr
cGt/snx 5Ù b]zsf] k//fi6« gLlt c;+nUg,
t6:y tyf ;db'/Ldf /fVg] g/fVg]aLr
snx 5Ù efbufpFn] 6f]kLl;t bf}/f ;'?jfn
nufpg] / …r'Rr]Ú 6f]kL;Fu wf]tL s'tf{
nufpg] aLr snx 5Ù k|wfgdGqL aGg]
ls d'VodGqL aGg] eGg]aLr snx 5 .
cfofltt /fhgLlt ;~rfng ug]{ ls
cfkmg} vfFrf] cg'¿ksf] df}lns ug{]]
eGg] aLr klg snx 5 . cfh;Dd 6Dd
ldn]/ a:g ;s]sf efiff efifL, hfthflt,
hghflt, cflbjf;L, bnLt, t/fO{ tyf
b'u{daf;L aLr klg cgfjZos snx
hGd]sf] 5 . o;/L pS;fpg'df klg …/cÚ
sf] xft 5 . l5d]sL cl:y/ e}/fv] eg]
sfa'df /fVg ;lhnf] kb{5 eGg] l;4fGt
cg'¿k of] rfn rln/x]sf] kfOG5 .
$=!= oL s'/fsf] rf;f] l;lSsd
ljnog;Fu ufFl;Psf] 5 . l;lSsd
ljnog u/fpg …/cÚsf] sfjf{xL, :k]zn
ck/]zg, s;/L u¥of] eGg] s'/f a'e\mg
h?/L x'G5 . l;lSsd]n] ca kf7 l;s]/
s'g} cy{ /xFb}g . ca k5'tfP/ klg s]xL
dxTj x'Fb}g . ca kf7 l;Sg] g]kfnn]
xf], g]kfnLn] xf] . g]kfnLsf] :jefj klg
ljlrqsf] 5 . l;Ssd ljnosf] ljifonfO{
g]kfnn] s8f lj/f]w u/s]f xf] / To;
ljnonfO{ g]kfnn] cem} dfGotf lbPsf]
5}g . t/ ef/t kIfw/sf] ;/sf/ ePsf
avt la=;+ @)^$df ;Ldf lgwf{/0f
ub{f l;lSsd k|fGt gfd /fv]/ g]kfn;Fu
;lGw ug{ nufOPsf]n] 3'dfP/ ;dy{g
ug{ nufOPsf] 5 . o; dfg]df g]kfnLsf]
lj/f]wn] lg/Gt/tf kfpg ;s]sf] 5}g .
5]kf/f]sf] pvfg h:t} jiff{nfu]kl5 ha
g]kfndf 8'afg x'G5, g]kfnL h'/d'/fP/
p7\5g\\ / ef/tLo afFwsf] la/f]w ub{5g\\ t/
cfsf{] jif{ geP;Dd r'krfk al;/xG5g\\ .
$=@= g]kfnLn] oltv]/ uDeL/ eP/ …/cÚn]
l;lSsddf v]n]sf] kf7nfO{ d"NofÍg u/L
17÷r}q o'lg6L EjfO;

ef]lnsf] g]kfnnfO{ ;d'Ggt, ;zQm, :jtGq,
;fj{ef}d;Qfo'Qm / ;j{;DkGg cfˆgf]
vfFrf] cg'¿ksf] k|hftflGqs cEof; ug{]
/fi6«df pEofpg ;Sg' kb{5 .
%=!= h;/L l;lSsdsf cNkdtsf
n]Krf–ltAat hftsf /fhf -zf;s_
nfO{ …/cÚn] pgsf] glhssf] dflg; eP/
g]kfnLnfO{ kfvf / ef]l6of n]KrfnfO{ sfv
ug{ clt{ lbP/ g]kfnLnfO{ kIfkft u/]sf]
eGg] cfwf/df …k|hftGqÚ sf] 6f]kL nufP/
/fhfsf] lj?4 ;8sdf pleg] jftfj/0f
agfof] tyf Tof] sf/0fn] hGdfOPsf]
emu8fn] ubf{ l;lSsd¿kL gl/jn afFb/n]
vfOlbof] . g]kfn e'6fg ;/x x'g ! clk|n
!(() / @))^ df klg /fhfnfO{ uf]Ko
;lGw ug{ k]; u/]sf] d;f}bf ;sf/sf] eP
g]kfndf o:tf] t/n /fhgLlt x'g] lyPg t/
xft sf6]/ ljb]zLnfO{ lbg Ogsf/ u/]s}
sf/0f g]kfnn] of] cj:yf ef]ug' k/]sf]
xf] . l;lSsd]sf] h:tf] hftLo ;d:of
g]kfndf gePsfn] klg Tof] :jLsfg{'
kg{] cj:yf lyPg . kmntM g]kfnnfO{
>Ln+sfsf] hfkm\gf jf ?;sf] r]rGof jf
ef/tsf] sfl:d/sf] ¿kdf htf klg aUg
;Sg]u/L g]kfnsf] t/fOnfO{ pS;fpg] sfd
ePsf] 5 .
%=@= b]z km'6] ujf/ n'6] x'gaf6 b]zsf
hgtfn] ;dod} ;f]r]gg\ eg] lgZro g}
aflx/sf] dflg;n] kmfObf p7fpFb5 .
;fdflhs cj:yf M
!= l;lSsd klg g]kfn h:t} ax'hftLo,
ax'eflifs, ax'wfld{s tyf ;f+:s[lts
ljljwtf, lhljt k/Dk/fsf] Oltxf; /
>dzLn dfgj ;+;fwg ePsf] ;fdl/s
lxdfnL clw/fHo lyof] . t/ pNn]vgLo
ef}lts ;DkGgtf eg] lyPg . l;lSsd
;dtn e"–efu gePsf] Pp6f kxf8}
kxf8n] el/Psf], s[lif k|wfg b]z eP/ klg
Ps–ltxfO vfBfGg cfoft ug'{ kg{], Jofkf/
ef/tLo df8jf/L ;d"xsf] sAhfdf/x]sf]
u/La b]z xf] .
@= cg]stfdf Pstf eP/ /lxcfPsf]
g]kfndf cfh ;+3if{ / cd}qL al9/x]sf] 5 .
g]kfndf hft–hftaLr, y/ uf]q aLr, wd{–
wd{ aLr, efiff–efiff aLr, e"–efu–e"–efu
aLr le8Gt, Oif{f, k|ltzf]w / ufnLunf}r
a9]sf] 5 . Oltxf;sf] yfngLb]lvsf] cem
18÷r}q o'lg6L EjfO;
g/fd|f] kIf t s] 5 eg] cfcfˆgf] efiffsf]
pTyfg ug{ 5f8]/ csf{sf] efiff ktglt/
n}hfg]]Ù cfˆgf] wd{ pTyfg ug{ 5f8]/
csf{sf] wd{ktg u/fpg]Ù cfˆgf] s"nsf]
ljsf; ug{ 5f8]/ csf{sf] s'nsf] ljgf;
u/fpg] cgf}7f] / gf}nf] k|of]u g]kfndf
eO/x]sf] 5 . e"6fgdf g]kfnL efifL ;d"x
/ afFsL e"6fgL n]Krf ;d"xaLr kfl/Psf]
kmf6f] h:t} g]kfndf ljBdfg …afx'gjfb]Ú
/ …u}/ afx'gjfb]Ú jf …r'Rr]Ú / …a'Rr]Ú eGg]
gf/f klg To; if8\oGq;Fu ldNbfh'Nbf
5g\\ . oxfFsf] afx'gjfb eGgfn] O08f]–
cfo{g ;d"x ;a}nfO{ nIo u/]sf] e]l6G5 .
O08f]cfo{g ;d"xleq ef/tLod"n /
g]kfnLd"ndf ljeQm ul/Psf]n] u}/O08f]cfo{
;d"xnfO{ klg ;dfj]z gu/]/ ax';+Vos
g]kfnL g]kfn lj/f]wL x'g g;Sg] …/cÚ sf]
ljZn]if0f x'g'kb{5 . o;df 7"n–7"nf ljåfg\
klg nfu]sf 5g\\, a8]–a8] g]tf klg nfu]sf
5g\\ . of] vt/fsf] g/fd|f] lrGx xf] .
#= lkmhL / df}l/;;\ h:tf ef/tLod"nsf]
afx'No ePsf b]zdf ef/tsf] rf;f],
tldnx¿sf] ax'dt ePsf] hfˆgf
k|fGtdf ef/tsf] rf;f] h:t} g]kfnsf
t/fOaf;LnfO{ ef/tLod"nsf eg]/ af/Daf/
pS;fpg] u/]sf] rf;f] Ps} vfn] x'g\ .
$= l;lSsdsf bnx¿df l;lSsd
:6]6 sf+u|];, l;lSsd g]zgn sf+u|];
/ k|hf ;Dd]ng kf6L{sf] 7fFp cfh oxfF
g]sf,F Pdfn], dfcf]jfbLn] lnPsf] kfOG5 .
xtf/–xtf/ Ol08oflt/sf] bf}8 / /ftf/ft
b"tfjf;lt/sf] zo/ To;sf pbfx/0f x'g\ .
l;lSsddf …lbjfgÚ lgo'lQm u/] ;/x ofxf
ljz]if b"t / /fhb"tx¿n] …cgf}krfl/s …
lbjfgÚx¿n] sfd ul//x]sf 5g\\ . To;}n]
oxfF ;a}} kIfLo lx;fjaf6 sfF6f ldnfOPsf]
b]lvG5 . olb O08f] cfo{g ;d"x / ltAatf]
jd{g ;d"x dfq eg]/ u/]sf] eP dw];L
/ kxf8L tyf ;fsL{, bdfO{, sfdL, b';fb,
kf;jfg, ufOg], jfbL h:tf ;d"x Ps
l9Ssf] x'Gy] . To;nfO{ csf]{ kIfn] ;Sg]
lyPg . ldzg/Lx¿sf] ;+hfnn] agfPsf]
…;dfa];LÚ / …;+3Lo u0f/fHoÚ sf gf/f klg
pgLx¿n] g} s'b]sf x'g\ .
%= cfh g]kfnL dfqdf o:tf s'/fsf]
b'/ufdL kl/0ffdaf/] /fli6«o r]tgfsf] vfFrf]
5 . o'af au{n] a'emg ;Sg' kb{5 .
/Iff / ;]gf M
!=!= Ol08og ;]gfn] g} tfnLd lbPsf
#)) eGbf sd ;}lgs hafg ePsf]
l;lSsd uf8{, ldqtf / k/Dk/fsf]
Vofn jf:t} gu/L l;lSsdsf @@ cf}+
kljq rf]Uofn kfNb]g yf]G8'k gfdUofn
PsfPs Ol08ofsf] sf]kefhgsf s]Gb|
ag] . x'g t o;cl3 klg pgsf lktf
6f;L gfdUofnnfO{ klg ;g\ !($( df
Ol08ofn] ;}lgs zlQmsf] k|bz{g u/]/
cftlÍt kf/]sf] lyof] . clk|n & sf lbg
PSsfl; ofª8fnfO{ ;dft]/ sf/fuf/df
/flvlbof] . clk|n *, !(&% df ul/Psf]
To; if8\oGqnfO{ Pp6f ;}lgs cEof;
dfq xf] eg]/ e'mSofOPsf] lyof] . oyfy{df
% xhf/ ;}lgsaf6 /fhb/jf/df xdnf
ul/Psf] lyof] . c;n ldq / u'?sf ¿kdf
dflgcfPsf] Ol08ofn] oqf] 7"nf] wf]sf
/ a]OdfgL unf{ eg]/ s;}n] sNkgf;Dd
u/]sf lyPgg\ . pN6} uf8{x¿nfO{ ;fdGtL
zf;ssf lghL 7ux¿sf] ;+u7g eg]/ 3[0ff
ckmjfx klg km}nfOPsf] lyof] .
!=@= @))& ;fnsf] qmflGt, lqe"jgsf]
lbNnL knfog, ef/tLo ;]gfaf6 eLdbQ
kGtsf] ;fxbft, s]cfOl;+xnfO{ bdg ug{
Ps xhf/ ef/tlo ;]gfsf] g]kfn k|j]z
h:tf 36gf l;lSsdsf pQm 37gf h:t}
x'g\ . lq=la=:ynaf6 ePsf] gf6sLo

ladfg ckx/0f / ToxfF ef/tLo ;'/Ifsf]
t}gfyL, k|x/L / ;]gfsf] tfnLdsf] rf;f]
pQm 36gfsf ;dsIfL x'g\ .
!=#= Ps lbg l;lSsddf vrfvr
Ol08og ;]gf cfP . tL lsg cfP ToxfFsf]
b/af/nfO{ yfxf lyPg . ^÷& ;o ld6/
6f9faf6 b/jf/sf] 9f]sfdf k'u]sf] kmf}hn]
cgfof; ¿kdf åf/kfn]nfO{ uf]nL xfg]/
df¥of]] . c:qz:q ;dk{0f ug]{ r]tfjgL klg
lbOPg . ;g\ !(&! sf] k"jL{ kfls:tfgsf]
ktgkl5 kfls:tfgL aGbLx¿nfO{ h] Jojxf/
u/fPsf] lyof] ToxL Jojxf/ ToxfF ul/of]
/ efUg] r]i6f u/]sf] v08df uf]nL xflgg]
r]tfjgL klg lbOPsf] lyof] . #) ldg]6sf]
;dodf ;a}nfO{ lgz:q kfl/of] . ;'gGbf
/fosf cg';f/ To; cfqmd0fdf rf]OUofn
dfl/Psf] eP Ol08og lghfdtLsf …/cÚsf
sd{rf/L a9L v'zL x'g] lyP .^&
!=$= Ol08of;Fu l;lSsdsf] s'g} b'ZdgL
lyPg, ljjfb / s'g} uNtL klg u/]sf] lyPg,
emu8f klg lyPg . a? l;lSsdnfO{ t
Ol08ofn] b]zsf] ;+/IfsTj axg ul/lbG5
eGg] cfzf lyof] . j]OdfgL / b'i6sf] s'g}
cf}iflw x'Fb}g . rf]OUofnnfO{ yfx} glbO{
PSsfl; xdnf ug'{ klg …/cÚsf] u|fO08
l8hfOg g} lyof] . yfxf kfPsf] eP uf8{n]
s]xL lbg y]Ug ;QmYof] h'g a]nf;Dd ljZj
;d'bfosf] cfFvf kg{ ;QmYof], /ft /x]
cu|fv knfpg ;Qm5 .
!=%= ;fob o:t} sfo{sf nflu Ol08ofn]
v'nf l;dfgf k4lt /fVg] / ;}lgs
;xof]u ug]{ ub{5 h;n] To; b]zsf]
;fj{ef}ldstf g} vt/fdf kfg{ ;sf];\ .
g]kfnnfO{ tLg}lt/af6 3]/]/ PQmkmL{ ¿kdf
nueu g]kfnL ;]gfsf] s'n;+Vofsf]
xf/fxf/Ldf ef/tn] ;Ldf an t}gfy
u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnL ;]gfn] k]6«f]lnod kbfy{
e08f/g ug{ gkfpg] aftf/0f agfPsf] 5 .
oL g]kfnk|ltsf ef/tLo lgot l;lSsd;Fu
ldNbf / ;+s:kb 5g\\ .
!=^= l;lSsdsf] /Iff ef/tLo ;]gfn]
ul/lbg] aGbf]a:t ePsfn] l;lSsd]x¿
cfˆgf] :jtGqtf / ;fj{ef}ldstfdf 9'Ss
lyP . t/ s'/f] To:tf] /x]g . To;s} sf/0f
l;lSsddf an k|of]u u/]/ Ol08ofdf
ufleg k'Uof] . cfh e"6fgsf] k|lt/Iff
Ol08ofn] lnPsf] 5 . Tof] b]z klg 9'Ss
5}g . ;w}+ z+sfsf] 3]/fdf afFr]sf] 5 .
ToxL ePsfn] ;fj{ef}d eP/ klg e'6fgn]
Ol08ofsf] y's gf£g klg ;s]sf] kfOFb}g .
/Iff Joj:yf xftdf cfPkl5 ToxfFsf
afFsL s'/fdf cfFvf uf8\g] s'/f :jfefljs
/ ;xh x'Fbf] /x]5 . /Iff xft kf/]sf] sf/0f
g} Ol08ofn] l;lSsdsf] k|zf;g xTofof]Ù
;+/lIft /fHo agfof] / b]z g} x8k ug{
;s]sf] xf] .
!=&= /Iff gePsf] b]z :jtM k/fwLgtf
cfpFbf] /x]5 . cem t]>f] / ljkGg d'n'ssf]
dgf]bzfdf t a]OdfgLsf] dfqf emg} tLj|
x'G5 . ;fob ToxL qmddf Ol08ofsf]
cf8df cfPsf] g]kfnsf] ;g\ !(()
sf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{gkl5 clk|n !,
!(() sf lbg Ol08ofsf ljb]z ;lrj
P;=s] l;+xn] kz'kltsf] ofqfsf lgx'Fdf
g]kfnsf] /Iff Joj:yf Ol08ofnfO{ ;'Dkg]
b:tfj]hdf :jLs[lt lbg :j= >L %
jL/]Gb|sf ;fd' t]:of{Psf lyP .^* To;df
;xL u/]sf] eP g]kfnsf /fhfn] h] h:tf]
zf;g u/]klg Ol08of To;sf] ;dy{s x'g]
lyof] . t/ k|hftGq / :jtGq ;fj{ef}d
/fi6«sf k|v/ kIfw/ pgn] /fi6«sf] nflu
cfˆgf] ;Qf df]xsf] Tofu u/] . b'ef{Uoa;
To;kl5 g]kfnsf ;a} ;/sf/ s]jn ;Qf
df]xdf dfq lnlK;Psfn] b]zsf] 7"n} b'u{tL
x'g k'u]sf] 5 .
;~rf/ M
!=!= l;lSsdsf] ;~rf/ klg Ol08ogsf]
xftdf lyof] / To;nfO{ pgLx¿n] lg:t]h
kfl/lbPsf lyP . l;lSsdsf /fhfn] ;g\
!(^) df b]zsf] ljsf;qmd;Fu} /]l8of]
:6]zg :yfkgf ug]{ of]hgf agfP . t/
ToxfF ef/tLo /fhb"tsf ¿kdf sfd
ug{] kf]lnl6sn clkm;/n] æl;lSsd
/]l8of] :6]zg :yfkgf ul/of] eg] e"6fg,
g]kfn, ltAat / rLgn] l;lSsd
Ps ;fj{ef}d;DkGg :jtGq b]z xf]
eGg] k|df0fsf ¿kdf lng]5g\\Æ eg]/
…/]l8of] l;lSsdnfO{Ú …cn Ol08of /]l8of]
l;lSsd k|zf/0f s]Gb|Ú agfPkl5 klg
cGTodf v;f{ª k|zf/0f s]Gb|sf] cfwf
306f ;do lnP/ of]hgf ue}{df t'xfOPsf]
lyof] . o;n] Psflt/ ;~rf/sf] dxTj
slt w]/} 5 eGg] s'/f k|li6G5 eg] csf{lt/
Ol08of ;/sf/eGbf ToxfFsf] gf]s/zfxL
slt alnof] 5 / ;/sf/eGbf …/cÚ
slt zlQmzfnL 5 tyf slt 3g rSs/
if8\oGqsf] hfnf] a'Gg ;Qm5 eGg] s'/f
ca g]kfnsf lghfdlt / ;'/Iff lgsfosf
sd{rf/Ln] ;de]t a'emg ;Sg' kb{5 .
ætkfO{+ >L g]x¿sf] lg0f{o pN6fpFb} x'g'x'G5
kL=cf]= ;fx]j ÛÆ eGg] Ps lhDd]jf/
JolQmTjn] p7fPsf] k|Zgdf pgn] hafkm
lbPsf lyP—æo:tf w]/} 7"nf arg lbg'eP
klg To;nfO{ o'lQmk"j{s kG5fpg xfd|f]
lhDd]jf/L xf] .Æ
!=@= oltv]/ g]kfnsf] s'n ;~rf/ If]qsf]
*) k|ltzt efu ef/tLo k|efjdf /x] 5g\\ .
7"nf b}lgs vj/ klqsf, PkmPd /]l8of]x¿,
j}a;fO6x¿ / b"/bz{g -6]lnlehg_x¿
k|ToIf / k/f]If ¿kdf ef/tLo nufgLdf
ef/tLoåf/f tf]lsPsf JolQmaf6 ;~rflnt
5g\\ . pgLx¿ ;g\ @))) kl5 olt ulxl/P/
;~rf/df kl;;s]sf 5g\\ ls ca g]kfnsf
s'g} klg 36gfnfO{ ljZje/L 9fs5f]k u/]/
k|;f/0f ug{ ko{fKtq 5g\\, ;Ifd5g\\ .
!=#= k|hftGqsf] b'xfOlbg] ef/tn] To;
avt l;lSsddf s'g} ljb]zL kqsf/nfO{
hfg Ohfht lbOPsf] lyPg . lsgls
jf:tljs ;"rgfnfO{ aª\Uofpg' To;
Jo"x /rgfsf] Pp6f clgjfo{ kIf
lyof] . tbg'¿k cn Ol08of /]l8of]af6
;+;f/sf] k|hftflGqs zlQmnfO{ bjfOPsf]
/ zflGtk"0f{ k|bz{gLdfly uf]nL rnfOPsf]
egL k|zf/0f ul/Psf] lyof],^( hals
/fhfsf] To:tf] clwsf/ ef/tl;tsf]
;lGwn] vf];L ;s]sf] lyof] .
!)=$= ;fgf b]zx¿sf] ;d:ofdf ljZjsf
wgL / ;DkGg b]zn] Gofosf] kIfdf rf;f]
glnO{ lbg' g} ljZjnfO{ hh{/ cj:yfdf
k'¥ofpg' xf] eGg] s'/f ga'em]/ jf a'em]/
dx;'; gu/L lbg] u/]sf sf/0f ljZjel/
cftÍ dlRrPsf] lyof], 5 . k|hftGqsf]
gfpFdf 5f8fjfb jf :j]R5frf/Ljfb jf
anjfb jf wgjfbsf] afx'No x'Fb} cfPsf]
5 . To;n] n'6kf6 / cGofo a9]sf]
5 . Pp6f wgL lrlsT;sn] Ps lbg
c:ktfndf d]/f] cufl8 eg]sf] lyof]—
æof] ckl7t, u/La / sdhf]/ JolQm
lsg afFRg] cfzfn] c:ktfn cfPsf]
xf]nf < Tof] afFr]/ s] x'G5 /

