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o;sf] /fd|f] kIf ;:tf] nufgLdf a9L 

ljh'nL lg:sg', jftj/0fLo Iflt 

c? cfof]hgf eGbf sd x'g' lklsË 

cfj/df ;d]t hnf;o cfof]hgf em} 

Psgf;n] ljh'nL lbg'xf] . $^ s/f]8 

*^ nfv cd]l/sg 8n/ cyf{t @& 

ca{ g]kfnL ?k}of cg'dflg nfut /sd 

/xg] elgPsf] of] cfof]hgfsf] afw 

:yn ;'v]{t– h'Dnf /fhdfu{ !) =!% 

f{snf] f{d6/ eGbf gf{hs 5 . b}n]vsf] 

e}/j:yfg /fd3f6sf] :ofnuf8 gf{hs 

afw afwL s0ffnL gf{bsf] kfgL 

(=% 8fOf{d6/ uf]nfO{ / @=$ f{d6/ 

nDjfO{ /xg] ;'?Ë dfkm{t c5fdsf] 

t'df{vfb -/fxjNof_ uf=lj=; jfFNb] 

;Dd k"/} o'/]gdf 3'dfp/f] dfu{sf jGg 

nfu]sf] o; cfof]hgf @=$ f{snf] f{d6/ 

6 o'lg6L EjfO; 

;'?Ë vgL gf{hsf] !%) f{d6/ tn 

emb{5 . of] cfof]hgfsf] ;jeGbf /fd|f] 

kIf xf] . & f{snf] f{d6/ nDafO{ /xg] 

o; cfof]hgfsf] hnf;on] f{gDTofpg] 

8'afg ;d:of kf{g c? cfof]hgf eGbf 

sd 5 . o; cfof]hgfaf6 pTkfbg 

x'g] ;Dk"0f{ f{ah'nL eg] @@) s]=eL 

Ifdtfsf] k|;f/0f dfkm{t g]kfnu~h x'b} 

ef/tdf f{gof{t uf{/g] ef{gPsf] 5 . 

ptm kf{/of]hgf ef/tsf] f{h=Pd=cf/ 

OghL{ k|f= nL nfO{ cg'df{t kq ;d]t 

g]kfn ;/sf/n] f{bO;s]sf] 5 . of] #) 

aif{ ;Dd ;Demf}tf uf{/Psf] 5 . ctM 

xfd|f] b]zdf h] hf{t s0ff{nLxf]; c?0f, 

jf klZrd ;]tL xf]; lgdf0f{ ubf{ ^.& 

aif{ nfUg] g} 5 . To; ;Dd g]kfnsf] 

cfGtf{/s f{ah'nL dfu k"lt{df ;d]t @.# 

xhf/ d]ufjf6 xfdLnfO{ rff{xG5 t/ 

s0ff{nL h:tf] ;:tf] / g]kfnL nufgL 

;d]t ug{;Sg] kf{/of]hgfnfO{ lsg 

ef/tnfO{ e]6L r9fpg] eg] csf]{tkm{ 

of] kf{/of]hgf lgof{td"vL :jb]zL k'hL 

P+jd nufgL / cfGtf{/s pkof]u d"vL 

kl/of]hgf x'g ;Sb5 t/ s0ff{nL 

h:tf] ax'd"No k|fs"f{ts ;|f]tnfO{ xr'jf 

e/df ef/tL sDkgLnfO{ ef/tLo g]tfsf] 

bjfgdf f{bg' / ;a} f{ah'nL ef/tnfO{ 

f{gof{t ug'{ eg]sf] s0ff{nLsf] s'/f dfq} 

geP/ /fi6'"3ft / /fi6«f{xt f{akf{/t 

5 . Nepal ;+l3o k|0ffnLdf k|a]z 

uf{/Psf] 5 . ;+3Lo /fHosf] k'g ;+/rgf 

gx'Gh]n k|fs"f{ts ;|f]t rff{x vf{gh 

xf]; jf jg:ktL x'g f{tgLx? afF8kmfF8 

/ f{g0f{o ug{] cf{wsf/ k|flGto ;/sf/ 

;Fu ;'/f{Ift x'G5 cGtf{/d ;/sf/n] 

7'nf–7'nf kf{/of]hgf f{ab]zLnfO{ :jLs"t 

f{bg' eg]sf] :jod ca}wff{gs f{yof] 

t/ ;/sf/n] ;Demf}tf / ;GwL ug'{ 

k'j{ ;+;bsf] b'O{ f{txfO{ jx'dtjf6 

kff{/t ug'{ kb{Yof] t/ u/]g / o;n] 

/fi6«nfO{ ulDe/ / bL3{sfnlg ?kdf 

c;/ / ;d:of em]Ng' kg]{ x'G5 . 

o;y{ ljZjs} bf]>f] hg;+Vof ePsf] 

ef/tdf cj cfpg] krf; jif{df Ps 

;o k}lt; b]lv Ps ;o cg7fpg 

l/kf]6{ 

s/f]8 hg;+Vof x'g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 

5 . xfn dfq} em08} Ps cj{ eGbf j9L 

hg;+Vof ef/tdf j;f]jf; ub{5g . 

cj cfpg] lbgdf ef/tnfO{ ljZjs} ;a} 

eGbf j9L vfBg cfjZostf kg]{ / 

w]/} pTkfbg ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . o;tf] 

cj:yfdf ef/tn] gbL h8fg h:tf] 

dxTjsf+IfL cfof]hgfx¿ cufl8 ;f/]/ 

g]kfnnsf] kfgL ;n{s} lgNg] sf]lzz 

ul/Psf] 5 . hlxn] klg g]kfnsf] t/n 

/fhlglts cj:yfsf] kfO{bf c7fpb} 

cfPsf] lttf] ;To ;j}nfO{ yfxf ePsf] 

s'/f xf] . g]kfndf Pp6f kl/jt{gsf] 

gfddf Pp6f gbL ef/tnfO{ jln lbg' 

kg]{ cj:yf ;[hgf ul/ lbG5 . ljleGg 

kqklqsfsf k|sfl;t n]vsf cfwf/df 

eGg]xf] eg] cd]l/sfn] O/fsdf t]nsf] 

cflwkTo Psnf}6L kfg{ ;}lgs cfsd{0f 

u/]sf] lyof] eg] ef/t n] g]kfnsf] kfgL 

sAhf ug]{ lgx'df g]kfndf s'g} g s'g} 

lbg ;}lgs cfsd{0f ug]{ ;+efjgfx? 

j9b} hfg] k|;+u p7fPsf] b]lvG5 eg] 

csf]{ tkm{ ef/tLoo tfTsflng ;Qf?9 

bnsL g]tf ;f]lgof ufGwL / ef/lto 

sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf g]tf l;tf /fd 

ofr'/Ln] g]kfnL g]tf ;+u nljª\u u/]sf] 

st}af6 l5k]sf] 5}g To;}n] g]kfndf 

;Qf ltsfpgsf] nflu ef/ltox¿ ;Fu 

xf/ u'xf/ dfUg] k/Dk/fn] kl/jt{gsf] 

gfddf g]kfnL zf;sn] ef/tnfO{ s]lx 

g s]lx a'emfpg' kg]{ ;:sf/sf] ljsf; 

u/]sf 5g\ . o;}n] /fi6«nfO{ g} gf]S;fgL 

agfpg] ;lGw ;Demf}tf ojd\ hg lj/f]lw 

ljsfzsf 7]ln b]vfpg]x¿af6 klg 

xf]l;of/ x'g h¿/L5 . 

o;y{ 7"nf–7"nf kl/of]hgfx¿ 

agfpg' g} ljsf; xf] eGg] e|d / k|rf/ 

ug]{x¿ clxn] xfd|f] b]zdf a9f]t/L 

?kdf lawdfg 5 . ljsf; s]sf nflu 

ljsf; s] xf] eGg] s'/f g]tf, lglt 

lgdf{tf / ljzn]ifsx¿ klg :ki6 5}g 

o; ;+aGwL yfxf kfpg]x¿ klg a'em]/ 

a'em krfPsf 5g . a'em krfpg'sf] 

k5fl8 7"nf] cfly{s :jfy{ n's]sf]

;dfrf/ 

;8s b]lv sfg'g ;Dd s0ff{nLsf hgtfx¿ pl7/x]s} cj:yfdf 

ljsf;sf] gfddf ljgf; lgDtofpg] lg0f{o jt{dfg ;/sf/n] ug{ vfHb}5 . 

klg 5 / unt tl/sf af6 o:tf 

of]hgfx¿ lgDTofp5g\ / ljsf; s;/L 

ug]{ of]hgf s;/L Nofpg] eGg] laifodf 

;/sf/ / gful/s jLr cGt/ ;+afb x'g' 

kb{Yof] t/ ;+jfb / 5nkmn ljlxgtfsf] 

l:ylt 5 . /fi6« / ;dfhnfO{ c;/ 

k'Ug] of]hgf NofP/ 4Gbsf] ;'?jft 

ug]{ g]t[Tj / ljif];o1 hutsf] jf}lbs 

bl/b|tf P+j dfgl;s ;f]rsf] cefj 

5 . ljh'nL afNg gkfPsf hgtf 

nfO{ ljh'nL a]Rg] / wgL x'g] xNnf 

lk6fO{ xf:ofkb sfd u/]sdf 5g . 

cfd g]kfnLnfO{ kmfO{ x'g] ul/ ;fgf 

tyf dem}fnf hnljw't kl/ofhgfx?df 

nuflg lj:tf/ ug{ cfj:os 5 . o;f] 

ugf{n] If]lqo ljsf;df ;Gt'ng Nofpg] 

tyf ljb];L sDkgL, sfdbf/, ljz]Z1 / 

k'hLsf] ;§df g]kfnL sDkgL sfdbf/, 

ljz]Z1 / k"hLsf] kj{bg ug]{ cj;/ 

k|fKt x'g] 5 o;}n] s0ff{nL glbsf] 

d'xfg sAhf ug]{ ef/lto if8oGqnfO{ 

jt{dfg qmfGtLsf/L ;/sf/n] k'g 

ljrf/ ug{ clt cfjZos 5 . To;sf] 

c;/ s0ff{nL lr;fkfgLsf] !) xhf/ 

* ;o d]ufjf6 TobfF eGbf dfly $@ 

;o d]ufjf6 ljh'nL pTkfbgdf ;d]t 

/f]sfj6 x'g ;Sg] ePsf]n] ef/lto 

Psflwsf/nfO{ ;j}n] ;f]Rg}kg]{ x'G5 . 

/fHon] ;lbof} b]lv pk]lIft P+j 

plTkl8t jgfO{Psf] s0ff{nL k|b]zsf 

hgtfsf] cfjhnfO{ cj ;+3 /fHo 

ulx;s]sf] jt{dfg kl/j]zdf l;+x 

b/af/n] lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ gePsf]n] 

o:tf ;+lw ;+emf}tfnfO{ t'?Gt vf/]h 

ug' kb{5 . ;8s b]lv sfg'g ;Dd 

s0ff{nLsf hgtfx¿ pl7/x]s} cj:yfdf 

ljsf;sf] gfddf ljgf; lgDtofpg] 

lg0f{o jt{dfg ;/sf/n] ug{ vfHb}5 . 

;'/Iffsf] gfddf an k|of]u ug]{ lg0f{o 

;d]t ul/;s]sf] 5 . 6'sL afn]/ /ft 

sf6]sf hgtfnfO{ ljh'nL glbO ef/t 

lgof{t ug]{ /fi6«3ftL lg0f{osf hgtfsf] 

hfu/0fnfO{ bafpg] qmfltsf/L ;/sf/n] 

lgtL lnG5 eg] Tof] ljsf; xf]ls ljgfz 

xf] cfd s0ff{nLsf hgtfx¿n] hjfkm 

dflu /x]sf 5g\ . o;y{ sf7df08f}n] 

s0ff{nLnfO{ ;w} pklgj]z /fVg] xf] 

eGg] kk+~r xf] eGg] s'/f k|i6 x'b} 

5 . s0ff{nL a]Rg] lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ 

l;+xb/jf/df 5}g . ;g !((# lePgf 

;Dd]ngn] /fli6«o tyf If]lqo ljz]iftM 

P]ltxfl;s, ;f:s[lts tyf wfld{s 

k[i6e'ldnfO{ Wofgdf /fVb} /fhlglts, 

cfly{s, ;f:s[lts cflb h];'s} ePklg 

dfgj clwsf/ tyf df}lns :jtGqtfsf] 

;+/I0f tyf ;+jb{g ug' /fHosf] 

st{Jo xf] elgPsf] 5 t/ sf7df08f}n] 

/fhlglts ;dfg ;xeflutf cfly{s 

P+j k|;f;lgs If]qdf lje]b u/]sf] 5 . 

s0ff{nL glb s0ff{nLsf] ;Eotf, wd{ P+j 

;+:s[ltsf] w/f]x/ / cl:dtf n'l6Psf] 

5 . o;df g]kfnsf gful/s ;dfh 

eGg]x¿ dfgj clwsf/sf 7]Ssf lng]x¿ 

slx st} af]n]sf 5}gg\ . oltdfq 

xf]O{g s0ff{nLsf] ;f:s[lts clwsf/ 

xgg eof] eGg] of] k+lQmsf/n] /fli6«o 

dfgjclwsf/ cfof]udf ;d]t ph'/L 

u/]sf];s]sf] 5 . Pp6f jStJo ;d]t 

lbg lxDdt u/]g o;}n] ljsf; hgtfsf 

nflu xf] eg] k|TIfo hgtf ;+u ;/f]sf/ 

/fVg'kb{5 . ;+l3o /fHo lgdf{0f ug]{xf] 

eg] k|s[lts >f]tsf dflns :yflgo 

hgtfg} x'G5g . 

ljkGg gful/sx?nfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 tf]lsPsf] * j6f 

s8f /f]ux?sf] pkrf/df ;x'lnot k|bfg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . cfly{s ?kn] ljkGg 

JolQmx?nfO{ ;"lrs[t c:ktfnx?df d'6'/f]u, SofG;/, d[uf}nf /f]u, 

kfls{G;G;, cNhfOd;{, x]8 OGh'/L, :kfOgn OGh'/L / l;sn;]n Plgldofsf] 

pkrf/ jfkt ?= ! nfv ;Ddsf] vr{df ;x'lnot pknAw u/fOPsf] x'Fbf 

cj;/sf] ;b'kof]u ug'{ x'g cg'/f]w 5 . 