!=%= ha ;fgdfl/gf] / e]l6sg l;6L
h:tf b]z ljZj x'nfs ;+3 -o"=kL=o"_
sf ;b:o x'g ;Qm5g\\ tyf lnr:6]zg /
;fg–dfl/gf]n] To;df x:tfIf/ ug{ ;Qm5g\\
eg] l;lSsdn] lsg /]l8of] :6]zg /fVg
g;Sg] < &) vf]O cd]l/sf af]n]sf]< vf]O
a]not af]n]sf] <
!=^= ;~rf/df olt ;+j]bgzLn ePsf]
Ol08ofn] rfnL; jif{kl5 g]kfndf
xft xfln/x]sf] 5 . zfob g]kfndf
g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] ;/sf/nfO{ Ol08ofn]
5f]OUofnsf] ;/sf/eGbf klg sdhf]/
7fg]sf] 5 . …/cÚsf] if8\oGqsf/L e"ldsf
cg';f/ k|ydtM g]kfndf :yflkt s]xL
b}lgs / lgs} ;fKtflxs klqsfx¿nfO{
xftdf lnOPsf] 5 . -dnfO{ oxfF To:tf
klqsfsf] gfd pNn]v ug{ sfg"gL ¿kdf
c;lhnf] ePsf]n] ljåfg kf7sn] To;df
ePsf ;fdu|L, gfd tyf P]g df}sfsf]
36gfnfO{ ljZn]if0f u/]/ klxrfg ug{ /
bf]lh{og k|j[lQsfdf u0fgf ug{' x'Gf]5 ._
csf{] s'/f, Toltn] gk'u]/ g]kfnL sf+u|];sf]
;/sf/n] …/cÚsf] u|fO08 l8hfOg cg';f/
lj=;+=@)%* ;fndf ;~rf/If]qdf
Ol08ofsf] nufgLnfO{ :jLs[lt lbPsf]
5 . g]kfndf hg:t/af6 Jofks lj/f]w
x'Fbfx'Fb} klg ;f] klqsfnfO{ nufgL ug{
:jLs[t lbOPsf] 5 . Ol08ofaf6 ;A;L8L
kfOPs} sf/0f u'0f:t/ eP/ klg ahf/
d"No cfwfeGbf sd 5 . t/ 7Ls To;sf]
pN6f] g]kfnL nufgLstf{sf] Rofgn
g]kfnnfO{ …/cÚs} bjfjdf g]sFfn] :jLs[t
glbP/ a}+ssaf6 k|zf/0f ub}{ cfPsf]
lyof] . To;sf s]xL lx:;]bf/ g]kfnL
d';ndfg ePsf / d';ndfg hlt :jtM
kfls:tfgsf ;dy{s x'G5g\\ eGg] unt
dfgl;stfsf sf/0f To;f] ul/Psf]
kfOG5 . oyfy{df pgLx¿sf xfn;Ddsf
ultljlwn] g]kfnsf] lxt ;+/If0fsf nflu
dfq sfd ul//x]sf] kfOG5 . tyf sf+u|];s}
Ps u'6 hf] sfnf] cfo cfh{g ug{ Jo:t
5, To;sf] 7"nf] nufgL /x]sf] k'li6 ePsf]
5 . Pp6f lttf] oyfy{ s] xf] eg] sfnf]
sfd u/]/ wg cfh{g ug]{ e|i6 JolQmsf]
b'O{j6f s'/f x'Fb}gg\ . Pp6f l;4fGt x'Fb}g /
csf]{ /fli6«otf x'Fb}g . o; bnsf clwsf+z
JolQm log} b'O6f /f]uaf6 u|l;t x'G5g\\ .
!=&= cfhsn s;}nfO{ pFrf] kbdf
k'¥ofpg k¥of] eg] k|z+;f / s;}nfO{ kbd'Qm
ug{ k¥of] eg] 3[0ff–ck/fw -x]6 qmfOd_
20÷r}q o'lg6L EjfO;
ug{ yflnG5 . …e08fkmf]/Ú &! h:tf gf/f
jf:tjdf …/cÚ n] tof/ ub{5 / cfk\mgf
lk' åf/f k|rf/–k|;f/ u/fOG5 .
/fhgLlts rnv]n M
!= z'? z'?df Ol08of l;lSsdnfO{
vn{Kk} lgnL xfNg] dgl:yltdf lyPg h'g
olta]nf g]kfnsf af/]df ef/tlo
clwsf/Ln] g]kfnsf] cfGtl/s dfdnf
eGg] ub{5g\\ . t/ klg l;lSsdn] oyfy{
a'‰g] cfzon] jfld{yf]s, Plyª\nf /
GofofwLz ¿kgf/fo0fx¿n] lbNnLdf a;]sf
b]jfg / ;/ a|h]Gb|nfn ldQn;Fu e]6]sf
lyP . ldQnn] l;lSsd]x¿nfO{ cfFvf aGb
u/]/ lxGb dxf;fu/df xfd kmfn &@ eGg]
;Nnfx lbPsf lyP . o;sf] hafkmdf
Plyª\nfn] eg] æolb Ol08ofdf :jfwLgtf
cfPsf] 5 eg] l;lSsddf klg :jfwLgtf
cfpg' kb{5 .Æ o:tf] s'/f ePsf] &
dlxgfkl5 ;Demf}tfsf] Pp6f d:of}bf
t}of/ ePsf] lyof] . To; d:of}bfdf ;femf
rf;f]sf ;a} s'/f k/]sf lyP . t/ To;df
k|zf;lgs Joj:yfkg, k//fi6« dfldnf,
k|lt/Iff, eG;f/, x'nfs / 6]lnu|fkm;lxtsf
!@ j6f s'/fdf l;lSsd ;fdfGo x]/km]/
;lxt ! clk|n !($* sf lbg ;xdt
ePsf] lyof] . ;xdlt cg';f/ l;lSsd
/ e"6fgdf ;]gfsf] ;DaGw sfdo /fVg],
ltAat;Fusf] ;DaGw canf]sg ug]{ /
r]skf]i6 ;d]tdf lgu/fgL /fVg] s'/fsf]
yfngL ePsf] lyof] . …/cÚnfO{ PsfPs
ef]snfUg' kg{] s]xL sf/0f lyP .
!=@= …/cÚsf] ljZn]if0fdf æl;lSsd Pp6f
cGt//fli6«o l;dfgfdf /x]sf] clxts/
t/ dxTjk"0f{ b]z xf] . Tof] ef/tsf nflu
vt/fk"0f{ klg x'g ;Qm5 .Æ &# eGg] cfwf/df
æg/x] afF; gah] d'/nLÆ gLlt sfof{Gjog
u/]sf] lyof] . /fhf;Fu dte]b /fVg] sfhL,
;f]gfd / /fO{ nufotsf & hgf JolQmnfO{
!) cu:t !(^) sf lbg -h'g avt /fhf
d:sf]df lyP_ ul/Psf] eJo :jfutn] klg
ToxfF …/cÚsf] if8\oGqaf6 ePsf] lyof]
eGg] s'/f k'li6G5 .
@=!= l;lSsddf nxfbLd]bL -;+;b_ /
/fhsLo ;Nnfxsf/ kl/ifb u7g ePsf
lyP . ltgLx¿nfO{ s'g} dxTjk"0f{ ljifodf
5nkmn ug]{ / cfˆgf ljrf/ /fhfnfO{
caut u/fpg] clwsf/ lyof] . t/ To;sf]
slxNo} a}7s a;]g / s]xL klg sfd u/]g .
@))* ;fnsf] g]kfnsf] ;Nnfxfsf/ ;ef
h:t} eof] Tof] . /fi6«n] ;do;fk]If ¿kdf
cfkm"nfO{ tGb'?:t /fVg ;s]g eg] ?9Lsf]
enn] cfkm}+nfO{ aufpg ;Qm5 . o;dfg]df
ToxfFsf] /fhfsf] /fHok|ltsf] lhDd]af/L /
st{Aodf Ro't ePsf] klg dfGg' kb{5 .
b]zsf] u'Xo a'em]kl5 dfq …/cÚ n] cfF6
u/]sf] kfOG5 .
@=@= g]kfnsf ;Qfl;gn] ;a} s'/f
ljb]zLnfO{ pbfË kfg{] /fHok|yf xf] eGg]
s'/f ca g]kfnn] a'em]g eg] Tof] /f]u oxfF
;g{ ;Sb5 .
#=!= ;xof]usf gfddf l;lSsdn]
Ol08ofnfO{ olt w]/} ljZjf; u¥of] ls
cfˆgf cfGb|f e'F8L ;a} b]vfOlbof] .
Pp6f :jtGq /fi6«df x'g'kg]{ Go"gtd
uf]Kotf klg /fVg ;s]g . To; b]zsf]
/Iff / k//fi6« dfldnfnfO{ dfq clwg:y
ug{ k;]sf] Ol08ofn] k"/} b]z} clwg:y
agfof], l;lSsdnfO{ g} Ol08ofdf ljnog
u/fOlbof] .
#=@= ;xof]uaf6 b]z xTofpg slt ;lhnf]
x'G5 eGg] kf7 l;lSsdaf6 l;s]sf] …/cÚn]
@)^) ;fn h]7 @! ut] k|wfgdGqL ePsf
;"o{axfb'/ yfksf] k|wfgdGqLsfndf
TffTsfnLg cy{ ;lrj efg' k|;fb
cfro{sf] x:tIf/df ePsf] ;xof]u ;lGw
cg';f/ ca ef/t g]kfnsf ;a} ufpFdf
s]xL a08n ss{6kftf / s]xL af]/f l;d]G6
lnP/ xfO{xfO{ / hoho ef/tsf] :ofaf;L
lnO/xsf] 5 . of] g} g]kfnsf] b'ef{Uosf]
k|d'v sf/0f aGg ;Sg]5 . hlt jif{ ;Qfdf
a;] klg g]kfnsf] dd{ a'em\g] g]kfnLsf]
b'Mv lgjf/0fug{] Ifdtf ePsf s'g} g]tf
g]kfndf gePsf] k'li6 ePsf] 5 . oxL
cIfdtfn] g} g]kfnsf] /fli6«otfdf cfFr
k'u]sf] 5, 7]; nfu]sf] 5 .
#=#= clk|n !, !($* sf lbg l;lSsd]nfO{
h:tf] ;lGwdf ;xL u/fOPsf] lyof] $@ jif{
kl5 em08} To:t} ;lGwsf] d:of}bf u/fP/
! clk|n !(() sf lbg Ol08ofsf k//fi6«
;lrj P;=s]=l;+xn] :j=>L % jL/]Gb|;fd'
k]z u/]sf lyP . &$ - ;fob clk|n !
Ol08ofsf nflu kmfk lbg xf] _ ;g\ !(()
clk|n ! sf] P;=s]= l;+xn] k]z u/]sf]
d:of}bfn] g} g]kfnsf] /fhgLltdf Pp6f
cfd"n kl/jt{g ug{ kof{kt eof] . To;
kl/jt{gnfO{ olt pbf/ dflgof] ls :j=