:jf:Yo ;]jf ljefu 

Joj:yfkg dxfzfvf 

6]s', sf7df8f 

o'lg6L EjfO; 7

ljrf/ 

;+s6df k/]sf] ;+3Lotf / sfo{of]hgfleqsf /x:ox? 

oltj]nf b]zdf Psflt/ ;xdtLo 

;/sf/ u7gsf s'/fx? klg rsf]{?kdf 

pl7/x]sf 5g\eg] csf{lt/ ;xdtLo 

/fhgLltsf] jftfj/0f layf]Ng] ultlalwx? 

klg lg/Gt/ e}/x]sf 5g\ . o;/L Ps}k6s 

cfk;df 7Ls lakl/t 7flgg] la/f]wfefifk"0f{ 

ultljlwx? lsg e}/x]sf 5g\ < o;af/] 

s;}n] klg ulxl/P/ ;f]Rg] / lain]if0f 

ug]{ k|of;u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5}g . kl5Nnf 

/fhgLlts 36gfqmdx?nfO{ s]nfP/ x]g]{ 

xf]eg] b]zsf] /fli6«o /fhgLlt stf hfFb} 

5 eGg] s'/fsf] cf+sng ug{;lsg] cj:yf 

5 . ;/sf/df /x]sf] dfcf]jfbL s]Gb|n] 

g]sf+nfO{ ;d]t ;xdt u/fP/ ;xdtLo 

;/sf/ u7gug]{ k|of; ul//x]sf] k|rf/ 

e}/x]s} a]nf dfcf]jfbL ;d]t /x]sf] 

dlGqkl/ifb\sf] xfn}sf] Ps a}7sn] k|d'v 

k|ltkIfL bn g]kfnL sf+u|];;Fu ;d]t 

s'g} 5nkmn gul/sg cfufdL @)&$ 

df3 !) ut]leq ;DkGg ug{]u/L ;+ljwfg 

sfof{Gjogsf] gofF sfo{of]hgf kfl/t 


u/]sf] 5 . h;df @)&# ;fpgleq 

efiff cfof]u, :yfgLo txsf] lgjf{rg / 

Gofo k|zf;g;DaGwL P]g Nofpg], k|b]zsf] 

;Ldf+sgsf nflu ;'emfj lng ;+3Lo cfof]u 

u7gug{], ebf}leq pRr cbfnt u7gug{], 

c;f]hleq ;+j}wflgs lgsfo / cfof]usf 

sfg"g Nofpg], sflQsdf ;+3Lo ;+;b\ 

sf] lgjf{rg If]q lgwf{/0f cfof]u u7gug{], 

;+j}wflgs lgsfo u7gug{] / d+l;/df 

:yfgLo lgjf{rg ;DkGg ug{]nufotsf 

s'/fx? cufl8 ;fl/Psf] 5 . ;f]xLaLrdf 

;+j}wflgs lgsfo / cfof]u u7g ul/g] 

of]hgf klg /flvPsf] 5 . To;}u/L, @)&# 

r}tleq k|b]z k|d'vsf] lgo'lQm / k|b]zsf 

c:yfoL /fhwfgL tf]Sg], @)&$ df3 & 

ut]leq cfd lgjf{rg ;DkGgug{] klg 

;f] sfo{of]hgfdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . 

/fi6«klt / pk/fi6«kltsf] lgjf{rg;DaGwL 

sfg"g, ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf 

sd{rf/L ;dfof]hgf;DaGwL sfg"g @)&# 

k';leq Nofpg] klg ;/sf/n] lg0f{o 

8f= s]zj b]jsf]6f 

u/]sf] atfOPsf] 5 . 

;+3Lo ;+;b\, k|b]z 

;ef, k|ltlglw;ef, 

/fli6«o;ef ;b:osf] 

lgjf{rg;DaGwL sfg"g 

;f]xL cjlwdf Nofpg] s'/fx? ;d]t ;f] 

of]hgfdf pNn]v 5g\ . k|ltlglw;ef, 

/fli6«o;ef ;b:osf] lgjf{rg @)&$ 

sflQs;Dd ul/;lsg] s'/f klg of]hgfdf 

pNn]v ul/Psf] kfOG5 . o;/L PsfPs 

;/sf/n] olt 7"nf] of]hgf Nofpg' t/ 

To;af/] k|d'v k|ltkIfL bn;Fu 5nkmn 

;d]t gug'{n] bnx?sf aLrdf kmf6f]sf] 

cj:yf l;h{gf u/]sf] 5 . 

of] of]hgf cfpg'sf] k[i7e"dLnfO{ x]g]{ 

xf]eg] sltko cfZro{ nfUbf 36gfx? 

36]sf 5g\ . ;/sf/df /x]sf] dfcf]jfbL 

s]Gb|n] cfkm} ;d]t /x]sf] ;/sf/ 9fNgsf

nflu k6s k6s k|of; u/]sf] lyof] . 

p;n] z'?df k|d'v k|ltkIfL bn g]sf+ 

/ ;/sf/sf] g]t[Tj ul//x]sf] Pdfn]nfO{ 

h'wfP/ ;/sf/ 9fNg] / k|wfgdlGq kb 

cfkm"n] xftkfg]{ k|of; u¥of]eg] bf]>f] k6s 

cfGbf]ng/t dw]zL / hftLo ;d"xx?nfO{ 

ldnfP/ ;/sf/ u7gug]{ s'/f klg rrf{df 

Nofof] . 

To;}sf nflu !! j6f dfcf]jfbL 

;d"x v8f u/]/ kf6L{ Pstf ul/Psf] 

k|rf/ klg ul/of] . g]sf+n] klg cf]nL 

;/sf/ 9fn]/ cfkm\g} g]t[Tjdf ;a{kIfLo 

;/sf/ agfpg] t/ cf]nL ;/sf/df 

;fd]n gx'g] l6Kk0fL u/]sf] b]lvGYof] . 

g]sf+n] ;/sf/n] kIfkft / /fhgLlts 

k"jf{u|xsf cfwf/df sfd ug]{u/]sf] cf/f]k 

klg nufPsf] lyof] . e"sDk kLl8tx?sf] 

p4f/df ePsf] kIfkft / g]kfn laB't 

k|flws/0f nufotsfaf/]df gsf/fTds 

l6Kk0fL u/]sf] lyof] . 

ha Pdfn]sf] g]t[Tjn] g]sf+nfO{ 

;d]t ldnfP/ NofPdf ;/sf/sf] g]t[Tj 

5f8\g tof/ /x]sf] hfgsf/L lbof] Tof] 

36gf dfcf]jfbL s]Gb|sf nflu kmnfdsf] 

Ro'/f rkfP ;/x eof] . 36gf s:tf] 

b]lvof] eg] dfcf]jfbL s]Gb|n] tTsfn s]kL 

cf]nL g]t[Tjsf] ;/sf/ 9fn]sf] v08df 

g]sf+sf] g]t[Tjdf Pdfn] / dw]zL bnx? 

;lxtsf] ;/sf/ u7g x'g] / dfcf]jfbL 

s]Gb| k|ltkIfdf k'Ug] eof] . To;cl3 

cd]l/sf, a]nfot, ef/t / rLgsf sltko 

;'/Iff clwsf/L / s]xL /fhgLlts 

g]tfx? g]kfn cfPsf] / g]kfnsf] 

/fli6«o /fhgLltdf rf;f] /fv]sf] eGg] 

s'/fx? aflx/ cfPsf lyP . To;kl5 

g]kfnsfaf/]df cd]l/sfn] gsf/fTds 

l6Kk0fL u/]sf] lyof] . k|wfgdGqL cf]nL / 

blIf0f tyf dWo PlzofnL dfldnf;DaGwL 

cd]l/sL d'Vo pk;xfos ljb]zdGqL 

ljlnod 6f]8aLr e]6jftf{ ePsf] lyof] . 

6f]8n] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgk|lt c;Gt'li6 

/fv]sf bnx¿sf] dfu jftf{dfkm{t k"/fug]{ 

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k|of;df ;xof]uug]{ / 

;+jfbdfkm{t g} ;a} ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg x'g] 

ljZjf; JoQm ug'{ePsf] elgPsf] lyof] . 

To;}tfsf k|wfgdlGq cf]nLn] g]kfn c? 

s;}n] c/fp v6fpug]{ b]z gePsf] 

atfpg'ePsf] lyof] . 

To;cl3 pxfFn]g} s]xL ;fj{hlgs 

sfo{qmdx?df cd]l/sL x:tIf]kaf/] rrf{ 

ug'{ePsf] eGg] s'/fx? aflx/ cfPsf 

lyP . To;} d];f]df g]kfnsf k//fi6«dlGq 

sdn yfkfn] ef/tdf uP/ g/]Gb| df]bL 

;/sf/sf ljb]z dlGq ;'idf :j/fh / 

ToxfFsf] ljkIfL bn sf+u|]; cfOsf g]tf 

tyf k"j{ k|wfgdlGq 8f=dgdf]xg l;+xnfO{ 

e]6]/ g]kfnsf] /fli6«o /fhgLltsf af/]df 

s'/f ug'{ePsf] eGg] s'/fx? aflx/ cfPsf 

lyP . 

dlGq yfkf lbNnLaf6 kmls{bf 

gkmls{b} g]kfndf dw]zL bnx?df 

kmf6f] cfPsf] lyof] . oxfF cfGbf]ngsf] 

axfgfdf laleGg av]8f v8f u/]/ 

a;]sf sltko dw]zL bnx?n] ;/sf/n] 

k7fPsf] jftf{;DaGwL kq a'em\g'sf ;fy} 

;/sf/sf] k|of;nfO{ ;sf/fTds eGg 

yfln;s]sf lyP . ptf ;/sf/df /x]sf] 

/fli6«o hg df]rf{n] PsfPs ;+3Lotfsf 

la?4 b'O{ dlxg] cfGbf]ngsf] 3f]if0ff 

u/]sf] lyof]eg] s]xL dfcf]jfbL ;d"xx?n] 

km]/L ;z:q hgo'4 yfNg] zt{df kf6L{ 

Pstfub}{ ;/sf/nfO{ r'gf}tL lbPsf] 

b]lvPsf] lyof] . of] klg cf]nL ;/sf/sf 

nflu Ps k|sf/sf] bafa g} lyof] . lrlgofF 

;}lgs clwsf/Ln] g]kfn e|d0f u/]nuQ} 

g]kfnsf pk/fi6«kltsf] rLg e|d0f 

toul/Psf] lyof] . g]kfnsf pk /fi6«klt 

gGbaxfb'/ k'gn] l5d]sL rLgsf] e|d0f 

ul/;Sg' ePsf] 5 . pxfF g]kfn cfPnuQ} 

cf]nL ;/sf/n] dfcf]jfbL s]Gb| nufotsf 

;/sf/df /x]sf bnx?sf] dfq ;Nnfx 

/ ;xdltdf pSt sfo{of]hgf ;fj{hlgs 

u/]sf] 5 . ca g]kfnsL /fi6«klt laBf 

e08f/L ef/t e|d0fdf hfg] / ef/tsf 

/fi6«kltn] klg g]kfnsf] e|d0fug]{ s'/fx? 

cfPsf 5g\ . o;/L cfZro{nfUbf] 9+un] 

ljrf/ 

/fhgLlts 36gfqmdx? cufl8 a9\b} 

clxn]sf] cj:yf l;h{gf ePsf] 5 . 

o;f] x'g'sf] vf; sf/0f g]kfndf ;+3Lo 

zf;gsf] h;/L ePklg sfof{Gjog u/ 

eGg] ljb]zLx?sf] bjfj xf] . jf:tjdf 

g]kfnsf ;Gbe{df ;+3Lo zf;g 

Ps k|sf/sf] /fhgLlts dxf/f]u g} 

xf] . h;nfO{ ha/h:t ;NsfP/ s]xL 

;d"xx?n] g]kfnnfO{ slxNo} ldNg g;Sg] 

u/L hftLo / If]qLo ?kdf laeflht 

u/fpg] k|of; u/]sf lyP / ul/g} /x]sf 

klg 5g\ . 

jf:tjdf k|wfgdlGq cf]nLn] /fi6« 

/ /fli6«otfsf] kIfdf hlt g} rsf{s'/f 

u/]klg pxfF g]t[Tjsf] ;/sf/n] ;+3Lotfsf] 

sfof{Gjogdf b]vfPsf] xtf/f]n] ;+;osf] 

cj:yf l;h{gf ul/lbPsf] 5 . g]kfndf 

;+3Lo zf;g nfu' u/fpg oxfFsf s]xL 

bnx?n] pN6f] k'N6f] v]n v]Nb} g]kfnL 

;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] cfFvfdf 5f/f] xfn]/ 

cfkm\gf] /0fgLlt cufl8 a9fpg] k|of; 

ub}{cfPsf 5g\ . ;/sf/n] xfn} ;fj{hlgs 

u/]sf] ;+ljwfg sfof{Gjog of]hgfn] 

Psflt/ bnx?sf aLrdf kmf6f]sf] cj:yf 

l;h{gf u/]sf] 5eg] csf{lt/ ha/h:t 

;+3Lotfsf] sfof{Gjogsf] k|of;n] b]zdf 

cl:y/tf a9fpg] b]lvPsf] 5 . 

x'g t of] ;/sf/n] h]h:tf sfo{ 

of]hgf agfP klg To;n] lgwf{l/t 

ldltdf sfof{Gjog ug{;Sb}g eGg] 

cGo sltko 36gfqmdx?n] klg :ki6 

u/]sf 5g\ . b]znfO{ ;+3Lo zf;gaf6 

d'Qm gu/];Dd oxfFsf] zflgt, /fhgLlts 

l:y/tf / ljsf;sf] s'g} ;+efjgf 5}g . 

To;}n] bnx?n] ;+ljwfgsf] sfof{Gjog 

ug]{ gfddf ;+3Lo zf;g Aoj:yf ha/ 

h:t sfof{Gjog u/fpg] / b]znfO{ yk 

efF8e}nf]df ws]Ng] k|of; ug'{x'Fb}g . of] 

cfhsf] k|d'v larf/l0fo s'/f ePsf] 

5 . kl5nnf 36gfqmdx? leq n's]sf 

/x:osf laleGg kf6fx? 5g\ . b]zeQm 

g]kfnlx?n] To;nfO{ ;dodf g} /fd|/L 

s]nfpg] k|of; ug'{ h?/L 5 . 

o'lg6L EjfO; 9

cGtjf{tf{ 

/fli6«o klxrfg gx'“bf d'n's åGblt/ 

g]kfn jf}l4s d~rsf cWoIf Pj+ /fhgLlts ljZn]ifs 8f= s]=la= /f]sfof kl5Nnf] ;do lgs} ljjfb / rrf{df cfO/ 

xg' ePsf] 5 . g]kfndf lqmlZrogsf ?kdf lrGg' ePsf /f]sfof kl5Nnf] k6s d'n'ssf] klxrfg /fi6«, /fli6«otf / /fli6«o 

:jflwgtfsf] ljifodf lgs} cfjfh p7fO/xg' ePsf] 5 . o;} ;Gbe{nfO{ lnP/ o'lg6L EjfO;sf nflu /fdrGb| v8\sfn] u/]sf] 5f]6f] 

s'/fsfgL ;Djflbt c+zM 

) g]kfnsf] jt{dfg cj:yf af/] s]lx 

atfOlbg';\ g < 

/fhgLlt cfkm\gf] 7fpFdf eO/fv]sf] 5 . 

g]kfnsf] cfh;Ddsf] /fhgLlt hgtf 

/ /fi6«sf] nflu slxn] klg ePg . 

of] g]tf / bnx?sf] nflu s'g} Pp6f 

cfO8f]nf]hLsf] nflu cyjf ljb]zLx?sf] 