u0f]zdfg l;+xn] eg]sf lyP æxfdL nf]6f
lnP/ /fhfsxfF clwsf/ dfUg uPsf lyof}+
t/ /fhfn] ufu|Laf6 vGofO lbO{ alS;of]Æ.
jf:tjdf ToxL sf/0f x'gkb{5 ljut !#
jif{sf] /fHo Joj:yfnfO{ d"NofÍg u/]/
x]bf{ oxfF k|hftGq ;8sdf 5\ofnJofNtL
kf]lvPsf] 5 .
#=$= oyfy{df j}lbs k/Dk/fsf] lxGb" /fhf
:jefj}n] ;+j}wflgs x'G5 / ljb]zLsf]
z/0fdf k/]/ u2L hf]ufpg'eGbf ckm\gf
hgtf ;fd" em's]/ ;+j}wflgs x'g uf}/j
7fGf]sf] x'g' kb{5 .
$=!= rf]OUofnsf] lxdfnL If]q agfpg]
k|:tfjnfO{{ ef/tn] af}4 wdf{jnDjLx¿sf]
P]Soj4tf xf] eG7fg]sf] lyof] eg] rLgn]
To;nfO{ ;sf/fTds 7fg]sf] lyPg . g]kfn
klg Tolt pT;fxL lyPg . rf/ cË'n]
l;4fGt -kmf]/ lkmË/ Yof]/L]_ n] k|l;l4
kfPsf] To; k|:tfjn] gofF lbNnL oyfy{df
cftlÍt g} ePsf] lyof] . lsgeg] lxdfnL
rf/ /fi6«sf cltl/Qm ;g\ !*$@ sf]
;lGw cg';f/ zflGt, ldqtf / Pstfsf]
;DaGwåf/f sflZd/sf zf;snfO{ klg
o;n] nf]Eofpg ;QmYof] . To;f] eof]
eg] To;nfO{ dha't agfpg tTsfn}
kfls:tfgn] / s]xL ;dokl5 rLgn]
klg o;sf] zlQm / ljsf; clej[l4 ug{
;3fpg ;Sg] ;DefjgfnfO{ ljZn]if0f u/]/
Ol08ofn] ue{d} t'xfOlbg] lg0f{o u¥of] .
$=@= l;lSsd ltAatL ;Dk|bfo;Fu ldNg]
a'4 wd{sf] Pp6f ;Dk|bfo lyof] h'g
/fhfaf6 zfl;t lyof] . t/ To; b]zsf
ax';+Vos hg;ª\Vof g]kfnL efifL tyf
;gftgL lxGb" wdf{jnDjL lyP . zf;s
wd{, ;Dk|bfo, hft, lnË, k]zfk|lt ;dbzL{
x'g g;s]sf] ax';+Vos lxGb" wdf{jnDjL
l;lSsd]n] /fhfsf] ;dy{gdf af]Ng'
kg{] cfjZostf g7fg]sf] / To;df klg
n]08'k bf]h]{ -k|hfd08n_ g} ef/t kIfw/
ePsfn] ljb|f]xug{] cj:yf g/x]sf] /cn]
lgrf]8 lgsfn]sf] lyof] t/ Tof] cj:yf
eg] g]kfndf 5}g .
$=#= ef]l6of n]KrfnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{],
sfhLx¿sf] clwsf/nfO{ vQd ug{]
cfGtl/s cj:yf ljBdfg ePsf sf/0f
oL dflg;n] /fh;+:yfdf kb}{ uPsf] k}/f]nfO{
5]sfjf/ ug{ vf;} rf;f] b]vfPgg\ . wd{,
hflt, efiff, e]ife"iff, ;+:sf/ / ;+:s[ltn]
/fli6«o Pstf sfod ug{ slt 7"nf] e"ldsf
v]Nb5 eGg] s'/fdf /fHon] cToGt
;+j]bgzLn eP/ ;f]Rg'kg]{ s'/fdf To;
b]zsf zf;sn] kQf] g} kfPgg\ . To;
/fi6«sf] To; sdhf]/Lsf] kmfObf …/cÚn]
lng k'Uof] .
$=$ oxfFg]/ g]kfndf Tof] cj:yf geP/
klg cyf{t lxGb"sf] ax'dt tyf /fhf /
k|hf b'a} lxGb" eP/ klg …/cÚn] pgLx¿nfO{
km'6fpg] kf7 l;lSsdaf6} lnPsf]
lyof] . g]kfnsf] wd{ lg/k]If, cf/If0f,
hftLo :joQtf, ;dfa];L, t/fO{–kxf8,
g]kfnLd"n–ef/tLo d"n / ef]sf gfËfnfO{
rf/f] lbPkl5 @)^@ ;fnkl5 cg]stfdf
Pstfsf] cGTo k|foM eO;s]sf] 5 .
ef/td'vL / g]kfnd'vL bnx¿sf k|d'v
;a} 36s ef/td'vL eO{;s]sf 5g\\ .
;~rf/ ef/td'vL5 .
$=%= ca ef/tn] g]kfndf s]xL gsf/fTds
sbd\ rfNof] eg] ;+efJo ;fgf lab|f]x bdg
u/fpg klg g]kfnsf ufpFufpFdf of]hgf
lnP/ k'u]sf ef/tLox¿nfO{ pb\3f6g /
zLnfGof; ug{ g]kfnn] af6f] km'sfO lbPsf]
5 . g]kfnsf] ef/tl;tsf] Jofk/3f6sf]
bz k|ltztn] g]kfnL ;j{;fwf/0fsf] dg
a'l4 e'6\g] c/af}Fsf of]hgf g]kfndf
@))%sf] cGTolt/af6 nfu' e};s]sf] 5 .
ca g]kfnL 9'Ss x'g] 7fFp 5}g .
%= h;/L xf]k s'ss]f dfWodaf6
;L=cfO{=P= ToxfF k;]sf] lyof] To;} u/L
dfcf]jfbLsf] gftfn] g]kfndf k;]sf
5 . l;cfOP olt c;kmn eO;s]sf] 5
ls afx|a'b] ;dembf/L kl5 cd]l/sfn]
g]kfnnfO{ ef/tsf] cfFvLEfmofnaf6 x]g{]
;xdt ePsf] 5 . g]kfnnfO{ ef/tn] h];'s}
u/]klg cd]l/sfn] ;dy{g{ ug{] ePsf] 5 .
cd]l/ssfnflu g]kfn ca rLg cWoog
ug{] s]Gb| dfq ePsf] 5 . rLgk|lt ef/t /
cd]l/sfsf] pp6} :jfy{ ufFl;P kl5 ;xdt
ePsf] xf] . 7"nf] ldq kfPkl5 ;fg]fnfO{
5f]8\g] cd]l/sL k|hftGq ca kfls:tfg /
g]kfndf klg nfu' ePsf] 5 .
^=!= cfhsn g]kfndf l;lSsdsf]
xnrnsf] k'g/fj[lQ ePsf] 5 . s'/f s] eg]
kbdf t[tLo >]0fLsf] kf]lnl6sn clkm;/
-kLcf]_ ePklg /fhgLlts clwsf/L eP/
l;lSsd a:g] clwsf/LnfO{ lgs} 7"nf]
clwsf/ lyof] . pgsf] xnrnn] Tof] b]z
g} xnrn x'g k'UbYof] .
^=@= oltv]/ g]kfn ef/tLo /fhb"taf6
xnrn ePsf] 5 . pgn] k//fi6« ;lrj /
dGqLnfO{ yfx} glbO{ k|d+nfO{ cga/t e]6]/
lgb{]zg lbg] ub{5g\\ . tL lgb{]zg l/;r{ /
PgfnfOl;; ljËn] lbNnLaf6 t}of/ kf/]/
k7fpg] / oxfF /fhb"tn] sfof{Gjog u/fpg]
ub{5g\\ . tL clkm;/n] l;Ssddf ;\g
!($( df c;dfg ;lGwx¿ yf]k/]sf lyP .
To;sf] 7Ls $! jif{kl5 ;g\ !(() df
!) h"gsf lbg To:t} c;dfg ;dembf/L
kqdf g]kfn / Ol08ofaLr x:tfIf/ ePsf]
lyof] . Tof] !(%) sf] d}qL ;lGweGbf lgs}
vt/gfs ;fljt ePsf] 5 . ;g\ !(*^
b]lv :yflkt kf]lnl6sn clkm;/sf]
kb l;lSsdsf] cl:tTj ;lsPkl5 dfq
;lsof] . ;dy{snfO{ t;f{pg] / wDsfpg]
lj/f]wLnfO{ pS;fpg] pgsf] k|d'v sfd
xf] . ToxfFsf :yfgLo sd{rf/Ln] cfˆgf]
;/sf/sf] ljrf/ dfq sfof{Gjog ug'{kg]{df
ef/tsf] gLlt klg x]/]/ sfd ug]{ ub{y] .
ToxL s'/f ;g\ !(() b]lv g]kfndf
klg nfu" ePsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] u'Ktr/
ljefu cg';Gwfg ljefudf kl/0ft x'g' /
Tof] lg:sfd ¿kdf /xg' To;sf] HanGt
pbfx/0f xf] .
^=#= h;/L l;lSsdsf kL=cf]=n] /fhfsf]
b/jf/sf] k|lti7fnfO{ tn kfg{ vf]h]sf] lyP
7Ls To;}u/L !(*&÷** b]lv g]kfndf
yflnPsf] 3[0ff ckmjfx -x]6 qmfOd_ sf]
cleofg cgj/t ¿kdf rln/x]sf] 5 .
a};fv !!, @)^# kl5 g]kfnsf /fhb"tn]
lk=cf]=sf] sfd ul//x]sf 5g\\ .
^=$= l;lSsd /fHo kL=cf]=af6
pS;fOPsf k|hf ;Dd]ngn] æl;lSsdnfO{
Ol08ofdf ljno u/L To;nfO{ s]Gb| zfl;t
If]q agfOof];\Æ eGg] k|:tfj ;/x @)$^
;fnsf] lxpFbdf g]kfnsf To:t} bnnfO{
pS;fP/ efhkfsf ;jf]{Rr g]tfx¿ g]kfnsf
6f]n–6f]ndf k;]sf lyP . ToxfF …/cÚn]
Pp6f if8\oGq u¥of]—æoxfF c:jfefljs
cj:yf pTkGg u/fpg] / zflGt ;'Joj:yf
sfod ug{ g;s]sf] cf/f]k nufO Ol08og
;]gf t}gfy ug]{ e"ldsf v]Nof] . &% csf{lt/
d"v{, cefjxLg / dxTjsf+IfL JolQmnfO{
rog u/]/ dlGqd08n agfpg] jftfj/0f
l;h{gf ul/of] . To:tf] dlGqd08nn]
:jfefljs ¿kdf b"tsf] lgb]{zg adf]lhd
dfq sfd ug]{ g} eof] . @)$^ / @)%(
sf jif{x¿df g]kfndf oxL s'/f bf]xf]l/of] .
=== afFsL csf]{ c+sdf
21÷r}q o'lg6L EjfO;

tLg ;o kLl8t klqsfx? Gofo
dfUg ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf
– h]kL u'Ktf …dfofn'Ú –
@$) jif{sf] /fhtGq ;dfKt eP klg
g]kfnsf ljleGg lgsfodf /x]sf ;+:yfx?
leqsf] /fhtGq ;dfKt eO;s]sf 5}g .
@)^@÷)^# ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ngsf
pknAwLx? ;+:yfut ug{sf nflu ;+rf/
dfWodsf] 7"nf] e"ldsf x'Fb} cfPsf]
5 . ;+rf/ dfWodsf sf/0f d'n'sdf
@$) jif{sf] /fhtGq ;dfKt ub}{ ;+3Lo
nf]stflGqs u0ftGq g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg
@)&@ hf/L ePsf] lyof] . b}lgs,
;fKtflxs, kflIfs, dfl;s nufotsf
5fkf dfWodsf sf/0f d'n'ssf] cfd"n
kl/t{gdf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf 5g\ .
/f0ff, k~rfot, /fhf zf;g ;dfKt ug{sf
nflu b}lgs, ;fKtflxs, kflIfs, dfl;s
nufotsf ;+rf/ dfWodx?sf sf/0f
g]kfndf k6s k6s kl/jt{g ePsf 5g\ .
@)$^ ;fn / @)^@÷)^# ;fnsf]
hgcfGbf]ngnfO{ pTsif{df k'¥ofpg
kqklqsfx?sf] 7"nf] of]ubfg /x]sf 5g\ .
k|d'v /fhgLlts bnsf g]tfx? cfGbf]ng
/ hgcfGbf]ngdf hfg' cufl8 ;+rf/
dfWodnfO{ of] ul/lbG5', Tof] ul/lbG5'
eGb} cfZjf;g lbg] t/ cfk\mgf] :jfy{ k"/f
ePkl5 ;+rf/ dfWodnfO{ ckx]lnt ug]{
g]tfx?sf] k'/fg} rl/q / ;+:sf/sf] ljifodf
w]/} elg/fVg' kb}{g . g]kfndf 7"N7"nf
cfGbf]ng / hgcfGbf]ngnfO{ lzv/df
k'¥ofpg] b}lgs, ;fKtflxs, kflIfs, dfl;s
klqsfx?sf] 7"nf] of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 .
hgcfGbf]ngsf pknAwLnfO{ g]tfx?n]
clxn];Dd ;+:yfut ug{ ;s]sf 5}g .
Pskl5 csf]{ ljjfb / k6s k6s ;+ljwfg
22÷r}q o'lg6L EjfO;
;efsf] lgjf{rg ePkl5 aNn ;+ljwfg
hf/L ePsf] lyof] . ;+ljwfg hf/L u/fpg
sl/a !) jif{ nfUof] . ;+rf/ dfWodn]
lbzflgb]{z gu/]sf] eP ;+ljwfg hf/L
x'g ;Sb}gYof] . ;+ljwfg hf/L u/fpgsf
nflu b}lgs, ;fKtflxs, kflIfs, dfl;s
nufotsf kqklqsfx?sf] 7"nf] of]ubfg
/x]sf] 5 . To;sf/0f k|d'v /fhgLlts
bnsf g]tfx?n] kqklqsfx?nfO{ ;+/If0f
/ ;+aw{g ug{ h?/L 5 . hgcfGbf]ng /
;+ljwfg hf/L ug]{ ;dodf k|d'v bnsf
g]tfx? h'g lsl;dsf] cfZjf;g lbPsf
lyP . To; lsl;dsf] ;xof]u ug{
;s]sf 5}g . of /fhfsf] zf;g xf];\, of
/f0ffsf] zf;g xf];\, of k~rfot zf;g
xf];\, of ;}lgs zf;g xf];\ . h'g;'s}
Joj:yf / h'g;'s} zf;gsfndf b}lgs,
;fKtflxs, kflIfs, dfl;s nufotsf
kqklqsfx?sf] 7"n} e"ldsf / alnbfg
/x]sf 5g\ . ;+rf/ dfWodsf] e"ldsf
gePsf] eP d"n'sdf g /fhf zf;g, g
/f0ff zf;g, g k~rfot zf;g, g ;}lgs
zf;gsf] cGTo x'g] lyPg . h'g;'s]}
zf;g / Joj:yfnfO{ kl/jt{g / cGTo
u/fpgsf nflu ;+rf/ dfWodn] dxTjk"0f{
alnbfg lb+b} cfPsf 5g\ . To;sf/0f
k|d'v /fhgLlts bn g]kfnL sfFu|];, g]skf
Pdfn], g]skf s]Gb| dfcf]jfbL nufotsf
bnx?n] kqklqsfx?nfO{ ljutdf
af]n]sf afrfnfO{ k'/f u/fpgsf nflu
/fHo ;Fu ;xof]u ul/lbg'kg]{ cfjZostf
v8\ls/x]sf 5g\ . @)^@÷)^# ;fnsf
hgcfGbf]ngsf sdf08/ dxfgfos
:juL{o lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfn] k6s k6s
;+rf/ dfWodsf sf/0f d'n'sdf nf]stGq
:yfkgf ePsf] ljleGg sfo{qmddf af]Nb}
cfPsf lyP . :juL{o sf]O/fnf k|wfgdGqL
ePsf ;do ;+rf/ dfWodnfO{ ;xof]u
u/fpg lgs} kxn u/]sf lyP . :juL{o
sf]O/fnfsf sf/0f ;+rf/ dfWod lgs}
km:6fPsf lyP . :juL{o sf]O/fnfn] ;+rf/
dfWodnfO{ dfof / :g]x ub}{ cfpg' ePsf]
lyof] . :juL{o lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfsf
sf/0f k~rfot sfndf nufpFb} cfPsf]
;]G;/l;knfO{ ;dfKt ug{ u/fpgsf nflu
lgs} kxn ug'{ePsf lyof] . k~rfot
sfndf n'sLl5kL kqklqsfx? lgsfNb}
cfPsf lyP . g]kfnL sfFu|]; / g]skf Pdfn]
g]kfnsf] k'/fgf] / P]ltxfl;s kf6L{ ePsfn]
sfFu|]; / Pdfn]n] s'g} klg sfo{qmd ubf{
n'sLl5kL krf{ / k+Kn]6 afF8]/ /f0ff /
k~rfotsf] lj/f]w ug]{ ul/GYof] . /f0ff /
k~rfotsf] lj/f]w ug]{ kqklqsfx?sf]
;DkfbsnfO{ h]ndf xfn]/ jiff}{ jif{
;hfo lbOGYof] . g]kfnL sfFu|]; / g]skf
Pdfn]sf g]tfx?n] s'g} 7fpFdf k~rfot
zf;gsf] lj?4sf] efif0f u/]sf] ;dfrf/
n]v]sf] v08df /f0ffx?n] d[To'b08
;d]tlbg] uYof]{ . /f0ff, k~rfot, /fhfsf]
zf;g lj?4af]Ng] / n]Vg] kqklqsfnfO{
h]nsf] vf]/df xfNb} d[To'b08 lbg]
uYof]{ . To;sf/0f b}lgs, ;fKtflxs,
kflIfs, dfl;s kqklqsfx?sf] 7"nf]
of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 . k|d'v /fhgLlts
bnsf g]tfx?n] kqklqsfx?nfO{ ;+/If0f
/ ;+awg{ ug{ cfjZos /x]sf] 5 . t/
jt{dfg ;/sf/sf s]xL lg/+s'z / k~rfot
z}nLsf zf;sx?n] kqklqsfnfO{ c+s'z
nufP/ aGb u/fpg] r]i6f u/]sf 5g\ .
jt{dfg zf;sn] lgo'Qm u/]sf /fhfjfbL,
k~rfotjfbL / /f0ff zf;g z}nLsf
JolQmx?sf] xfnLd'xfnL clxn] klg
7fpF 7fpFdf b]lvb} cfPsf 5g\ . h;n]
nf]stGq, u0ftGq, wd{lg/k]If, ;+l3otf,
;dfg'kflts, ;dfg'j]lzs ;lxtsf]
;+ljwfg Nofpgdf 7"nf] of]ubfg k'¥ofof]