Ph]08f sfof{Gjog ug{sf] nflu dfq} 

eof] . cfheGbf kfFr÷5 jif{ cufl8 

qmde+utf / ?kfGt/0f eGg] Pp6f a'sn]6 

lgsfn]sf] lyP . Tof] lstfadf clxn] 

g]kfndf ePsf /fhgLlts bnx? / 

ltgsf g]tfx?af6 ca g]kfnL hgtfn] 

s]xL cfz ug'{ x'Fb}g eg]sf] lyP . lo 

bn / g]tfx?n] b]z / hgtfsf] nflu 

s'g} klg lg0f{o ug{ ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\, 

c;Ifd eO;s] . To;}n] hgtfx?n] 

logLx?af6 s]lx klg cfz ug'{ x'Fb}g 

/ gofF ljsNksf] vf]hL ug'{ k5{ . 

g]kfnsf] /fhgLltdf qmde+utf x'g'k5{ 

/ g]kfnL hgtfsf] ;f]rfO{, k|j[lQ / 

lrGtgdf klg s]lx ?kfGt/0f cfpg' 

k¥of] . lj=;+=@))& / @)$^ b]lv @)%@ 

;fn;Dd cfpbf g]kfndf ax'bn cfof] 

t/ s]lx klg ePg . vfnL pgLx?n] 

JolQmut, kfl/jfl/s / bnLo :jfy{ / 

s]lx ljb]zLx?sf] :jfy{ dfq} k"/f u/] . 

h;n] ubf{ dfcf]jfbLsf] !) jif]{ hgo'4 

z'? eof] . Toqf] o'4sf] Iflt kl5 klg 

clxn] xfdL ax'bnLo Joj:yf d} 5f}+, 

s]lx klg km/s 5}g\ . clxn]sf] ax'bn 

Joj:yfdf lxhf]sf] eGbf b'O{ ;o hlt 

kf6L{x? k'u]sf 5g\, km/s Tolt dfq} 

xf] . clxn]sf] /fhgLlts bnx? bnLo 

:jfy{df nfu]sf 5}gg\, t/ lxhf]sf] 

/fhgLltdf bnLo :jfy{tf lyof] . 

clxn] bnleq ljleGg u'6 pku'6x? 

5g\ / To;}df bnx? nflu/fv]sf 

5g\ . ToxL u'6 pku'6df emu8f, n8fO{ 

k};f / ;Qfsf] nflu eO/fv]sf] 5 . 

x/]s bnleqsf] ;d:of eg]sf] u'6 / 

pku'6 leq ePsf] ;d:ofsf] ;Gt'ng 

ldnfpg] sfdd} ;do v]/ uO/fv]sf] 

5 . lxhf]sf] /fhgLlteGbf cfhsf] 

/fhgLltdf ljb]zL zlQmx? a9L xfaL 

eO/fv]sf 5g\ . g]kfnsf] af/]df lg0f{o 

ug]{ clwsf/ xfd|f g]kfnsf /fhgLlts 

bnx?n] u'dfO;s]sf 5g\ . g]kfnsf] 

/fhgLltdf gfËf] x:tIf]k aflx/af6 

eO/fv]sf] 5 eGg] s'/f kl/l:yltaf6 

klg yfxf x'G5 . ca xfdLn] clxn] 

ePsf /fhgLlts g]tf / bnx?af6 

cfz ug'{ x'Fb}g . hlt l56f] logLx?n] 

xfd|f] nflu s]lx klg ug{ ;Sb}gg 

eGg] lgZsif{df g]kfnL hgtf k'U5g\, 

Tolt l56f] ljsNksf] vf]hL ug]{ lt/ 

xfdL hfG5f} . x}g s]lx unf{g ls 

eg]/ klv{/fVof] eg] logLx?n] s]lx 

ub{}gg\ . b]znfO{ logLx?n] le/af6 

v;fnLlbG5g\ . Tof] eP/ ;a} g]kfnLx? 

;r]t x'g' cfjZos 5 . lsgeg] b]z 

logLx?sf] dfq} xf]Og xfdL ;a}sf] xf] . 

) clxn] ljjflbt ?kdf b]lvg'ePsf] 5, 

tkfO{+ PSsf;L o'6g{ x'g'sf] sf/0f s] < 

d dfG5] pxL g} xf], dfG5]nfO{ o'6g{ eP 

h:tf] nfu]sf] dfq} xf] . d}n] hlxn] 

klg /fi6«nfO{ klxnf] :yfgdf /fVg] 

u/]sf] 5' . d]/f] klxnf] k|fyldstf /fi6« 

/ hgtf xf] . Tof] kl/jt{g ePsf] 

5}g\, lxhf] klg Tolx lyof] cfh 

klg Tolx 5 . lxhf]sf] Joj:yfn] 

g]kfn /fi6« / hgtfsf] nflu vf;} 

s]lx sfd ug{ ;s]gg\ . h;n] ubf{ 

dfcf]jfbL hgo'4 z'? ePsf] xf] . 

logLx?n] g} s]lx u5{g eg]/ g]kfnL 

hgtfnfO{ klg cfz nfUof] . s;}n] 

ug{ g;s]sf] s'/f ca logLx?n] u5{g\ 

eGg] eof] . b]zsf] ljsf; u5{g\, b]zsf] 

:jfledfgnfO{ a9fp5g\, :jtGqtf, 

;fj{ef}d;Qf, b]zsf] cv08tf, b]zsf] 

Pstf, /fli6«o klxrfgnfO{ logLx?n] 

ul/dfdo agfpnfg / g]kfnL hgtfx? 

10 o'lg6L EjfO;

;a}sf] hLjg:t/ pS;]nf / ;a} 

g]kfnLx?sf] Go'gtd cfjZostfx? 

k"/f xf]nfg eGg] lx;fan] Tof] 

a]nf g]skf Pdfcf]jfbLsf] Ph]08fnfO{ 

!) jif{ ;Dd d}n] klg ;dy{g 

u/]sf] x'F . d'n'ssf] nflu d}n] /fli6«o, 

cGt/f{li6«:t/df dfcf]jfbLsf] kIfdf 

jsfnt u/] . jf:tjdf Pp6f kf6L{ut, 

/fhgLlts lx;fan] d dfcf]jfbL 

lyOg . t/ dfcf]jfbLsf] Ph]08faf6 

b]z / hgtfsf] lxt x'G5 eg]/ 

To;sf] ;dy{g u/]sf] x'F . ljz]if u/]/ 

cGt/f{li6«o:t/df dfcf]jfbLx?nfO{ 

lrgfpg] ljz]if u/L o'/f]k, gy{ cd]l/sfdf 

/ klZrdsf] ;dy{g dfcf]jfbLnfO{ 

h'6fpg] e"ldsf d}n] v]n]sf] xf] . t/ 

cfhsf] lbg;Dd cfpbf g]kfnL hgtfn] 

h'g cfzf u/]sf lyP, Tof] x'g ;s]g . 

clxn] pxfFx? klg l5GgleGg x'g'ePsf] 

5 . d]/f] lgZsif{ eg]sf] g]kfnsf] 

/fhgLlt g]kfnsf] nflu eO/fv]sf] 

5}g\ . To;sf/0f o'6g{ xf]Og d ;w}+ 

b]z / hgtfsf] nflu ;f]Rg], lrGtf ug]{ 

/ sfd ug]{ xf] . 

) tkfO{+ lqmlZrg eg]/ lrlgg' x'G5, 

kl5Nnf] ;dodf lxGb' wd{, /fhtGq / 

;]gfsf] ljifodf s'/f p7fO/fVg' 

sf/0f s] < 

wfld{s lx;fan] d lqmlZrog 

x'F . d lqmlZrog ePsf] $# jif{ 

eof] . cfheGbf em08} #)÷#% jif{ 

cufl8 d}n] g]kfnsf lqmlZrogx? 

wd{;DaGwL k|rf/k|;f/ ug{lt/ dfq} 

nfu]sf lyP, ;dfh / /fi6«sf] 

lrGtg pgLx?df b]lvb}g lyof] . 

Tof] a]nf d}n] ;dfh / /fli6osf] 

ljsf;df xfdL nfUg' k5{ eg]/ 

cfjfh p7fpPsf] lyP . /, d}n] /fi6« 

klxrfgsf] s'/f p7fPsf] lyP . Tof] 

a]nf lqmlZrog ePkl5 dfG5]x? 

k/Dk/futsf cfkm\gf ;a} s'/fx? 

5f]8\g], k'/fgf] ;fdflhs 3]/faf6 lg:s]/ 

k"/} cnUu} x'g] uy]{ . To:tf] kl/kf6L 

ePsf] a]nf ToxL a]n} lqmlZrog ePklg 

xfdLn] g]kfnL klxrfg 5f]8\g' x'Fb}g eg]/ 

d}n] s'/f p7fP . csf]{ lqmlZrogx? 

c? wdf{jnDaLx?;Fu 3'nldn 

gx'g] jftfj/0f lyof], of] unt xf] 

eg]/ d}n] c? wd{df cf:yf /fVg] 

dfG5]x?nfO{ cfb/ ug'{k5{, pgLx?sf] 

ljZjf; sb/, ;Ddfg ug'{k5{ / xfdL 

pgLx?;Fu ldl;P/ ;femf ;jfnsf 

ljifodf ;xsfo{ ug'{k5{ eg]/ k|d'v 

d'2f p7fPsf] lyP . csf]{ Tof] 

a]nf g]kfnsf] rr{ / g]kfndf ePsf] 

lqmlZrogsf ;+3 ;+:yfx?sf] g]Tt[Tj 

aflx/af6 cfpg' ePsf bfh'efO{x?sf] 

xftdf lyof] . g]kfnsf lqmlZrogx?n] 

;dfh / /fi6«sf] ljsf;df nfUg'kg]{, 

;+nUg x'g'kg]{, ;lqmo of]ubfg lbg'kg]{ 

/ ;xefuLtf x'g'kg]{ / To;kl5 g]kfnL 

klxrfgsf] af/]df ;r]t x'g'kg]{ / 

wfld{s ;xsfo{df nfUg' kg]{ To;a]nf 

d}n] eg] . o:tf s'/fx? ug{sf] nflu 

g]kfndf ePsf rr{x? / lqmlZrog 

;+3 ;+:yfx?sf] g]t[Tj lqmlZrogx?sf] 

xftdf x'g'k¥of] eGg] s'/f d}n] p7fPsf] 

cGtjf{tf{ 

x'gfn] Tof] a]nfsf] rr{sf] g]t[Tjn] oL 

s'/fnfO{ a'em\g, :jLsf/ ug{ ;s]g . 

Tolx eP/ d}n] rr{ 5f]8]/ aflx/ cs}{ 

rr{ z'? u/] . o:tf s'/f d}n] klxn] 

b]lv g} af/Daf/ p7fpb} cfPsf] xf] . 

d'Vo s'/f /fli6«otf, g]kfnL klxrfg, 

g]kfnsf] ljsf;, g]kfnL hgtfsf] 

lxt;Fu ;DalGwt s'/fx? x'g\ oL . 

d}n] #)÷#% jif{ cufl8 eg]sf s'/fx? 

cfhsf lqmlZrogx?n] clxn] ub}{ 

x'g'x'G5 . cfhsf lqmlZrogx? ljleGg 

ljsf;sf ultljlw, /fhgLltb]lv lnP/ 

Jofkf/ Joj;fodf nfu]sf 5g\ . d}n] 

klxNo} eg]sf ;a} s'/f clxn] ePsf 

5g\ . dfcf]jfbLn] wd{lg/k]Iftfsf] s'/f 

p7fP To;nfO{ d}n] z'?df wfld{s 

:jtGqtfsf] ?kdf a'em] . ;fob w]/}n] 

klg To;/L g} a'em] xf]nfg . To;sf/0fn] 

d}n] wd{lg/k]Iftfsf] nflu ;zQm cfjfh 

klg p7fOg / lj/f]w klg ul/g . d}n] 

;w}+ wfld{s :jtGqtf x'g'k5{ eg]sf] 

lyP . t/ ;+ljwfg 3f]if0ff x'g'eGbf 

s]lx cufl8b]lv rflxF d wd{lg/k]Iftfsf] 

lj?4df pleP . lsgeg] d}n] cWoog 

u/] wd{lg/k]Iftfsf] Oltxf; af/] h;n] 

ubf{ of] lrh rflxF unt /x]5 eGg] a'em] 

/ v'n]/} wd{lg/k]Iftfsf] lj?4df nfu] . 

o'lg6L EjfO; 11

ljleGg wfld{s ;d'bfosf] cu'jfx?nfO{ 

af]nfP/ klg wd{ lg/k]Iftf eg]sf] of] 

xf], wd{lg/k]Iftf g]kfnsf] lxtdf 5}g\ / 

o;n] ;dfhdf w]/} vfnsf ljs[ltx? 

cfp5g eGg] s'/f pxfFx?nfO{ eg] 

/ ;a} wd{ ;d'bfosf JolQmx? 

ldn]/ hfcf}+ ;+ljwfgdf s'g} xftndf 

wd{lg/k]If zAb x'g'x'Fb}g eg]sf, hf]8 

u/]sf xf}+ t/ ;kmn x'g ;lsPg . 

lsgeg] c? wd{x? h:tf] a'l4i6, 

d'l:nd, lqmlZrognufotn] wd{lg/k]Iff 

slQsf] v/fa 5 eGg] s'/f Tof] a]nf 

a'em\g ;Sg' ePg t/ clxn] a? a'em\b} 

x'g'x'G5 . t/ xfd|f] cfjfh wd{lg/k]If 

lj?4 clxn] klg 5 . /fHo wd{;fk]If 

g} x'g'k5{ . ;dfhdf wd{sf] e"ldsf 

/xg' k5{ . ;dfhnfO{ g}lts dfu{bz{g 

ug{sf] nflu, dfgjLo d"No / dfGotfsf] 

nflu wd{sf] e"ldsf /xG5 . wd{ leq 

s]lx ljs[lt xf]nfg t/ ltgLx?nfO{ 

;Rofpg' k5{ . Tolx eP/ d]/f] c8fg 

eg]sf] wd{lg/k]Ifsf] lj?4df wd{;fk]If 

x'g'k5{ eGg] xf] . 