cfh To:tf kqklqsf / JolQmx?nfO{
5fgL5fgL /fhfjfbL rl/q / k|a[lQsf
JolQmx?af6 c+s'z nufpg] sfd x'Fb}
cfPsf 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu sdn
yfkfnfO{ pkk|wfgdGqL agfpg' / nf]sdfg
l;+x sfsL{nfO{ clVtof/ k|d'v agfpg'
nf]stGqsf] pkxf; xf] . h'g JolQmn]
nf]stGqnfO{ slxn] ljZjf; u/]g To:tf
JolQmx? cfh nf]stGqsf] kx/]bf/sf]
?kdf plePsf 5g\ . …/fhf cfp b]z
arfpmÚ eGg] JolQmx? cfh ;/sf/sf]
bf];|f] sfo{sf/L kbdf lgo'Qm ePsf 5g\
eg] cGo JolQmx? ;/sf/sf] ljleGg
lgsfodf lgo'Qm x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . csf]{
pbfx/0f /fhfsf] zf;gsf] zf;gsfnb]lv
nf]stGqsf] zf;gsfn ;Dd k|wfgdGqL,
dGqL / g]tfx?sf] rfs8L / rfKn';L
u/]/ sl/a !^ jif{b]lv k6s k6s k|];
sfplG;nsf] ;b:o kbdf lszf]/ >]i7
lgo'Qm x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . k|]; sfplG;nsf]
;b:odf k6s k6s lgo'Qm u/fpg] lgot
s] xf] < k|]; sfplG;n h:tf] lhDd]jf/
;+:yfdf e|i6frf/ ug{ kfOG5 eg] lgotn]
k6s k6s dGqL / k|wfgdGqLsf] xft df]n]/
lgo'QmL u/fpFb} cfPsf 5g\ . /fhfjfbL
rl/qsf lszf]/ >]i7 h:tf rl/qsf kfFr
hgf JolQm clxn] k~rfot z}nLdf lgo'Qm
x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . nf]stGqsf pkxf;
ug]{ k|]; sfplG;nsf kfFrhgf JolQmx?
sfplG;nsf] b'?kof]u ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ .
k|ltzf]w ;fFWgsf nflu k|]; sfplG;n
dfkm{t kqklqsfx?nfO{ 36'jfdf kfg]{ /
%@ jif{b]lv lgoldt ?kdf k|sflzt x'Fb}
cfPsf kqklqsfx?nfO{ lgof]lht
tl/sfn] juL{s/0faf6 lg:sfl;t u/]sf
5g\ . /f0ff / k+rfotsfndf klg o:tf]
lsl;dsf] kqklqsf dfly e]befj /
k|ltzf]w ;fFWg] k/Dk/f lyPg . t/ clxn]
k|]; sfplG;nsf cWoIf jf]0f{axfb'/
sfsL{ kmfu'g !& ut]b]lv cjsfz
kfPsf 5g\ . jf]0f{axfb'/ sfsL{sf] kfnfdf
kqklqsfx? dfly lgs} lje]b / k|ltzf]w
ul/of] . sfsL{sf] kbfjbL ;dfKt ePklg
sfsL{n] dGqLx?nfO{ rfs8L u/]/ km]l/
sfo{sfn yKgdf Jo:t b]lvPsf 5g\ . k|];
sfplG;nsf lgjt{dfg cWoIf jf]0f{axfb'/
sfsL{, ;b:ox? lszf]/ >]i7, lvnaxfb'/
e08f/L, ;'/bz{g cfrfo{ / d'Vo clws[t
emk]Gb| e';fn ldn]/ sl/a # ;o eGbf a9L
klqsfx?nfO{ clgoldttf u/]/ e|i6frf/
u/]sf 5g\ . # ;o eGbf a9L klqsfnfO{
;'lgof]lht tl/sfn] clgoldttf u/]sf
5g\ . b]ze/af6 k|sflzt x'g] # ;o eGbf
a9L b}lgs, ;fKtflxs, kflIfs, dfl;s
nufotsf kqklqsfx?sf] ;dy{gdf
e]befjk"0f{ juL{s/0f ;+3if{ ;ldlt
cfGbf]ng/t /x]sf 5g\ . e]befjk"0{f
juL{s/0f lj?4 ;+3if{ ;ldlt k'; !*
ut]b]lv k|]; sfplG;nsf] k|ltj]bg / k|];
sfplG;ndf sfo{/t % hgfsf] tl:j/
hnfP/ cfGbf]ngdf pq]sf 5g\ . # ;o
klqsfnfO{ clgoldttf u/]sf] eGb} ;+3if{
;ldlt g]kfnL sfFu|];, g]skf Pdfn], g]skf
s]Gb| dfcf]jfbL, /fli6«o hgdf]rf{, g]skf
dfn] nufotsf kf6L{x?nfO{ e]befjk"0f{
juL{s/0f vf/]h / kfFr hgfsf] ;DklQ
5fglag ug{sf nflu tLg a'Fb] 1fkgkq
a'emfO ;s]sf 5g\ . e]befjk"0f{ juL{s/0f
lj?4sf] ;+3if{ ;ldlt k|d'v /fhgLlts
bnsf k|d'v g]tf, k|wfgdGqL, dGqL,
;ef;b\, ;lrj nufotnfO{ 1fkg kq
a'emfpFb} /fli6«o ;"rgf cfof]uaf6 k|df0f
lnFb} kmfu'g !* ut] ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf
l/6 bfo/ u/]sf lyP . sl/ # ;o eGbf
a9L kqklqsfx?nfO{ clgoldttf
/ k|ltzf]w u/]sf] eGb} ;+3if{ ;ldltn]
;jf]{Rr cbfntdf l/6 bfo/ u/]sf lyP .
;jf]{Rr cbfntn] kmfug' !( ut] ;"rgf
tyf ;+rf/ dGqfno, ;"rgf ljefu, k|];
sfplG;n g]kfn / kqklqsf ljt/0f
;+k/LIf0f ;ldltnfO{ sf/0f b]vfp cfb]z
hf/L u¥of] . ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] @^ ut]
af]nfOPsf] k]zL k|fljlws sf/0fjz r}t !
ut]sf nflu af]nfOPsf] lyof] . ;DdfgLt
;jf]{Rr cbfntn] ;w} nf]stGqnfO{
;+/If0f / ;+aw{g ug]{ JolQm / ;+:yfnfO{
Gofo lbb} cfPsf 5g\ . ;DdfgLt ;jf]{Rr
cbfntn] ;+ljwfg dfly wfjf af]Ng] JolQm
/ ;+:yfnfO{ hlxn] ;hfo lb+b} cfPsf]
glh/ xfdL;Fu k|i6 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu
nf]sdfg l;+x sfsL{ sfkmL x'g]5 . ha
ha nf]stGq / u0ftGq dfly ;d:of
cfpF5 To; ;dodf ;DdfgLt ;jf]{Rr
cbfntn] ;+ljwfg dfly cf}+nf p7fpg]
h'g;'s} JolQm / ;+:yfnfO{ sf/afxL ub}{
cfPsf] 5 . To;sf/0f ;DdfgLt ;jf]{Rr
cbfnt;Fu d ljZj:t 5' . d hok|sfz
u'Ktf -dfofn'_ nufot # ;o eGbf a9L
kqsf/x? kLl8t /x]sf 5g\ . ;DdfgLt
;jf]{Rr cbfntn] ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs
u0ftGq g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgnfO{ ;+/If0f /
;+aw{g ub}{ cfPsf tLg ;o klqsfx?sf]
cfjfh a'nGb u/fpg] 5 eGg] ljZjf; 5 .
;DdfgLo ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] lg0f{o rfF8}
cfpg] 5 eGg] ljZjf; 5 . wGojfb .
23÷r}q o'lg6L EjfO;

24÷r}q o'lg6L EjfO;
gf/L lbj;df ws vf]n]/ af]n]
y'Dkfv/sf dlxnfx?
/fhwfgLsf] 7"N7"nf xf]6nx?df h:tf]
gf/L lbj; ToxfF lyPg, ljNs'n} gf}nf]
/ km/s z}nLdf o; jif{sf] gf/L lbj;
l;Gw'kfNrf]ssf dlxnfx?n] dgfP .
ToxfF s/La b'O{ xhf/sf] ;+Vofdf :yfgLo
dlxnfx? e]nf ePsf lyP . s/La @!
j6f dlxnf ;d"xsf lblbalxgLx?sf]
pkl:ylt / sfo{qmddf k|ToIf ;xeflutf
lyof] . hLjgdf :s'n g} g6]s]sf /
gb]v]sf dlxnf lblbalxgLx?n] cfkm\gf]
ufpF7fpF / ;xsf/Lsf] af/]df ws vf]n]/
af]ln/xFbf pQm sfo{qmddf ;xeflutf
clyltx? b+u k/]/ ;'lg/x]sf lyP .
pgLx?df /fhgLlts g]tfx?sf]
h:tf] agfa6L s'g} efif0f lyPg, clg
dlxnfjfbL ;+3;+:yfx?n] ufpFsf lgd'vf
hgtfnfO{ af]Ng] df};dL af]nL klg ToxfF
;'Gg kfOFb}gYof], ljNs'n} gf}nf] / k[ys
sfo{qmddf dlxnf lblbalxgL ufpFsf]
ljsf; s;/L ug{ ;lsG5, clg s;/L
;'/lIft art ug]{, ;fd'lxs sfo{ ubf{sf]
kmfObf a]kmfObfsf] af/]df jSt[Tjsnfdf
;l/s eO{ lg8/tfsf ;fy af]ln/x]sf
lyP .
pgLx?n] af]ln/xFbf lg0ff{os d08nn]
To;sf] kl/df0fsf] af/]df l6kf]6
ul//x]sf lyP . / pTs[i6 tLg ;d"xnfO{
cfof]hsn] k'/:sf/sf] Joj:yf
;d]t u/]sf] lyof] . ;fy};fy} aLrljrdf
uLt, uhn / sljtfx? ;d]t ;'Gg
;lsGYof] . sfo{qmddsf] d'Vo cfsif{0fsf]
s]Gb|ljGb'sf] ?kdf 3}F6f] km'6fpg] v]n klg
aGof] .
sfo{qmd dlxnf ;~hfn l;Gw'kfNrf]s,
cfTdlge{/ jrt tyf C0f ;xsf/L /
gf}nf ljxfgL jrt tyf C0f ;xsf/L
;+:yfn] ;+o'Qm ?kdf cfof]lht pQm
sfo{qmdsf] ;efkltTj cfTdlge{/ jrt
tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf cWoIf
rGb|axfb'/ a:g]tn] ug'{ePsf] lyof] eg]
k|d'v cltlysf ?kdf ;xsf/LsdL{ Pj+
;dfh;]jL pld{nf 8+uf]n sf7df8f}Faf6
To; 7fpFdf k'Ug'ePsf] lyof] . o;/L
hfg]x?df ljlzi6 cltlyåo k|yd
dlxnf jftfj/0f j}1flgs c~h'l;+x
zfx, / hg:jf:Yo ljb\ 8f= nIdL tfdfª,
cltlysf] ?kdf hfkfgL ;"rgf s]Gb|,
g]kfnsf cWoIf dbgs[i0f l;njfn,
;dfh;]jL Zofd >]i7;lxt x'g'xGYof] .
pQm cj;/df k|d'v cltly pld{nf
8+uf]nn] kfg;df bLk k|Hjng u/L
sfo{qmdnfO{ cf}krfl/s k|s6 ug'{eof] .
;fydf pxfFnfO{ ;+:yfsf cWoIf, ljz]if
cltlyx?n] ;fy lbg'eof] .
:yfgLo dlxnf snfsf/x?n] dlxnf xs
/ clwsf/sf] s'/fx? ca sfg'gdf dfq}
xf]Og, Jojxf/df g} sfof{Gjog ug{sf] nflu
uLt;+uLt / ;flxTosf dfWodaf6 ;a}nfO{
;'gfO/x]sf lyP eg] sf]xL dlxnfx?n]
g[Tosf] dfWodaf6 cfkm\gf] k|ltefnfO{
k|:km'l6t ub}{ ;a}nfO{ dgf]/~hg k|bfg
ul//x]sf lyP .
g]kfn ;/sf/
lhNnf hg:jf:Yo sfof{no
sf7df8f}+
k|d'v cltly pld{nf 8+uf]nn] ca
u|fdL0f dlxnfx? klg r'nf]rf}sfdf dfq}
;Lldt 5}gg\, ;xsf/Ldfkm{t\ l;h{gfTds /
/rgfTds sfo{df ;dfj]z eO{;s]sf] k|ToIf
k|df0f oxfFsf dlxnf lblbalxgLx?åf/f
ul/Psf ljljw lqmofsnfkx?af6 k|i6
eO;s]sf] b]Vbf cfkm"nfO{ v'zL nfu]sf]
atfpg'eof] . To:t}, ljz]if cltly k|yd
dlxnf jftfj/0f j}1flgs c~h'l;+x
zfxn] xfdL dlxnfx? k'?if;Fu t'ngf
s'g} klg xfntdf ug{ gldNg] / b'j}sf]
cl:tTj a/fa/L /x]sf]n] Pscsf{aLr
kl/k'/s /x]sf] wf/0ff /fVb} ;dfh
?kfGt/0fdf b'j}sf] ;xsfo{ h?/L /xg]
atfpFb} k|]/0ffbfoL ljleGg cg'ejx?
;f6fkf6 ug'{eof] . To:t}, ljz]if cltly
8f= nIdL tfdfªn] u|fdL0f dlxnfx?n]
cfkm\gf] hg:jf:Yosf af/]df v'n]/ s'/f
u/L of}g tyf k|hgg cª\udf ljz]if
rf;f]sf] ;fy ;/;kmfOdf Wofg k'¥ofpg'kg]{
;Gb]z lbg'eof] .
To:t}, hfkfgL ;"rgf s]Gb|, g]kfnsf
cWoIf dbgs[i0f l;njfnn] hfkfgL
dlxnfx?sf] pBdzLntfsf af/]df rrf{
ub}{ ca dlxnf lblbalxgLx? ;d]t
pBdlzntfdf h'6\g cg'/f]w ug'{eof] .
sfo{qmdsf] ;dfkg;Fu} ljleGg ljwfdf
k|lt:kwL{x?dWo] ljhoLx?nfO{ k|d'v
cltly, ljz]if cltlyx?n] k'/:sf/,
k|df0fkq k|bfg ug'{ePsf] lyof] .
w|'dkfgsf] w'jfFn] tkfO{sf] jl/kl/sf] dflg;nfO{ klg c;/ k5{ .
tkfO{sf] r'/f]6af6 lg:s]sf] w'jfF jl/kl/sf dflg;x? Zjf;k|Zjf; dfkm{t leq lnG5g\ . w'd|kfg ug]{ JolQmx?df b]lvg] /f]ux?
h:t} kmf]S;f]sf] SofG;/ tyf d'6'sf] /f]u oL JolQmx?df klg b]lvg ;S5 .
kl/jf/sf ;b:on] w'd|kfg jf ;'lt{ ;]jg u/]df afnaflnsfn] klg b]vfl;sL u/L cDdnL aGg ;S5 .
;fdfGotof w'd|kfg ug]{ 3/df x's]{sf aRrfx?df lgdf]lgof, a|f]ª\sfOl6;, bd, sfg kfSg] h:tf /f]u tyf ;d:ofx? x'g] ;Defjgf
a9L x'G5 .