) g]kfndf /fhtGq / lxGb' /fi6«sf] s'/f 

klg pl7/fv]sf] 5, o; af/] s] eGg 

rfxg' x'G5 < 

klxn] k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] g]kfn 

Plss/0f ug{ g]kfnL ;]gfsf] lgdf{0f 

u/] . pgL PSn}n] t g]kfnsf] Plss/0f 

;Dej lyPg / g]kfnL ;]gf v8f 

u/] . Tof] a]nfsf /fhf / ;]gf b'a}sf] 

lxGb' wd{;Fu ;DaGw lyof] / ;]gfsf] 

klxrfg g} lxGb' wd{;Fu hf]l8Psf] 5 . 

o;/L g]kfnsf] zfx j+zLo /fh;+:yf, 

g]kfnL ;]gf / lxGb' wd{n] g]kfnsf] 

klxrfg lbg] ePsf] x'gfn] g]kfnsf] 

klxrfg /fVgsf] nflu lo tLgj6f 

lrhx? xfdLn] 5f]8\g' x'Fb}g . s'g} g 

s'g} ?kdf lo tLg s'/fnfO{ xfdLn] 

hf]ufO/fVg' kg]{ /x]5 . lo s'/fx?nfO{ 

x6fOlbg] lalQs} g]kfn b]z, g]kfn 

/xb}g, g]kfnsf] klxrfg /xb}g / 

g]kfn lrGg g;Sg] aG5 . clxn] lo 

tLg dWo] b'O{6f x6fO;lsPsf] 5 t/ 

Tof] k'/} dl/;s]sf] eg] 5}g . lsgeg] 

clxn] klg ltgnfO{ dfGg] hgtf Tolt 

g} ;+Vofdf 5g\ . clxn] lxGb' wd{ / 

/fhtGq lglZqmo 5 eg] g]kfnL ;]gf 

s]xL ;lqmo /x]sf] cj:yf 5 . ca 

g]kfnnfO{ k"0f{ klxrfg lbgsf] nflu 

lo b'O{j6fnfO{ klg ;lqmo cj:yfdf 

Nofpg' k5{ . d}n] /fhf, lxGb' wd{, 

;]gfsf] kIfdf af]n]sf] xf]Og t/ lo 

tLgj6fnfO{ kmfNg' eg]sf] g]kfn kmfn] 

;/x xf] . hgo'4sf] a]nfdf d}n] 

dfcf]jfbLnfO{ ;dy{g u/]sfn] ;]gfn] 

lxhf] dnfO{ dfg{ klg vf]h]sf] lyof], 

h'g Tof] a]nf :jefljs} lyof] . x'gt 

d x/]s k|sf/af6 lo tLgj6fsf] lj/f]wL 

x'g'kg]{ xf] lg . To;a]nf dfcf]jfbLnfO{ 

cft+ssf/L 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] lyof] . 

pgLx?nfO{ ;dy{g ug]{ d klg Tof] 

a]nf cft+sf/L g} x'Gy] . t/ d cfhsf] 

lbg;Dd s'g} /fhgLlts kf6L{sf] ;b:o 

ePsf] 5}g . d b]zeQm ePsf] x'gfn] 

d]/f] rf;f] /fi6«sf] nflu cyf{t g]kfn 

/ g]kfnL hgtfsf] nflu lz/f]k/ /xg] 

x'gfn] g]kfn /xgsf] nflu, g]kfnsf] 

ljlzi6 klxrfg /xgsf] nflu / g]kfn 

g]kfns} cj:yfdf /xgsf] nflu lo 

ltgj6f s'/f xfdLnfO{ rflxG5 eGg] 

s'/f ;a} g]kfnLn] a'em\g' k5{ . g]kfnsf] 

klxrfgsf] nflu s] s'/f rflxG5 eGg] 

s'/f xfdLn] ;f]Rg' k¥of] . 

) s] /fhtGq / lxGb' /fi6« x'g ;Dej 

xf]nf / < 

;Dej eg]sf] xfd|f] xftsf] s'/f 

eof] . xfdLnfO{ of] /fi6« rflxG5 ls 

rflxb}g < htf;'s} hfcf];, h];'s} 

xf];, ljb]zLn] lnP klg lnOof]; cyjf 

cGtjf{tf{ 

s'g} ljb]z cfP/ oxfF zf;g u/f];\ 

eGg] xf] ls xfdLnfO{ /fi6« rflxG5 ls 

rflxb}g eGg] k|Zg xf] . g]kfn rfxG5f} 

ls rfxb}gf}, g]kfnL eP/ afRg' 5 ls 

5}g, xfd|f] 5f]/f5f]/L ef]nL g]kfnL eP/ 

afr'g eGg] xfdL rfxG5f}+ ls rfxb}gf}+, 

k|Zg t Tof] xf] . g]kfnsf] ljlzi6 

klxrfg g]kfndf sfod x'g'k5{ / 

ef]nLsf xfd|f ;GttLx? klg g]kfnL 

eP/ afr'g eGg] xf] eg] wd{ ;fk]If 

x'g'k5{ . lsgeg] /fli6«o klxrfgn] 

;a}nfO{ Ps agfpg] xf] . To;}n] Tof] 

klxrfg x6fpg] ljlQs} oxfF /fli6«o 

klxrfg s]lx klg x'Fb}g . Pstfsf] 

;"qdf s] n] afw]/ /fVg] < d}n] eg]sf 

lt tLgj6f s'/fx? gx'g] lalQs} oxfF 

s]lx klg /xb}g . s'g}klg /fhgLlts 

bn, g]tfn] xfdLnfO{ Pstfsf] ;'qdf 

afWg ;Sb}g . 

) b]zdf dw]z cfGbf]ng h:tf cg]s 

lsl;dsf cfGbf]ngx? eO/fv]sf 5g\, 

b]z ljv08glt/ hfg nfu]sf] xf] < 

/fli6«o klxrfg gx'g] ljlQs} xfdL 

/fi6«sf] af/]df ;f]Rg 5f]8\5f} . /fh;+:yf 

clxn] klg /x]sf] eP t/fO{sf] d'2f 

clxn] h;/L cfO/fv]sf] 5 To;/L 

cfpb}g lyof] eGg] dnfO{ nfU5 . 

To;n] b]znfO{ ljv08t lt/ nfG5, 

b]znfO{ 6'qmf6'qmf agfp5 / xfdL 

Pscfk;df n8fO{ u/]/ a:g] cj:yf 

cfp5 . t/fO{sf] s'/f dfq} xf]Og ef]nL 

c? w]/} s'/fx? klg cfp5g\ . xfd|f] 

/fli6« klxrfg s] df 5 eGg] s'/f 

oxfFsf hgtfx?, a'l4hLlj, g]tf, bn, 

;+rf/If]qnufot;Fu 5nkmn, ax; g} 

ePg . xfdLn] cfkm\gf] cfkm\gf] clwsf/sf] 

s'/fx? dfq} u¥of} . ;+ljwfg aGof] t/ 

Tof] cem} klg ;a}nfO{ :jLsfo{ ePsf] 

5}g\ . oxfF s'g} s'/f klg c;Dej 5}g 

t/ xfdL g]kfnLx?df /fi6«sf] af/]df 

lrGtf b]lvb}g . b]zdf wd{lg/k]Iftfsf 

s'/f g]tf, bnx?n] ga'lemsg NofP . 

12 o'lg6L EjfO;

k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf lbJopkb]z 

/fi6«lgdf{0fdf ;jf]{Qd af6f] 

rGb|–;"o{ c+lst em08f kmx/fP/ k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxaf6 lxdjt\v08 g]kfnsf] cl:dtf / 

–bL3{/fh k|;fO{ 

df}lntfnfO{ hLjGt /fVg] sfo{ ePsf] xf] . ljzfn g]kfnsf] l;h{gf x'g'eGbf cufl8 lxdjtv08sf] of] If]qdf y'k}| 

;–;fgf /fHox?df ljeflht lyP . k"j{df a|Dxk'q, klZrddf lxGb's'z, pQ/ s}nf; dfg;/f]j/ / 

blIf0f u|uf;Ddsf] e"efu xf]–lxdjtv08 . 

o'lg6L EjfO; 13

…ljzfn–g]kfnÚ–;d|fHojfbL zlQm;Fu 

le8]/ :yflkt ePsf] /fi6« xf] . 