fli6«ojfbL zlQmx? Psh'6
o'lg6L EjfO; . d'n'ssf] kl5Nnf]
/fhgLlts 36gfqmd / d'n'ssf]
cl:tTjk|lt uDeL/ Wofg lbFb}jfbL
zlQmx? Psh'6 x'g] qmd hf/L /x]sf] 5 .
o;}qmddf u|]6/ g]kfn /fli6«ojfbL df]rf{,
/fli6«o r'/]efj/ kf6L{, /fli6o k'g/hfu/0f
kf6L{, jx'hftLo ;dfj]zL kf6L{, g]kfnjfbL
kf6L{, hgk|hftflGqs kf6L{, /fli6o d'lQm
cfGbf]ng, g]skf dfn]-;dfhjfbL_, g]kfn
u0ftflGqs hgtf kf6L{ / ;+o'Qm /fli6«ojfbL
;dfhjfbL kf6L{n] ;+o'Qm ?kdf kqsf/
;Dd]ng u/L PsLs[t ePsf] hfgsf/L
u/fPsf x'g\ .
lj1lKtdf /fli6«ojfbL zlQm Psh'6 xf}
F eGg] d"n gf/fsf ;fy PsLs/0f ePsf
pQm kf6L{n] d'n'sdf afx\o zlQmx?n]
gf+u|f] tj/n] x:tIf]k a9fPsf sf/0f
d'n's lxdfn, kxf8, t/fO{ / dw];sf
aLrdf b\jGb rsf{P/ ;Eotf , wd{;+:s[lt
/ klxrfg l;Wofpg] sfddf nfu]sf] eGb}
af6f] lj/fpg]x?nfO{ va/bf/L ub{5f}F,
elgPsf] 5 .
;fy}, k|d'v bnx?n] Gofono, lgjf{rg
cfof]h, clVtof/, lzIff :jf:Yo,
k|zf;g tyf ;'/Iff ;+oGqx?df cfkm\gf]
efuj08fdf ljeflht ub}{ g]kfn ;dfh /
/fHosf] clel5Gg cl:tTj / k|lti7fnfO{
w'nf]lk7f] agfPsf sf/0f d'n'ssf]
cl:tTj hf]ufpg ca /fli6«ojfbL zlQmx?
Ps x'g'sf] ljsNk g/x]sf] atfPsf 5g\ .
;fgf bnx?nfO{ l;Wofpgsf lglDt
y|];xf]N8 / k|ToIf lgjf{lrt x'g} kg]{
h:tf k|fjwfg /fv]/ ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg
k|0ffnLsf] wHhL p8fP/ l;G8Ls]6
wf/L sf+u|];, Pdfn], d;fn] d08n]?kL
u7jGwgsf] ljsNkdf ;+;b\leq / aflx/
/x]sf ;d:t /fhg}lts zlQmx? Psh'6
eO{ lgjf{rg ?kL gf6snfO{ kbf{kmf; ug{
cfJxfg ;d]t u/]sf 5g\ .
o;sf] g]t[Tj tTsfnsf nflu ;+o'Qm
/fli6«ojfbL ;dfhjfbL kf6L{ cWoIf
sdnk|;fb rf}nfufO{n] ug'{ePsf] 5 .
ljutdf /fli6«olgdf{tf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn]
afO;]rf}lj;] /fHonfO{ PsLs/0f u/L
Psl9Ssf agfpgsf] lglDt h'g lsl;dsf]
s;/t ug'{ePsf] lyof], Tof] s'/fnfO{ sbflk
e'Ng ldNb}g . olb clxn]sf cfkm"nfO{
/fli6«oeQm g]tf / kf6L{ egfpFbfx?sf]
/fli6«o3ftsf] xs{tn] s] ;fFlRrs}
casf lbgdf d'n'ssf] sNof0f unf{ t
< of] clxn]sf] uDeL/ ;d:ofsf] lglDt
# s/f]8 eGbf a9L g]kfnL hgtfx?n]
olta]nf of] s'/f ;f]Rg'kg]{ a]nf eO{;s]sf]
5 . o;y{, /fli6«ojfbL df]rf{sf] k/d st{Jo
/fli6«o3ftL lg0f{o ug]{ g]tf sfo{stf{x?nfO{
casf lbgdf hgtfsf] aLrdf g+Uofpg]
sfd ub}{ jf:tljs oyfy{ kl/kl:yltnfO{
hgtf;dIf k|:t't ub}{ hfg] kxnsbdLsf]
sfd of] PsLs[t u7jGwgn] ug]{5 .
25÷r}q o'lg6L EjfO;

e|ddf gk/f}+ g]kfnsf]
Oltxf;df dw]z eGg] slxn} lyPg
/fdz/0f kf08]
cfhsfn ha/h:tL p7fg u/fOPsf]
dw]; gfd h'g g]kfnsf] t/fOdf kg]{ ;dy/
e"efu xf] s'g}klg sfnv08df dw]z eGg]
5'§} If]q g} lyPg To:tf] P]ltxfl;s k|df0f
clxn];Dd e]l6Psf] 5}g, Oltxf;tkm{ hfFp,
of kf}/fl0fs sfnv08df g} lsg gxf];
dw]z eGg] s'g} 7fp+ e]l6Fb}g . km]/L clxn]
s;sf] :jfy{df / lsg dw]; zAb sf]
k|of]u x'G5 k|Zg p7fpg' h?/t 5 .
q]tfo'usf /fhf hgs x'g\ plg slxn} st}
dw];sf /fhf eGg] pNn]v 5}g To;sf/0f
at{dfg hf]l8g afFls g]kfnsf] [ l6i6f–
sf+u8f afx]s g]kfnsf] k"j{df emfkf–
s+rgk'/ klZrd ;Ddsf] ;dy/ e"efunfO{
dw]; s;sf] s'g :jfy{sf] nflu p7fOb}
5< o;nfO{ cfd g]kfnL hgtf tyf t/fO
e"efudf a:g] hgtfn] a'‰g h?/L 5 .
sf+u|]; / dfcf]afbLaf6 ef/tLo :jfy{df
sfd ug{ aflxl/Psf dxGt 7fs'/,
pk]G› ofbj, ho s[i0f uf]Ot, b]lv /fh]G›
dxtf];Dd ha ef/tLo :jfy{sf vflt/
Ps 7fFpdf dw]zsf] gfddf ef/tLo k};f
/ of]hgfdf pleP To;} ;do b]lv dw]z
zAb rrf{df cfof] , ljleGg cfGbf]ng
eP, ha ef/tn] g} lgdf{0f u/]sf] sf+u|];sf]
lul/hf sf]O/fnf k|wfgdlGq lyP pg}n] *
a'+b] / @@ a'+b] ;Demf}tf ub}{ dw]z k|b]z
agfpg] :jLs[lt lbP To;} ;do b]lv
dw];n] /fHoaf6 dfGotf kfPsf] b]lvG5,
lul/hf sf]O/fnfn] To; a]nf cfˆgf]
sf+u|]; kf6L{df 5nkmn g} gu/L ;Qf
nDAofpg ;+l3otf klg 3';fpg e"ldsf
v]n] To;} ;do o'/f]lkog o'lgog ;d]tsf]
;xof]udf g]kfndf ;+3Lotf NofOof] To;}
lbgaf6 g]kfndf ef/tLo / cGo d'n'ssf]
qmL8f :yn aGg yfNof] ^@÷^# sf]
ef/tLo / o'/f]lkog o'lgogsf] of]hgfdf
ePsf] slyt hg cfGbf]ngn] klg
;+l3otf dfu]sf] lyPg, kl5 dfcf]jfbL
/ o'/f]lkog sf+u|]; / lul/hf Pdfn] /
s]=kL=dfwjsf] dfWodaf6 clg ef/tLo
:jfy{df ha/h:tL g]kfnnfO{ ;+l3otfdf
ws]lnof] o;n] ef]lnsf] lbgdf g]kfn
nfO s:tf] ca:yfdf k'of{pnf x]g{ afFsL
g} 5 . ha k|wfg dlGq k|rG8n] a}zfv #!
ut] :yfgLo txsf] r'gfj u/fpg] 3f]if0ff
u/] To; af6 g]kfn ;+l3otfsf] af6f]
tkm{ cu|;/ x'Fb} 5 of] r'gfj eof] / s'g}
gFof 36gf 36]g eg] cfpbf] @)&$ leq
g]kfndf ;+l3otf sf] ;+:yfut x'G5 t/
dw]; s] x'G5 x]g{ afFsL g} 5 .
dw]; zAb ;+:s[t efiffdf dWo aLrsf]
cke|+; xf] . ef/tsf] k'/ftg efu,
laGwfrn s'¿ If]q / cnfxafb\sf] lardf
26÷r}q o'lg6L EjfO;

kg]{ dWo If]qnfO{ g} dWob]z elgG5
g]kfnsf] r'/] kl5sf] ;dy/ e"efu dw];
xf]Og t/fO{ aif{df kfx8Þdf kfgL kbf{
emb}{ ;dy/ If]qdf tl/g] hDg] efunfO{
g} elgG5 kmf/;L efiffdf ;dy/ efunfO{
t/fO{ elgG5 . ha !* cf} ;tfAbL
lt/sf] uf]vf{nL /fHo cGtu{t kg]{ sfuh
kqdf xl/ofnL h+un / eL/n] 3]l/osf]
k'jL{ t/fOsf] lhNnfx?sf] gfd pNn]v
5 . la=;+ !(^* lt/ ePsf] g]kfnsf]
hgu0fgf ljj/0fdf klg t/fO dWo]
t/fO klZrd t/fO{ elg pNn]v u/]sf] 5 .
/f0ffsfnsf] dWo];dolt/af6 ef/tLox?
/f]huf/sf] nflu t/fO{ k|j]z ug{ yfn]
pgLx? v]tLkftL dhb'/L ug{ a9L cfpy]
To; qmddf /f0ff nufPtsf k|efa ;fnL
JolQmsf] v]tL sdL{ aGb} ot} a:g yfn]
kl5 @))& ;fndf sf]zL Aof/]h agfpg]
qmddf cfPsf sfdbf/x? g} clxn]sf
k|b]z g+ @ sf] dw];L hg3gTj cfwf/
x'g\ eg] u08s gx/ lgdf{0f df cfPsfx?
lrtjg, gjnk/f;L, ?kGb]xL cflb 7fpFdf
a;]sfn] g} g]kfndf ef/tLo cfk|jf;L
;d:o pTkGg ePsf] xf] pbfx/0fsf] nflu
@)@& ;fndf gSsnL ljj/0f k]; u/]/
g]kfnL gful/tf lnPsf /fh]G› dxtf],
5Fb} 5g\\ pgL g]tf ePsfn] k|rf/df cfof]
To; lalw af6 g]kfnL ePsf x?sf]
;+Vof sl/a ! s/f]8sf] xf/fxf/Ldf 5
To;}n] gful/tf 5fgldg ;ldlt agfpFb}
u}/ gful/snfO{ k}rg ug]{ xf] eg] g]kfnsf]
at{dfg hg;+Vof sl/a @ s/f]8 rfgr'g
dfq x'g\ cfp5, Totf klg Wofg lbg h?/L
5, csf]{tkm{ g]kfndf slxn] hftLo /fHo
lyPg ha k[YjL gf/fo0f zfxn] PsLs/0f
uf]vf{af6 ;'? u/L lazfn g]kfn agfP
pgn] slxn] uf]vf{dfq gegL l;+uf] g]kfn
eg] To;sf] klg t\ sf/0f xf]nf . efiffnfO{
uf]vf{nL eg]gg To;sf] klg t\ sf/0f
xf]nf . pgn] ;a} efiff wd{ ;:s[ltsf]
e"efusf] ;dfg dxTj b]v]/ g} g]kfnsf]
/fli6«otf lxdfn kfxf8, t/fO{nfO{ Pstfsf]
;'qdf afFw] ToxL ;'q eTsfpg ef/tLo
of]hgfdf NofO{Psf] ;Ab xf] dw]z h;af6
xf]l;of/ x'g} k5{, g]kfnsf] sfnf] 5fnf
;a} dw];L xf]Ogg lt e"ldk'q t/fOjfl;
x'g\ hf] cfh ef/tLo dw];Lsf] sf/0f
cl:tTj ;+s6df 5 h;nfO{ hf]ufpg
klg u}/ gful/ssf] vf]lhx'g h?/L 5
g]kfnsf] at{dfg ;d:ofaf6 pDsg]
eg]sf] t/fO{jf;L g]kfnLsf] ;xof]udf
t/fOsf] gful/tf 5fgjLg ug]{ xf] To;}af6
;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg x'G5 of] a}1flgs klg
5 o;n] g]kfnsf] t/fO jf;Lsf] klg lxt
u5{ l;+uf] g]kfnsf] klg /Iff u5{ .
27÷r}q o'lg6L EjfO;

g]kfn–ef/t zflGt tyf d}qL ;lGw
#! h'nfO{ !(%)
g]kfn / ef/t ;/sf/ ztflAbof}+b]lv
b'O{ d'n'ssf] aLr /lxcfPsf] ldqtfk"0f{
;DaGwk|lt k|lta4 /xFb} pQm ;DaGwnfO{
cem ljsl;t / ;'b[9 kf/L b'O{ d'n'ssf]
zflGtnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] p2]Zon] k/:k/df
zflGt tyf d}qL ;lGw ug{] lgZro u/L
of] ;lGw ug{ lgDglnlvt JolQmx?nfO{
;Dk"0f{ clwsf/;lxt k|ltlglw lgo'Qm
ul/Psf] 5, h;df g]kfnsf tkm{af6
dxf/fh, k|wfgdGqL tyf ;j{f]Rr k|wfg
;]gfklt df]xg zdz]/ h+uaxfb'/ /f0ff /
ef/t ;/sf/sf tkm{af6 g]kfndf ef/tsf
dxfdlxd /fhb"t rG›Zj/k|;fb gf/fog
l;x+n] Ps–cs{fsf] cf]xbfsf] k|df0f–kq
hfFRbf 7Ls / /Ltk"j{ssf] 7x¥ofPsfn]
b]xfosf k|aGwnfO{ :jLsf/]sf 5g\ .
wf/f !
g]kfn / ef/t ;/sf/aLr :yfoL zflGt
/ ldqtf /lx/xg]5 . b'j} ;/sf/ k/:k/df
Pscs{fsf] k"0f{ k|e';Qf, If]qLo cv08tf
/ :jtGqtfk|lt ;Ddfg / ;dy{g ug{
:jLsf/ u5{G .
wf/f @
b'j} ;/sf/ k/:k/df sfod /x]sf]
ldqtfk"0f{ ;DaGwdf vnn kg{ hfg]
;Defjgf /xg] u/L s'g} l5d]sL;Fu
uDeL/ v6k6 of ljjfb pTkGg ePdf
Pscs{fnfO{ hfgsf/L lbg k|lta4 5g\ .
wf/f #
wf/f ! df pn\n]v ePcg';f/sf
;DaGwsf] :yfkgf / To;nfO{ sfod
ug{sf nflu b'j} ;/sf/ cfjZos sfd–
sfhsf] ;';~rfngsf nflu cfjZos
sd{rf/L / cfkm\gf k|ltlglwx?4f/f Ps
cs{f;Fu s"6gLlts ;DaGw /fVg /fhL
5g\ .
tL k|ltlglwx? / tf]lsPsf sd{rf/Lx?n]
kf/:kl/s cfwf/df k|rlnt Joj:yfcGtu{t
cGt/{fli6o sfg"gn] k|bfg u/]sf ;a}
s"6gLlts ljz]ifflwsf/ / pGd'lQmx?sf]
pkef]u ug{]5g\ . oL clwsf/x? b'j}}dWo]
Ps d'n'ssf] s"6gLlts ;DaGw ePsf]
s'g} cs{f] d'n'ssf ;dfg :t/sf
28÷r}q o'lg6L EjfO;
JolQmx?nfO{ lbOPsf clwsf/eGbf s'g}
klg xfntdf sd x'g]5}gG .
wf/f $
b'j} ;/sf/x? Ps cs{f] d'n'ssf
tf]lsPsf ;x/, aGb/ufx / cGo :yfgdf
a:g] dxfjfl0fHob"t, jfl0fHob"t, pk–
jfl0fHob"t, jfl0fHo k|ltlglwx? lgo'Qm
ug{ d+h'/ 5g\ . dxfjfl0fHob"t, jfl0fHob"t,
pk–jfl0fHob"t, jfl0fHo k|ltlglwx?nfO{
pgLx?sf] kbflwsf/ of lgo'lQmsf]
j}wflgs k|df0f–kq k|bfg ul/g]5 . tL
kbflwsf/ of lgo'lQmsf j}wflgs k|df0f–
kqnfO{ ;f] k|bfg ug{] d'n'sn] cfjZos
7fg]df lkmt{f lng ;Sg]5 . ;+ej ePdf
To;/L lkmt{f lnOg'sf] sf/0fsf] hgfp lbg
;lsg]5 .
dfly pln\nlvt JolQmx?n] kf/:kl/s
cfwf/df tL ;a} xs, ljz]ifflwsf/ /
pGd'lQmx?sf] pkof]u ug{]5g\ h'g tL
d'n'ssf ;dfg >]0fLsf JolQmx?nfO{
k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 .
wf/f %
g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ cfˆgf] ;'/Iffsf]
nflu cfjZos kg{] xltof/, lj:kmf]6s
;fdu|L jf uf]nLuf, shk'h{f cflb
:jtGqtfk"j{s ef/tLo e"ldaf6 / ef/tLo
e"ld eP/ cfoft ug{] clwsf/ /xg]5 .
of] k|aGwnfO{ sfo{?k lbg b'j} ;/sf/n]
k/:k/df k/fdz{ u/L Pp6f sfo{k|0ffnL to
ug{]5g\ .
wf/f ^
b'j} ;/sf/ g]kfn / ef/taLr ljBdfg
c;n l5d]sLkg / ldqtfsf] k|tLs:j?k
Ps cs{f] b]zsf gful/sx?nfO{ cfˆgf]
d'n'ssf cf}Bf]lus / cfly{s ljsf;sf
dfldnfx?df ;xefuL x'g tyf cfly{s
ljsf;;Fu ;DalGwt dfldnfx?df lbOg]
;x'lnot / 7]Ssfk§fx?df /fli6«o Jojxf/
k|bfg ug{]5g\ .
wf/f &
g]kfn / ef/t b'j} b]zsf ;/sf/x? ;dfg
cfwf/df Ps cs{f] b]zsf gful/sx?nfO{
cf–cfˆgf] e"–efudf a;f]af; tyf
;DklQsf] ef]urng ug{], pBf]u / Jofkfl/s
sf/f]jf/df efu lng], 8'nlkm/ ug{] / o:t}
k|sf/sf cGo ljz]ifflwsf/x? k|bfg ug{
:jLs[lt k|bfg ub{5g\ .
wf/f *
hxfF;Dd oxfF pn\n]v ul/Psf s'/fx?sf]
;jfn 5, ltgsf] xsdf of] ;lGwn] g]kfn
;/sf/ / ef/t ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 la|l6z
;/sf/sf] aLrdf ePsf ;a} ;lGwx?,
;Demf}tfx? / k|lt1fkqx?nfO{ vf/]h
u/]sf] 5 .
wf/f (
of] ;lGw b'a} ;/sf/n] x:tfIf/ u/]sf]
ldltb]lv nfu" x'g]5 .
wf/f !)
s'g} Ps d'n'sn] Ps jif{sf] ;"rgf lbO{
vf/]h gu/];Dd of] ;lGwsf] cl:tTj
/lx/xg]5 .
sf7df8f}+df ljqmd ;+jT @))& ;fn
;fpg !^ ut] tbg';f/ O{:jL ;+jT !(%)
h'nfO{ dlxgfsf] #! tfl/vsf lbg of]
;lGwsf] b'j} k|ltdf x:tfIf/ eof] .

g]kfn–lj|l6; ;lGw !(%) ;“u ePsf]
;lGwn] klg g]kfnsf] l;dfgf l6i6f,
sf“u8f ePsf] k|dfl0ft u/]sf] 5
o'gfO6]8 lsË8d ;/sf/ / g]kfnsf
;/sf/n] cfkm\gf b'O{ b]zsf aLrdf ;G
!*!% b]lv cfgGbk"j{s zflGt, d}qL /
;b\efjsf] ;DaGw sfod /lxcfPsf]
Wofgdf /fvL ef/t / kfls:tfgsf b'O{
:jfwLg /fHox?sf] :yfkgf ePsf]
kmn:j?k sf7df8f}+df ;G !(@# sf]
l8;]Da/ @! tfl/vsf] lbg x:tfIf/ ePsf]
;lGwkq ;f]eGbf cl3sf ;lGwkqx?sf
;d]t sf]xL–sf]xL bkmf o'gfO6]8 lsË8d /
g]kfnsf ;/sf/x?sf aLrdf nfu" g/xg]
ljrf/ ub{} olt bL3{sfn;Dd k/:k/df
/x]sf] /fd|f] ;DaGwnfO{ sfod ug{] emG
alnof] kfg{fsf] dg;fon] ;f] clek|fosf
lglDt Ps gofF ;lGwkq ug{] O/fbf u/L
tnsf bkmfdf n]lvPadf]lhd d~h'/
ePsf bkmfx?dWo] cf7f}+ bkmf o;k|sf/
5 M
cf7f}+ bkmf : of] ;lGwkq rfn' ePsf]
ldltb]lv hxfFts o'gfO6]8 lsË8d /
g]kfnsf aLrsf] ;Dks{ 5, o'gfO6]8
lsË8d ;/sf/ / g]kfn ;/sf/sf aLrdf
;G !(@# sf] l8;]Da/ @! tfl/vcl3 cf}+
;f] tfl/vdf sf7df8f}+df x:tfIf/ ePsf]
;lGwkq ;d]t vf/]h x'g]5g\ .
jiff}{b]lv b'lv/xsf] sfnfkfgL
sfnfkfgL eg]ljlQs} x/]s g]kfnLsf] d'6'
r;Ss b'V5 . To;f] t x/]s gful/snfO{
cfˆgf] b]zsf] df6f] k|f0feGbf Kof/f]
nfU5 . To;df klg xfdL g]kfnL xfdL
n8]/ arfPsf] b]z xf] of] . ef/tn] g]kfnL
;Ldf cltqmd0f u/]sf] s'/f lg:sg]
ljltSs} sfnfkfgLsf] gfd cu|k+tLdf
cfp5 .
;a}sf] cf]7df sfnfkfgL em'l08G5 .
jiff}{+b]lv ef/tLo cltqmd0fsf] rk]6fdf
k/]sf] sfnfkfgL hlt rlr{t 5, TolQms}
j]jf:tf klg ul/Psf]] 5 . t/ lxdfnL
lhNnf bfr{'nfaf;LnfO{ eg] sfnfkfgLsf]
3fpn] ;w} b'vfO /fV5 . ToxL b'vfOsf]
kL8fdf csf]{ ah|kft eP/ ylkof] ef/t–
rLglar ePsf] lnk'n]s ;Demf}tf .
d'n'ssf] b'ef{Uo k|wfgdGqL s]kL cf]nLn]
ef/t e|d0f u/],clxn] rLg e|d0fdf 5g\
t/ lnk'n]ssf] s'/f p7fPg\ . cb[Zo
;Demf}tf;+u df6f] ;f6f],/fli6«otf ;f6] /
cfdfsf] c:dLtf ;f6] .
pQ/lt/ rLg / blIf0fdf ef/t;+u
hf]l8Psf] bfr{'nfdf ;Ldf ;DaGwL
cGo :yfgdf ljjfb 5}g . ;LdfjLb
j'l4gf/fo0f >]i7sf cg';f/ sfnfkfgLdf
dfq} xf]Og,lnDkLofw'/f ;d]t g]kfnsf] xf] .
g]kfn, lrg / ef/tsf] ;Ldfgfdf
sfnfkfgL lqsf]0ffsf/df /x]sf] 5 . s'6L
ofª\bL -sfnL_ / lnk' vf]nfn] o;nfO{
lqsf]0ffsf/df 9fn]sf] xf] . ;fdl/s b[li6n]
dxTjsf] of] If]q sl/a !( xhf/ ^ ;o
x]S6/ -!(% jul{\snf]ld6/df 5_ . g]kfnn]
sfnL cyf{t s'6L ofª\bLsf] d'xfgnfO{
dxfsfnL gbLsf] d'xfg eGb} cfPsf] 5
eg] ef/tn] lnk' vf]nfsf] d'xfgnfO{
dxfsfnL gbLsf] d'xfg eGb} sfnfkfgLdf
cltqmd0f u/]/ sAhf hdfPsf] 5 .
sfnLsf] d'xfgnfO{ dxfsfnL gbLsf] d'xfg
dfGbf sfnfkfgL g]kfndf k5{ eg] lnk'
vf]nsf] d'xfgnfO{ dxfsfnLsf] pb\ud
:yn dfGbf sfnfkfgL ef/tdf k5{ . olx
ljjfbsf sf/0f sfnfkfgLsf] Ps ;o (%
ju{ lsnf]ld6/ g]kfnL e"ld ef/tn] sAhf
ul//x]sf] 5,!(^@ b]lv .
sfnfkfgLsf] klZrdlt/af6 aUg]
sfnL cyf{t s'6L ofª\bLsf] d'xfg g}
dxfsfnLsf] pb\ud :yn ePsf] g]kfnL
kIfsf] k|df0f;lxtsf] bfjL 5 . P]ltxfl;s
tYox?n] klg s'6L ofª\bLsf] d'xfgnfO{
g} dxfsfnL glbsf] pb\ud :yn b]vfPsf]
;Ldfljbx?sf] bfjL 5 . ;g\ !*!^ sf]
;'uf}nL ;GwLsf] bkmf % n] sfnL cyf{t
s'6L ofª\bLnfO{ g} dxfsfnLsf] pbud
:yn / dxfsfnL gbL ;femf geP/
g]kfnsf] ePsf] :ki6 kf/]sf] 5 .
#( jif{ cl3 kfn 6fu]/ a;]sf] ef/tLo
;]gfn] clxn] eg] SofDk g} v8f u/]sf]
5 . hldg d"gL 7"n–7"nf 3/x? klg
agfPsf] 5 . afx|} dlxgf lxp kl//xg] o;
If]qdf ef/tLo ;]gfn] clt ;+j]bglzn If]q
3f]if0ff u/]/ ;'/Iff l:ytL dha't kf/]sf]
5 . hxfF g]kfnLx? l5g\]{ sNkgf;Dd ca
ug{ ;lsb}g\ .
ef/tn] ;Ldfsf] cGo If]qdf k|flGto
;/sf/sf] dftxtdf ;'/Iff kmf}h /fv]sf]
ePklg sfnfkfgLdf s]G›Lo ;/sf/sf]
dftxtdf ef/tLo ;]gf /flvPsf] 5 . 7"nf]
;+Vofdf ef/tLo ;]gf /flvPsf] atfOG5 .
vf;df sfnfkfgL If]qdf g]kfn k|x/L
klg 5}g eg] g]kfnL a:tL klg 5}g .
sfnfkfgLaf6 !) 306fsf] k}bn b"/Ldf
g]kfn k|x/Lsf ;Ldf ;'/Iff rf}sL /x]sf
5g\\ . ;Ldf;+u hf]l8Psf ;a} uflj;df
k|x/L rf}sL 5g\\ . ef/tLo ;'/Iff kmf}h afx|}
dlxgf sfnfkfgLdf a:5 eg] g]kfn k|x/L
sfnfkfgL eGbf !) 306f 6f9fsf] Jof;,
ltÍ/ / ;LtfkfO{nfdf klg ^ dlxgf dfq}
a:5 . lxp hDg] ePsfn] afx|} dlxgf ToxfF
a:g sl7gfO{ ePsf] ltªs/ k|x/L rf}sLdf
sfo{/t k|x/Lx?sf] k|ltlqmof 5 .
ef/tLo ;'/Iff kmf}hn] g]kfnL gful/snfO{
ljgfcg'dlt sfnfkfgL hfg lbFb}g . g]kfnL
af6f] eP/ hfg d'l:sn 5 eg] ef/tLo
af6f] eP/ g]kfnLn] hfg cg'dlt lng'
k5{ . ef/tLo ;'/Iff kmf}hsf] cj/f]wsf
sf/0f g} sfnfkfgL glhs g]kfnL a:tL
g} 5}g .
;'b'/jf;L eg] ;/sf/n] sfnfkfgLsf]
j]jf:tf u/]sf] cf/f]k nufpb} cfPsf 5g\\ .
…s;n] ;'G5, oxfFsf] s'/f,ca t lnk'n]s
klg nUof]

30÷r}q o'lg6L EjfO;

w'd'{; ;'GtnL kmfp08]zgnfO{ 6'l/hd
8]enkd]G6 a}+ssf] % nfv ;xof]u
w'd'{; ;'GtnL kmfp08]zgn] lgdf{0f
ul//x]sf] dxf]Q/Lsf] alb{jf;df /x]sf]
Plss[t gd'gf d';x/ a:tL lgdf{0fsf
nflu 6'l/hd 8]enkd]G6 a}+sn] % nfv
cfly{s ;xof]u k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . a}+sn]
:yfkgfsf] ;ftf}+ aif{ k'/f u/L cf7f}+ aif{
k|j]z u/]sf] cj;/ kf/L pQm ;xof]u
u/]sf] xf] .
laut cfwf bzsb]lv a}+lsª\u
;]jfdf lg/Gt/ ;ls|o o; a}+sn] a}+ssf]
sfof{nod} Ps ;df/f]xsf] cfof]hgf ub}+
;f]daf/ pQm ;xof]u x:tfGt/0f u/]sf]
xf] . dfgjtf / ;befjsf nflu lgdf{0f
ug{ nfluPsf] a:tL;+u} r/d ul/aLsf]
rk]6faf6 d';x/nfO{ d'Qm ug{ w'd'{; ;'GtnL
kmfp08]zgn] u/]sf] sfdsf] k|;+;f ub}
a}+ssf k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[t dgf]h
v8\sfn] kmfp08]zgsL sf]ifWoIf s'~hgf
l3ld/]nfO{ r]s x:tfGt/0f ug'{ePsf]
xf] . kmfp08]zgsf] sfd k|lt cfkm'x?n]
klxn]b]vLg} glhsaf6 lgofnL/x]sf]
atfpb} clws[t v8\sfn] kmfp08]zgsf]
lgdf{0f sfo{sf nflu cfkm'x?n] ;Sbf]
;xof]u ug]{ atfPsf 5g\ . w'd'{; ;'GtnLn]
pbfx/l0fo sfd u/]sf] eGb} pgn] ;a}nfO{
cfly{s ;xof]u ug{sf nflu klg cfu|x
u/]sf 5g\ . …w'd'{; ;'GtnLsf] sfd
kf/blz{tf ePsfn] ;a} g]kfnLsf] laZjf;
lht]sf] 5Ú clws[t v8\sfn] eg] …w'd'{;
;'GtnLnfO{ 9'Ssn] ;xof]u ubf{ x'G5Ú .
w'd'{; ;'GtnL kmfp08]zgn] lgdf{0f ul//x]sf]
Plss[t gd'gf d';x/ a:tLsf] sfd clxn]
nueu clGtd r/0fdf k'u]sf] 5 .
cfly{s cefjsf lar klg kmfp08]zgn]
lg/Gt/ sfdnfO{ cuf8L a9fO{/x]sf]
5 . a'lemPcg';f/ kmfp08]zgnfO{ cem}
klg ! s/f]8 a/fj/sf] xf/fxf/Ldf
;xof]u cfjZos 5 . kmfp08]zgn] lgdf{0f
ul//x]sf] pQm a:tL $ s/f]8 &* nfvsf]
cg'dfgLt nufgLdf lgdf{0f eO{/x]sf] xf] .
w|'dkfgsf] w'jfFn] tkfO{sf] jl/kl/sf] dflg;nfO{ klg c;/ k5{ .
tkfO{sf] r'/f]6af6 lg:s]sf] w'jfF jl/kl/sf dflg;x? Zjf;k|Zjf; dfkm{t leq lnG5g\ .
w'd|kfg ug]{ JolQmx?df b]lvg] /f]ux? h:t} kmf]S;f]sf] SofG;/ tyf d'6'sf] /f]u oL JolQmx?df
klg b]lvg ;S5 .
kl/jf/sf ;b:on] w'd|kfg jf ;'lt{ ;]jg u/]df afnaflnsfn] klg b]vfl;sL u/L cDdnL
aGg ;S5 .
;fdfGotof w'd|kfg ug]{ 3/df x's]{sf aRrfx?df lgdf]lgof, a|f]ª\sfOl6;, bd, sfg kfSg]
h:tf /f]u tyf ;d:ofx? x'g] ;Defjgf a9L x'G5 .
g]kfn ;/sf/
lhNnf hg:jf:Yo sfof{no
nlntk'/
31÷r}q o'lg6L EjfO;

f}tkmL{ If]qsf slknb]j
ljutnfO{ o;/L ;DemG5g\ M
d ufpFsf] dfG5] . ufpFs} /xg ;xgdf
x's]{, a9] . d}n] % sIff;Dd lzIff u0f]z
ef/tL lgdflj, ag]kfaf6 lnPF . cfhfb
xfO:s'ndf uP/ dfWoldt txsf] cWoog
k"/f u/]F . P;Pn;L u/]kl5 pRr lzIffsf
lglDt dLgejg SofDk;df cfOof] .
k9fO;Fu} Jo;fosf] klg ;'?jft ul/of] .
xfd|f ufpFn] / Oi6ld6 w]/}h;f] cfdL{–
k'ln;df ePsf sf/0f a'afn] 5f]/f]
klg cfdL{k'ln;sf] clws[t agf];\
eG7fGg'x'GYof] . t/ dnfO{ ;fg}blv kmf}hL
k]zf k6Ss} dg kb}{gYof] . dfWoflds
lzIff k"/f u/]kl5 pRr lzIff xfl;n ug{
sf7df8f}Fsf] dLgejg sn]h cfOof] .
k|df0fkq txsf] cWoog ubf{ub}{ hd{glt/sf]
lxFl8of] . d}n] sf7df8f}+Fdf ufd{]G6 km\ofS6«L
;~nfng u/]sf] lyPF, ToxfF pTkflbt
;fdu|Lx? hd{g / cd]l/sf k}7f/L
x'g] ub{Yof] . ;g\ !(*! lt/sf] s'/f
xf] of] . To;avt ef/tn] g]kfndf
afn>d zf]if0f u/L un}Frf agfpF5g\
eg]/ unt k|rf/ / cf/f]k ljZj hut\d}
lkmhfO/x]sf] cj:yfsf sf/0fn] ubf{
lj:tf/} of] Joj;fodf dGbL 5fof] . kl5
hd{gaf6 cd]l/sf– Sofg8f–c:6«]lnof–
/:;f x'Fb} ;g\ !((! df hfkfg k'u]F .
klxnf]kN6 hfkfgdf d !(*& df k'u]sf]
lyPF . ;g\ !((! df hfkfg uP/ @–#
dlxgf a;]sf] lyPF . d}n] ;g\ !((* b]lv
hfkfgd} sDkgL vf]nL Jofkf/sf] ;'?jft
u/L a;]F .
g]kfnn] hfkfgLx?af6 w]/} s'/f
32÷r}q o'lg6L EjfO;
l;Sg'k5{ . xfdLx? ghfg]/ eGbf klg
hfgL–hfgL w]/} s'/fx? ub}{gf}F . k|ydtM
lzi6frf/sf] s'/fsf ;DaGwdf hfkfgaf6
l;Sg'kg]{ b]lvG5 . xfd|f] g]kfn klg
lzi6frf/sf] ;afndf klxnf–klxnf /fd|f]
b]z dflgYof] t/ lj:tf/ ;+:sf/ x/fpFb}
uPsf] 5 . csf]{s'/f kª\Ro'cfln6L
-;dodf k'Ug]_ / OdfGbfl/tf -em'7f s'/f
gaf]Ng]_ oL tLgj6f s'/f g]kfnLn] l;s]
x'GYof] t/ lhGbuLdf slxNo} l;Snfg\
h:tf] nfUb}g .
g]kfn / hfkfgsf] Jofkfl/s ;Defjgf
k|z:t ePtf klg ;/sf/L txaf6 7"nf]
ef]n'ddf Jofkf/ Joj;fosf] sfo{ x'g
g;ls/x]sf] 5}g . d g]kfn r]Dj/ ckm{
sdz{sf] hfkfgsf] nflu cj}tlgs g]kfnL
Jofkf/b"t klg x'F . To; lx;fan] klg
Jofkf/sf ;DaGwdf cln a9L g} hfgsf/L
5 . ;sf/L:t/af6 clxn];Dd ul/Psf
g]kfn–hfkfg;Fu ;DaGwL Jofkf/ ;kmn
ePsf 5}gg t/ xfdLh:tf g]kfnLx?
hfkfgdf &) xhf/sf] xf/fxf/Ldf 5f}F .
s'g} g s'g} b[li6sf]0faf6 hfkfgdf /x]sf

g]kfnLx? Jofkf/df ;+nUg 5g\ . g]kfn
/ hfkfgsf] Jofkf/ k|j4{gsf] If]qdf
lqmofzLn /x]sf 5g\ .
g]kfnsf] x:tsnf, ufd]{G6 / sfk]{6
ljz]ifu/L hfkfgdf lgof{t x'g] ub{5g\ .
o;dWo] g]kfnL sfuh, sk8f, yfª\sfx?
hfkfgLx?n] cf}wL dgfpF/f5g\ .
hfkfgaf6 xfdL k/fk"j{sfnb]lv g} uf8L
cfoft ug]{ ul/Psf] kfOG5 . To:t} clxn]
cfP/ s:d]l6s, cf}ifwLx? / sk8fx?
;d]t lghL If]qsf] kxndf cfoft ul/Psf]
kfOG5 . cem} klg ;/sf/L:t/sf] kxndf
7"nf] ef]n'ddf ;fdu|Lx? cfoft ug{
g;ls/x]sf] l:ylt 5 .
w]/} jif{ cl3b]lv g} pRr lzIff cWoogsf]
lglDt hfkfg g]kfnL ljBfyL{x? hfg]
ub{y] . hfkfg k7gkf7gsf] lglDt plrt
uGtJo ePsf sf/0f g]kfnL ljBfyL{x?df
hfkfgk|ltsf] df]x a9]sf] xf] . xfdLn]]
klg Ph's]zg sG;N6]G;L ;~rfng u/L
ljBfyL{x? k7fpFb} cfPsf 5f}F . xfdLn]
6f]kf Oh's]zg sG;G6];L v]n]sf klg !*–
@) jif{ eO;s]sf] 5 . ljutsf lbgx?df
hfkfg hfg ;xh jftfj/0f lyPg,
clxn] ;xh ag]sf] cj:yf 5 . ;xh
x'Fbfx'Fb} klg g]kfnL ljBfyL{x?n] ;ts{tf
ckgfpg'kg]{ b]lvG5 . c? b]zx?df hfFbf
k};f a9L nfUg] / sfdsf] ;Defjgf klg
yf]/} x'g] / hfkfgsf] ;jfndf s'/f ubf{
clwsf+z ljBfyL{x? k9\g eg]/ uPtf
klg pgLx?sf] nIo eg]sf] hfkfgdf uP/
sfd u/L kfl/jfl/s cfly{s ;Dj[l4 ug'{
g} xf] . sfd g]{ g]kfnL ljBfyL{x?nfO{
hfkfg pko'Qm uGtJo:ynsf] ?kdf lng
;lsG5 .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] plrt
uGtJo:yn hfkfg M
hfkfgdf hlt klg JolQmx? uPsf 5g\,
;j{k|yd cfjZos ;"rgfljgf g} hfkfg
k'u]sf 5g\ . bfO hfkfgdf 5g\, p;n]
cfkm\gf] efOnfO{ af]nfpg] ug'{x'G5, dfdfn]
efGhfnfO{ clg sfsfn] elhtnfO{
af]nfpg] k|rng JofKt 5 . o:tf
kfl/jfl/s gftfsf cfwf/df hfgsf/L ljg}
ToxfF w]/} dflg;x? k'u]sf 5g\ .
csf]{ s'/f cd]l/sf, Sofg8fh:tf d'n'sdf
hfg] k|of; u/L nfdf] k|of; ubf{ klg hfg
g;s]sf JolQmn] hfkfg hfg] ;f]r agfPsf
clwsf+z ljBfyL{x? h;n] hfkfgsf]
af/]df hfgsf/L Pj+ 1fg xfl;n gu/]sf
JolQm, /fd|f] c+s gNofPsf / s'g} klg
ljifodf bIftf xfl;n gu/]sf JolQmx?
ha hfkfg k'U5g\ ta pgLx? cfkm}Fdf
xtf; x'G5g\, pgLx?n] k};f vr{ u/L
ToxfF k'u]sf x'G5g\. clg pgLx?df ePsf
cbIftf / ToxfFsf] ;+3if{k"0f{ hLjgb]lv
cjfs\ aGg k'U5g\ . o; aLrdf pgLx?df
xf]d l;s x'g], hLjgdf ;f]r]h:tf] gx'Fbf
dfgl;s prf/r9fj cfpg] h:tf sfo{x?
y'k|}df cfPs]f b]lvG5 .
hfkfgdf g]kfnL ljBfyL{ w]/}h;f] s'ssf]
?kdf hfg] ul/Psf] kfOG5 . cg'ej /
l;sfOljxLg cbIf JolQm ToxfF k'u]/
cNdlng] au/]sf] clwsf+z pbfx/0fx?
kfOG5g\ . o;/L gSsnL ;l6{lkms]6 agfO{
s]xL k];fn] aGbf]a:tL u/L ToxfF cfkm"
hfg] sDkgL / kfOg] dfl;s tnasf]
;d]t hfgsf/L xfl;n gu/L clwsf+z
g]kfnL ljBfyL{x? ;d:ofdf k/]sf
x'g\ . sltn] t Hofg} ;d]t u'dfPsf
y'k|} pbfx/0f b]v];'g]sf klg 5f}F . o;y{
clxn] hfkfg ;/sf/, Pgcf/Pg hfkfn]
To:tf ljBfyL{x?nfO{ nlIft ub}{ ;r]tgf
sfo{qmdx? ;d]t ;~rfng ub}{ cfO/x]sf]
5 . h'g Hofb} k|efjsf/L sfo{sf] ?kdf
lng ;lsG5 .
t;y{, g]kfn ;/sf/n] ljb]z hfg]x?sf
nflu kfngf ug]{ lgb]{lzsf agfPsf] 5 .
tkfO{ kqsf/x? Pj+ ;~rf/ dfWodaf6
klg hfu?s u/fO/x]sf] kfOG5 . oL
s'/fx?nfO{ Wofg} glbOsg g]kfnLx?
hfkfg uO/x]sf 5g\ . t/ ToxfF k'u]sf]
ef]lnkN6 pxfFx?;Fu ul/Psf] ;Demf}tf /
ug'{kg]{ sfdaLr leGgtf e]l6G5 . aLrdf
bnfn÷Ph]G6x?n] ;xL s'/f gelGbPsf
sf/0fn] / ljBfyL{x? k9\g hfFbf klg
cd]l/sf c:6]«lnof hfFbf ;fy} pRr
lzIff xfl;n ug{ ;S5 t/ hfkfgdf
uPkl5 ;j{k|yd hfkfgL efiff cWoog
u/L ;s]kl5 dfq pRr lzIff xfl;n ug{
;Sb5 . efiff k9\bf–k9\b}sf] cj:yff
p;n] hfuL/ vfg yfN5 . hfuL/ vfPkl5
k9fOdf cj/f]w k'Ug yfN5 . hfuL/ klg
vfg] k};f sdfpg] / k9\g] oL tLgj6}
s'/fnfO{ clwsf+z ljBfyL{n] tfnd]n
ldnfpg ;Sb}g . h;n] tfnd]n ldnfpg
;S5g\ pgLx?n] hfuL/ vfP/} lkPr8L
u/]sf pbfx/0f klg 5g\ . t/ hf] dfG5]
efiff k9\bf k9\b} efiff hfgL xfn]F, sn]h
lsg hfg] eg]/ p;n] aLrdf k9fO 5f]8\g]
;Defjgf x'G5 .
hfkfgdf @$ 306fdf !* 306f sfd ug{
kfOG5 . vfglkgdf plrt Wofg glbO{
;fwf/0f vfgf vfg], 3/df $–% hgf
a:g] . cfkm";Fu} a:g] JolQmx? sf] cfof],
vfof], ;'Tof] eGg] h:tf s'/f yfxf gx'g]
/ km';{b lgsfn]/ ;fyLefO;Fu e]nf x'F
eg] k};f 36\g] 8/ oL sf/0fn] ubf{v]l/
g]kfndf cfpg klg rfxFb}g . sDtLdf
g]kfn cfpgsf] nflu Ps dlxgfsf] tna
vlr{g'kg]{ / csf]{ Ps dlxgfsf] sfd
5'6\g] 8/n] klg g]kfndf cfpg rfxFb}gg\ .
h;sf] sf/0f xf]d l;s eP/ cfTdxTof
;d]t g]kfnL ljBfyL{n] u/]sf pbfx/0f
5g\ . g]kfn cfpFbf sDtLdf klg %–&
nfv vr{ x'g] ub{5 . Tof] eGbf oxLaf6
kmf]g ubf{ x'G5 eg]/ g]kfn gcfpg] sf/0fn]
ubf{ xf]d l;s x'g] ub{5g\ . Pgcf/Pg
hfkfgdf /x]sf g]kfnL ljBfyL{x?n] xf]d
l;s eP/ cfTdxTof u/] eg]/ 6f]lsof]
ljZjljBfnosf k|f]km];/x?åf/f ev{/
sfplG;lnª\u sfo{qmd ;DkGg u¥of] .
pQm sfo{qmddf @)) eGbf a9L dflg;sf]
;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] . k|To]s @–#
dlxgfdf lgoldt ?kdf o:tf sfo{qmdx?
;~rfng ul//xg] ;f]rsf ;fy}
Pgcf/Pg Ph's]zg RofK6/dfkm{t\ xfdLn]
sfplG;lnª\unfO{ lgoldttf lbPsf 5f}F .
oL ;du| ;d:ofsf] h8sf] ?kdf g]kfnaf6
hfkfg hfg] hlt klg ljBfyL{x?n] kof{Kt
;"rgf lng g;Sg' g} xf] . o;y{ cfufdL
lbgdf hfgs/fL lnP/ dfq} hfkfg nufot
cGo b]zx?df hfg ;d]t cg'/f]w ub{5' .
g]kfndf cl:y/tf sf/0f hfkfgL
nufgLdf hfu?s 5}gg\ M
jf:tjdf eGg'kbf{ hfkfgLx?n]
g]kfndf s'g} klg lsl;dsf sfddf xft
xfNg rfx]sf 5}gg\ . sf/0f d'n'ssf]
cl:y/tf / JolQmjfbL ;f]r / k|j[l4sf
sf/0f clwsf+z g]kfnLnfO{ hfkfgLn]
ljzjf; g} ug{ 5fl8;s]sf] l:ylt 5 .
xfdLx?n] hfkfgLnfO{ :jfut ub}{ of] sfd
u/, pm sfd u/ eGg] lzjfo hfkfgLn] eGg]
33÷r}q o'lg6L EjfO;

ug]{ jfnf 5}g . hfkfg ;/sf/, hfOsfn]
g]kfn ;/sf/n] cg'/f]w u/]sf sfdx? ug]{
xf] . lsgeg] o:tf] b]z xf] hxfF /fhg}lts
l:y/tf 5}g . ag]sf] ;+ljwfgnfO{ klg
sfof{Gjog eO;s]sf] cj:yf 5}g .
cfh eGbf !)–!% jif{ cufl8 g]kfnnfO{
dfcf]jfbL åGåsfndf n]lvPsf] ANofs
lni6 / Go"/f]8df 3'Dg ghfp, df5{ d5{ eg]/
g]kfndf /x]sf /fhb'tfjf;x?n] cfkm\g]f
j]j;fO6 dfkm{\t /fv]sf hfgsf/Lx? oBkL,
tL j]j;fO6x?df /lx/x]sf] cj:yf 5 .
xfd|f] ;+utn] cfpg] s'/f leGg] s'/f xf],
cfkm}F 3'Dg cfpg'eGbf cl3 j]j;fO6
x]/]/ hfgsf/L lnP/ cfpFbfsf] dfcf]jfbL
;d:of, olt plt hgf df/]sf], ToxfF
ghfpm eg]sf] s'/fx? k9\5, a'em\5 .
s'g rflxF ljb]zL dflg; g]kfn cfpF5 /
ljhg]z u5{ . xfO8«f]kfj/df nufgL ug{
g]kfn cfPsf] hfkfgLnfO{ åGåsfndf
kfl/lbP . o:tf ljljw 36gfkl/36gfsf
sf/0f g]kfndf cfpg rfx]/ klg gcfpg]
l:ylt 5 .
oL ;d:ofx?af6 d'lQm kfpgsf]
nflu k//fi6« dGqfnon] Pp6f ;a}
/fhb"tfjf;x?nfO{ af]nfP/ g]kfndf
ko{6gsf] ;Defjgf / jt{dfg cj:yf /fd|f]
/x]sf] hfgsf/L ;d]t lbg'kg]{ b]lvG5 . o;
sfdsf] nflu Pgcf/Pg hfkfgsf] e"ldsf
/ pkl:ylt ;Ddfghgs /xG5 . g]kfn
;/sf/ / Pgcf/Pg hfkfg km/s–km/s
kf6f x'g\ . xfdLn] s'/f p7fOlbg] xf] . of]
sfo{qmd ug]{ lgtfGt lhDd]jf/jfnf lgsfo
g]kfn ;/sf/ k//fi6« dGqfno g} xf] .
xfdLn] w]/}k6s of] s'/f p7fO;Sof} klg .
g]kfn hfkfg ;DaGwsf] ^)cf}F jif{ufF7sf]
cj;/df hfkfg / g]kfndf ;d]t ljljw
sfo{qmd eO/x]sf 5g\ . lxn] r]Dj/ ckm
sdz{n] klg hfkfgsf !@ hfkfgLx?nfO{
NofP/ sfo{qmd u/]sf] 5 . ev{/} pBf]u dGqL
gljg/fh hf]zL g} g]kfn ;ldl6 @)!&
;DkGg eof] . o;df @%) j6f sDkgLx?
ljb]zaf6 ;xeflusf hgfPsf lyP . cem}
klg g]kfndf nufgLd}qL jftfj/0f lgdf{0f
x'g g;ls/x]sf] 5 . g]kfnL ;+oGqnfO{
g} ljb]zLx?n] ljZjf; u/]sf] cj:yf
5 – g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfpgf];\ nufgL
ugf];\ eg]sf] 5 . t/ ha ljb]zL g]kfndf
nufgL ug{ eg]/ cfpF5 ;/sf/L clkm;sf]
6fpsf] b'vfO{sf] jftfj/0fsf] ;/sf/L
34÷r}q o'lg6L EjfO;
sd{rf/Laf6} ul/G5 . h;sf sf/0fn] klg
w]/} ljb]zLx? g]kfndf cfP/ sfd ug]{
pT;fx 36]sf] cj:yf 5 . of] pT;fxnfO{
a9fpgsf] lglDt ;/sf/L ta/af6} blj{nf]
gLlt / nufgLd}qL jftfj/0f l;h{gf
ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . g]kfnnfO{ ;xo]fu ug]{
;f]r ePsf ljb]zLx? w]/} 5g\, olta]nf
pgLx? klg g]kfndf nufgLd}qL jftfj/0f
aGnf ls eGg]] kvf{Odf 5g\ .
nufgLd}qL jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{
Pgcf/Pgsf] e"ldsf M
;g\ @))# ;fndf Pgcf/Pg :yfkgf
eof], nG8gaf6 . @))$ ;fnb]lv g} d
Pgcf/Pgsf] ;b:o x'F . ;g\ @))% ;fndf
xfdLn] g]kfn nfOj|]/L kmfp08]zg Sofg8fdf
u7g u¥of}F . @))& ;fndf g]kfn nfOj|]/L
kmfp08]zg Pgcf/Pgsf] cfj4 ;+:yf
xf] eGbfeGb} klg Tolta]nf cfb/0fLo
bfh' 8f= pk]Gb| dxf]tf]sf] cWoIftfdf
hLjf nfld5fg]sf] kxndf ;g\ @))&
;fndf cg'z/0f ul/of] . ;g\ @))*
;fndf g]kfndf b]zLo clkm; vf]Nof}F .
xfdLnfO{ Tolta]nf of] ljb]zLx?sf] ;+:yf
xf], cfOPghLcf]cGtu{tsf] Pglhcf]
xf] eGg] w]/}n] ;f]Rg'eof] . g]kfnLx?s}
;+:yf agfpg'k¥of] eGg];f]r x'Fbfx'Fb} klg
o;aLrdf sfd ug{ ;fx|} ufx|f] k¥of] .
g]kfn ;/sf/ lzIff dGqfno;Fu ldn]/
sfd ug{ klg To; cjlwdf ;lsPg .
To;kl5 ;g\ @)!# ;fndf g]kfn nfOj|]/L
kmfp08]zg, g]kfn egL ;+:yf vf]Nof}F .
o;kl5 xfd|f @ j6f ;efklt @–@ jif{sf]
sfo{sfn k"/f ul/;Sg'ePsf] 5 . clxn]
o; ;+:yfsf] ;efklt d]/f] g]t[Tjdf
rln/x]sf] 5 . xfdLn] $) eGbf a9L
g]kfnsf lhNnfx?df xfd|f] pkl:ylt
hgfO;s]sf 5f}F . @)) eGbf a9L nfOj|]/L
lgdf{0f ul/;s]sf 5f}F . s]xL ;do cl3
dfq} d uf]vf{, kf]v/f, lrtjg nufot *–(
j6f lhNnf e|d0f u/]/ cfPF .
k|To]s :s'ndf O–nfOj|]/L kx'“r
k'¥ofpg] ;f]r M
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] dftxtdf /x]/ h'g;'s}
klg z}lIfs O–nfOj|]/L ;~rfng ug{
;Sg]5g\ . t;y{ ;/sf/L, ;fd'bflos /
lghL If]qsf tLgj6f} z}lIfs ;+:yfn] O–
nfOj|]/L /fVg ;Sg'x'G5 . O–nfOj|]/L k|ltsf]
a'emfO cln leGg /x]sf] kfPF . xfdLsxfF
O–nfOj|]/L 5, tkfO{+sf] cfjZos 5}g eGg]
;xh} k|To'Q/ w]/}sf] kfPF . t/ a'em\b} hfFbf
O–nfOj|]/L eg]]sf] Pp6f :s'ndf sf]xL
bftfn] sDKo'6/ lbPsf] x'Fbf]/x]5, ToxfF
b'Mv;'Mvn] OG6/g]6 NofP/ hf]l8Pkl5
OG6/g]6 vf]nL ljleGg j]j;fO6df
uP/ k':ts k9\g'nfO{ g} O–nfOj|]/L eGg]
rng /x]5 . t/ xfd|f] O–nfOj|]/L eg]sf]
ckmnfOg nfOj|]/L xf], of] k|opf]u ug{
OG6/g]6sf] h?/L kb}{g . xfdLn] s/f]8f}F
vr{ u/L (Open Library Access) eGg]
;+:yf;Fu ;xsfo{ u/L Pp6f ;km\6j]o/
df sIff @ b]lv * sIff;Ddsf] g]kfn
;/sf/sf] kf7\oqmddf cfwfl/t c+u|]hL,
lx;fa, lj1fg / g]kfnL ljifosf] kf7\o
;fdu|L, k|fylds :jf:Yo, dlxnf tyf
3/]n' pkrf/sf ljifo, s[lif, kz'kfng,
wd{;+:s[ltnufotsf hfgsf/Lx?
nufot cGo pkof]uL ljifoj:t'x?nfO{
;d]t k|lji6 u/fPsf 5f}F . o; nfOj|]/Ldf
xhf/f}F k':ts tyf ;|Job[Zo ;fdu|Lx?
OG6/g]6ljgf g} x]g{, k9\g ;lsg]5 .
g]kfn ;/sf/ lzIff dGqfnocGtu{t
/xL of] sfd ug{ nfluPsf]n] ;j{k|yd
lhNnf lzIffdf hfG5f}F . pQm sfof{non]
;lDalGwt lhNnfsf :s'nsf
lk|lG;knx?nfO{ lr7L sf6]/ af]nfOlbg'
x'G5 . /, xfdLn] lhNnf lzIff clwsf/Lsf]
/f]xj/df xfd|f ;Dk"0f{ O–nfOj|]/Lsf af/]df
k|:t'tLs/0f lbG5f}F . To;aLrdf xfdLn]
O–nfOj|]/L /fVgsf] nflu ?= &%,))).–
nufgL nfUg] sf/0f;lxt hfgsf/L
lbG5f}+ . of] ;km\6j]o/ /fVbf ;'?df cln
vlr{nf] h:tf] b]lvPtf klg k6sk6s
o;sf] ckm8]l6ª\u ug]{ vr{;lxt o;df
;dflji6 ePsf] 5 . lghL ljBfnon] o;
;km\6j]o/nfO{ k|of]u ug{ pT;fx b]vfPtf
klg ;fd'bflos / ;/sf/L :s'nx?n]
;|f]tsf] sldsf sf/0f /fVg] rfxgf x'Fbfx'Fb}
klg of] ;km\6j]o/ vl/b ug{ g;lsPsf]
kl/k|]Iodf xfdLn] cg]sg ljsNksf]
vf]hL ul//x]sf 5f}+ . lzIff dGqfno;Fu
lzIffsf] s'g} cg'bfg;Fu ;xsfo{ u/L
o;nfO{ k|To]s :s'ndf k'¥ofpg] ljifodf
;Nnfx klg eO/x]sf] 5 . clg ljb]zdf
a:g] Pgcf/Pg ;fyLx?;Fu klg k|To]s
cfkm\gf] u[xlhNnfsf ljBfnox?df ;Sbf]
;xof]u u/L of] ;km\6j]o/ /fVg] sfo{df
6]jf k'¥ofpg ;d]t cg'/f]w eO/x]sf] 5 .
xfdLn] jflif{s ?kdf s]xL ljBfnox?nfO{

lgz'Ns ?kdf of] ;km\6j]o/ k|bfg ug]{ klg
of]hgf cl3 ;f/]sf 5f}+ . o;sf] nflu
cfkm\gf] ljBfnosf] af/]df hfgsf/L
;lxtsf] kq lbPkl5 ^ dlxgf jif{lbg
kl5 xfd|f] l6dn] lg0f{o u/L To:tf
ljBfnox?nfO{ ;km\6j]o/ k|bfg ug]{5 .
clxn] OG6/g]6 k|of]ustf{n] /fd|f]
;du|Ldfq x]/]/ a;]sf 5g\ egL cfkm\gf
afnaRrfnfO{ 9'Ss ;fy OG6/g]6 k|of]u
ug{ lbg g;lsg] cj:yf 5 . OG6/g]6sf
dfWodn] ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds b'j}
s'/fx?sf] hfgsf/L xfl;n ug{ ;lsG5 .
o;y{, clxn] ljsl;t d'n'sx?n] OG6/
g]6sf] sd k|of]u ug{ yfln;s]sf 5g\ .
ljb]zlt/ g/fd|f] ;fO6 olb s;}n] x]g{sf]
nflu vf]Nof] eg] ;/sf/L ta/af6} To;
;fO6df /fd|f ;sf/fTds lsl;dsf]
ljifoj:t'x? cfpg] u/L ;+oGq lgdf{0f
ul/;s]sf] 5 t/ g]kfn ;/sf/;Fu Tof]
lsl;dsf] Ifdtf 5}g, To;sf/0f cfhsf]
lbgdf Pp6f >Ldfg>LdtL , 5f]/f5f]/Ln]
Pp6} Nofk6k k|of]ustf{n] ;xL ;"rgf /
ljifoj:t' x]/L kl9/x]sf 5g\ ls 5}gg eGg]
z+sfsf] 3]/fleqsf] ljifo alg/x]sf] x'G5 .
h;n] ubf{ g]kfndf ;fdflhs vnn k'Ug
uPsf] 5. xfdLn] agfPsf] ;km\6j]o/ o:tf]
5 ls rflxg] lrhx?dfq} o; ;km\6j]o/df
;dflji6 ul/Psf] 5 . cGo cfjZosxLg
;fdu|Lx? o;df /flvPsf] 5}g .
xfd|f] rfxgf g]kfn nfOj|]/L
kmfp08]zgdfkm{t\ b]z}el/sf :s'nx?n]
O–nfOj|]/Laf6 jl~rt x'g gk/f];\ eGg]
g} xf] . csf]{s'/f, d Pgcf/Pg hfkfgsf]
;b:o ePsf x}l;otn] ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnLx?
ljb]zsf] ofqf to ug'{eGbf cl3 g]kfn
;/sf/n] nfu" u/]sf] gLltlgod ;"rgfnfO{
;"rLs[t u/L r]tgf afF8\g] sfddf klg
xfdL nfluk/]sf 5f}F . ;a}n] x]Ssf /fVg'kg]{
s'/f s]xL hfkfgdf k|lzIffyL{ sfdbf/sf]
?kdf uPsf () k|ltzt sfdbf/x?
hfkfg k'u]kl5 efu]/ cGoq u/]sf sf/0fn]
hfkfgn] g]kfnsf sfdbf/x?nfO{ x]g]{
b[li6sf]0f Hofb} g/fd|f] alg/x]sf] 5, emg}
emg} g]kfnL sfdbf/x?nfO{ sfnf];"rLs}
n]jndf /fvL ;s]sf sf/0f g]kfn
;/sf/n] klg sfdbf/ k7fpFbf gefUg]
lx;fan] k7fcf];\ eGg] ;d]t nljª\u
ul//x]sf 5f}F .
;dfh;]jL / Joj;foL aLrsf]
leGgtf M
;fdflhs ;]jf ubf{ k};f klg gkfpg],
pN6} cfkm\gf] k};f vr{ x'g], clg h;
klg gkfOg], cjufn dfq} v]Kg'kg]{ k]zf
g} ;fdflhs ;]jf sfo{ xf] . Jofkf/df
ljhg]z ugf]{;\ cfkm" klg sdfpg'x'G5,
c?nfO{ klg sldzg lbg'x'G5 . b'j} kIfdf
v'zL x'g'x'G5 . of] ;fdflhs sfo{df xfdL
s;}sf] lnFb}g, s;}sf] lbFb}gf}F . To;sf/0f
b'Zdg a9L x'G5 . d}n] g]kfn clw/fHodf
@) j6feGbf a9L :s'n lgdf{0f u/]F, Tof]
qmddf :s'n agfpF5' eg]/ slt k};f Nofof]
vfof] eGg] dflg;x? klg d}n] e]6]sf]
5' . d}n] #)) ;oeGbf a9L x\jLnlro/
ljt/0f u/]F, o;n] sxfFaf6 x\jLn lro/
Nofof] of] afF8] jfkt slt k};f sdfof]
xf]nf eGg] dfG5] klg e]6]F . x\of08kDk
@) j6f hlt lgdf{0f u/] xf]nf, ToxfF klg
To:t} k|j[lQsf dflg;x? e]l6of] . dlxnf
;zQmLs/0f, s'v'/f kfng ug{ sfo{df ;d]t
;xof]u ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5' . clxn] ljleGg
lhNnfsf :s'ndf uP/ O–;km\6j]o/ /fVg]
sfddf xfdLn] s]xL k};f lng] u/]sf 5f}F .
clxn] &% nfv lnP/ slknn] ;km\6j]o/
a]Rb} lxF8]5 eGg] dflg;x? 5g\ eGg] klg
;'G5' . t/ pxfFx?n] of] s'/f a'em\g'k¥of]
ls of] l;i6d 8]enk ug{ slt vr{ nfUof]
eGg] s'/f . cem} b'O{ s/f]8 eGbf a9L
/sd vr{ u/]/ xfdLn] of] O–;km\6j]o/
lgdf{0f u/]sf xf}F, cem} o; ;km\6j]o/
ckm8]6 ul//x]s} 5f}F . d ;a}nfO{ cg'/f]w
ug{ rfxG5', c?sf] af/]df cgfjZos
lrof]rrf{ ug'{eGbf ;dfhsf] /fd|f] sfdtkm{
tkfO{+x? klg cu|;/ x'gf];\ . oxfF sfd ubf{
w}o{tf lnFb} cufl8 a9\g'k5{ eGg] nfU5 .
d]/f] ljrf/df eujfg\ d/]kl5 e]l6G5g\ eGg]
s'/f xf]Og . w}o{tf lng ;Sg'k5{, lj:tf/}
kvg'{ k5{ . s'/f sf6\g] dflg;x?n]
lj:tf/} ;a} s'/f a'em\g]5g\ / of] t unt
xf]Og /x]5 eGg] e]p kfPkl5 pgLx? cfkm}F
k|folZrt ug]{5g\ . xfdLn] hLjgdf ;Sbf]
sd{ ub}{ hfcf}F kl/0ffd eGg' s'/f ;don]
g} b]vfpFb} hfg]5 eGg] ;Gb]z ;a}nfO{ o;}
klqsfdfkm{t\ lbg rfxG5' .
k|of]u u/f+}, afnLsf] pTkfbsTj a[l4u/f}+
ls;fgsf nflu pGgt aLp ljhg sfo{qmdaf6 cg'bfg ;xof]u k|fKt u/L klZrrdf~rnsf b'O{ lhNnf u'NdL
/ c3f{vfFrL tyf dWoklZrdf~rnfsf rf/ lhNnf Ko"7fg,/f]Nkf,;Nofg / ?s'd df s[ifs ;d"x tyf ;xsf/L
dfkm{t Jofks ?kdf vfBfGg tyf t/sf/Lsf] u'0f:t/Lo aLp pTkfbg eO{/x]sf]n] ;d:t s[ifsju{n] pGgtaLpsf]
k|of]uu/L @)b]lv#) k|ltzt ;Dd afnL pTkfbsTj a[l4u/f}.cfjZos dfqfdf pGgt aLpsf] pknAwtf af/]
hfgsf/L lng sfo{qmd nfu'ePsf 5 lhNnfsf lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no tyf lhNnf pBf]u afl0fHo;3+df
hfgsf/L lng ;Sg'x'g]5 .
yk hfgsf/Lsf] nfluM
ls;fgsf nflu pGgt aLpljhg sfo{qmd
sfo{qmd Joj:yfkg sfof{no ltnf]Qdf–#, hfgsLgu/, ?kGb]xL
;Dks{ kmf]gM )&!–$@)@$$, ˆofS;M )&!–$@)@$%
O{d]n M kubkisfp2012@gmail.com
j]e;fO{6 M www.kubk.gov.np
35÷r}q o'lg6L EjfO;

1fg af“8\g] cleofgdf 5g\
/fdaxfb'/ aDhg
nlntk'/ . dxf;Daf]wL u'? wd{ ;+3sf]
cfof]hgfdf ut r}q * ut]b]lv ;'?
eO{ @) ut];Dd nlntk'/sf] lhNnfsf]
r'lnv]ndf Ps j[xt\ 1fg afF8\g] sfo{qmd
;DkGg x'g] ePsf] 5 . ;f] sfo{qmd
/fdaxfb'/ adhgn] k|fKt u/]sf] 1fg
;Dk"0f{ dfgj;Dd k'¥ofpg] nIosf ;fy
of] sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf ul/Psf] ;+3sf
Ps ;b:on] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] .
!$ jif{sf] pd]/b]lv tk:of/t aDhgn]
/tgk'/ xnvf]l/of h+undf lj=;+= )^@
h]7 @ ut]b]lv )^* ;fn h]7 @ ut]
^ jif{;Dd tk:ofdf a;]/ 1fg k|fKt
u/]sf lyP . ^ jif{sf] tk:ofaf6 k|fKt
u/]sf] dfu{bz{g pgn] of] sfo{qmddfkm{t\
;a{;fwf/0fnfO{ afFl8/x]sf x'g\\ . pgn] of]
sfo{qmdsf] dfWodaf6 ;a}nfO{ cfzLjf{b
lbO/x]sf 5g\ . :jjrgsf] dfWodaf6
cfkm"n] dfgj ;d'bfonfO{ dfu{bz{g, wd{
/ sd{af/] lzIff lbFb} cfPsf 5g\ eg]
;+;f/df c;+Vo k|f0fLsf] b'Mv d'Qm u/fO{
>4f, ljZjf; / cf:yfsf] dfu{df lxF8fpg
vf]h]sf x'g\ . pgn] k|ltkfbg u/]sf]
bz{gnfO{ af]wLdfu{ bz{g elgG5 eg] pgn]
k|ltkfbg u/]sf] wd{nfO{ …d}qL wd{Ú sf]
gfdn] lrlgPsf] 5 .
sfo{qmddf sDtLdf ;o d'n'ssf
cg'ofoL o; sfo{qmddf ;xeflu
ePsf 5g\ eg] rLg, cd]l/sf, /l;of,
hfkfg, yfONofG8, ef/t, kf]r'{un,
Olyof]lkof, xf]G8'/;h:tf d'n'ssf 5g\
eg] cGo d'nssf cg'ofoL cfpg] qmd
hf/L 5 /x]sf] ;+3n] hgfPsf] 5 .
@& jif{ k'u]sf adhg af]wL wd{nfO{
a'4 wd{eGbf km/s dfG5g\ . lxGb', af}4,
h}g, lqmolZrog, d'lZnod ;Dk|bfo
5g\ t/ dfG5] ;a} Ps} x'g\ eGg] pgsf]
dfGotf 5 . ;[li6df /x]sf] ;Dk"0f{ k|f0fL
kl/jf/ dfGg] pgsf] bz{g xf] . hlGdPsf
cfwf/df s;}nfO{ kl/jf/ dfGg' gx'g]
pgL atfpF5g\ . pgsf cg';f/ ;[li6
Pp6f kl/jf/ xf] .
ljxfg !) ah]b]lv aDhg pQm :yfgdf
k'U5g\ eg] eQmhgx?sf] nfOg ;s]kl5
dfq pgL ToxfFaf6 jf;:yfgdf kms{g]
ub{5g\ . pgL clxn] eQmhgsf] 3/df
cf>o lnP/ al;/x]sf 5g\ . b}lgs !%
b]lv @) xhf/sf] xf/fxf/Ldf eQmhg
cfpg] u5{g\ . pgsf] l;Gw'kfNrf]s,
l;Gw'nL, ;nf{xL, lrtjg, ndh'ª, af/fsf]
xnvf]l/ofnufot :yfgdf pgsf] cf>d
5 .
pgL ljZje|d0fdf ;d]t lg:sg] ePsf
5g\ . ljZj e|d0fdf hfg'eGbf klxnf
g]kfndf lbOg] of] clGtd dfu{bz{g x'g]
;+3n] hgfPsf] 5 . pgn] af]wL;F3 wd{af/]
! ;o eGbf al9 d'n'sdf dfu{bz{g lbg]
ePsf 5g\ . o;cl3 pgnfO{ nfu]sf] s]xL
cf/f]k nfu]kl5 jf:tjdf u'? To:tf]
gePsf] / s]xL lglZrt JolQmx?sf]
:jfy{sf sf/0f slxn] sfxLF grflxFbf]
xNnf aflx/ cfpg] u/]sf 5 . pgn]
s;}nfO{ klg ;]jssf ?kdf g/fVg] u/]sf]
/ pgsf] gfddf s]xL JolQmsf] eQm x'F eg]/
ab\gfd u/]sf] atfP . t/, pgL tk:ofdf
a;'Gh]n To; h+undf t:s/L ug{ /f]ssf]
atfP . pgL em/]sf] kftdf klg Pp6f
cl:tTj x'G5 eGg] ljZjf; u5{g\ .
36÷r}q o'lg6L EjfO;