cd]l/sf, hd{g, O6fnL, hfkfg nufot 

o:tf s}of}+ b]zx? cGwsf/df /x]sf 

cj:yfdf klg k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] 

b'/bzL{ g]t[Tjaf6 a]nfotL ;fd|fHon] 

o;If]qnfO{ cfqmds gh/n] x]l//x]sf] 

a]nfdf of] lxGb' tyf af}4 e"ldnfO{ 

PsLs[t ljzfn g]kfn l;h{gf ePsf] 

lyof] . rGb|–;"o{ c+lst em08f kmx/fP/ 

k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxaf6 lxdjt\v08 

g]kfnsf] cl:dtf / df}lntfnfO{ hLjGt 

/fVg] sfo{ ePsf] xf] . ljzfn g]kfnsf] 

l;h{gf x'g'eGbf cufl8 lxdjtv08sf] 

of] If]qdf y'k}| ;–;fgf /fHox?df 

ljeflht lyP . k"j{df a|Dxk'q, 

klZrddf lxGb's'z, pQ/ s}nf; 

dfg;/f]j/ / blIf0f u|uf;Ddsf] e"efu 

xf]–lxdjtv08 . o;If]qdf zlQmzfnL 

a]nfotL ;fd|fHosf] cfFvf kl/;s]sf] 

cj:yfdf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx h:tf] 

;k"t uf]vf{df ghlDPsf eP of] If]qsf] 

cl:dtf p;}a]nf u'ld;Sg] lyof] . …d]/f 

;fgf b'Mvn] cHof{sf] d'n's xf]Og, 

;a} hftsf] km"naf/L xf], ;a}nfO{ 

r]tgf eofÚ eGg] k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] 

lbJopkb]zn] ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnLx?nfO{ 

pTk|]l/t u/fO/x]sf] 5 . k[YjLgf/fo0f 

zfxn] pQ/df 7"nf] /fi6« rLg / blIf0fdf 

7"nf]sf] aLrdf s:tf] s'6gLlt cjnDjg 

ug'{k5{ eGg] s'/f /fd|/L a'em]/ eg]sf 

lyP– …of] /fHo b'O{ 9'Ëfsf] t?n h:tf] 

/x]5 . rLgsf] afbzfx;Fu 7"nf] 3fxf 

-/fd|f] ;+jGw_/fVg', blifgsf] ;d'Gb|sf] 

jfbzfxl;t 3fxf t /fVg' t/ Tof] 

dxfrt'/ 5 . b]zsf dxfhgx? Xfd|f 

d'n'sdf cfof eGof b'lgofF s+ufn u/L 

5f8\5g\Ú eGg] k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] slt 

b'b{bzL{ lyP eGg] s'/f clxn] blIf0fsf] 

rnv]naf6 :ki6 x'G5 . 

/fli6«otfsf] dfldnfdf g]kfnLx? 


cToGt ;r]t 5f}+ . t/ b'Mvsf] 

s'/f 5 ls slyt hgo'4sf] gfddf 

k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] zfnLs eTsfpg] 

s's[To ul/of] . /fli6«o PsLs/0fsf] 

dxfg o1sf] e|T;gf ug]{ s'sd{ ul/of] . 

/fli6«o Pstf lbj; / k[YjL hoGtL 

x6fpg] sfd eof] . o:tf] kl/l:ylt 

cfof] ls g]kfnLnfO{ oxLsf s]xL u2f/ 

g]kfnLx?af6} 8/ eof] . g]kfnsf] 

PsLs/0f ePsf] a]nfb]lvg}+ g]kfnnfO{ 

blIf0ftkm{af6 cg]sf}+ if8oGqx? ckgfP/ 

lyrf]ldrf] ug]{ sfo{x? x'Fb}cfPsf 

lyP . tyflk xfdL g]kfnLx?n] ;uf}/j 

cfkm\gf] ;fj{ef}d klxrfg arfpg 

;dlk{t /lx/Xof}+ . k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] 

PsLs/0f u/]/ ljleGg hfthflt, 

wd{, e]ife"ifdf ljeflht g]kfnLx?nfO{ 

Ps g]kfnL hfltdf kl/0ft u/fPsf 

lyP . g]kfnsf] PsLs/0f x'g'eGbf 

cufl8 g]kfnL efiff cg]sf}+ hftLo 

efiffx?sf] aLrdf cGt/efiffsf] ?kdf 

g]kfnL efiff Jofks eO;s]sfn] 

;a} g]kfnLx?sf] ;femf] ;/sf/L 

efiffsf] ?kdf :jtM ?kfGt/ eof] . 

k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxaf6 ljzfn g]kfnsf] 

PsLs/0fsf] ;Gbe{df o;If]qsf tdfd 

lxGb'–af}4x?nfO{ lkm/ËLx?sf] la?4 

;+u7Lt u/fpg uf]/vgfyaf6 sfgkm§f 

of]uLx? /ftL /ftL e"tk|]t eufpg 

km]/L nufpg] rf}tkmL{ v6fPsf] lyof] . 

sfgkm§f of]uLx?n] To;a]nf z+sf:kb 

lkm/ËL / cGo ljb]zL u'Ktr/x?sf] 

sxL st} ;lqmotf e]6]df uf]vf{sf 

/fhfnfO{ hfx]/ ug]{ uy]{ . km]/L nufpg] 

k/Dk/f cWofjlw k"j{df a|Dxk'q / 

klZrddf sfFu8f;Dd sfod g}+ 5 . 

To:t} 3/ 3/af6 x/]s g/gf/Lx?df 

;}lgs zlQm hfu/0f xf];\ eGgsf 

nflu vfF8f] hufpg] cleofgsf] 

yfngL ePsf] lyof] . vfF8f]nfO{ /fli6«o 

ufgsf] ?kdf d]nf jf cGo hfu[t 

:yn nufot lajfxx?df s07:t 

Oltxf; 

kf7 ug]{ ul/GYof] . vfF8f] hufpg] 

k/Dk/f cWofjlw g]kfnLx?n] lajfxsf] 

z'enugsf] a]nfdf hufOG5 . 

/fli6«o PsLs/0fsf] cleofgdf 

sf7df08f}+ pkTosf ljhokl5 

l;+x;fgdf cfl;g x'g'eGbf klxnf 

zfSo af}4j+zsL hLjLt s'df/Lsf] 

xftsf] l6sf nufP/ s'df/Lsf] kfpdf 

9f]u u/]/ dfq k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] 

/fhl;+xf;gdf a;]sf lyP . o;s'/fn] 

g]kfn clw/fHosf ;Dk"[0f{ wd{, hflt 

/ o;If]qsf] k/Dk/fnfO{ lz/f]w/ ug{ 

;s]sf] af]w eof] . o;/L efjgfTds 

?kn] k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] ;fd, bfg, 

b08 e]bsf] gLlt lnP/ tdfd\ hft 

hftLnfO{ /fli6«o PsLs/0fsf] dxfoIfdf 

;dfxLt u/fO{ lxGb' / af}4sf] of] 

cflwsfl/s ynf]sf] /Iff u/]sf 

lyP . k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] g]kfnsf] 

PsLs/0fsf] ;Gbe{df oxfFsf a|fXd0f, 

If]qL, du/, u'?8, tfdf8, sfdL, bdfO{, 

;fsL{, ufOg], cflb ;Dk"0f{ hflt, wd{ 

/ ;fd|bfox?sf] aLr ;Fw} ;dfg ;b\ 

efj /fVg] u/]sfn] o;If]qsf ;a} yl/ 

hfltx? k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx;Fu cToGt 

v';L lyP . /fli6«o PsLs/0fsf] ;Gbe{df 

g]kfnsf] ;Ldfgf k"j{df l6i6f gbL;Dd 

k'u]kl5 :Jf= Odfgl;+x RofDh'ªn] 

ls/ftsfnLg ljhok'/sf] Oltxf;df 

pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ ls lj=;+=!*#! 

;fpgdf –…xfdL ls/fta+z ;Twd{df dg 

/fvL uf]vf{j+z;Fu Ps}j+z eO{ ldNg]5f}+ . 

;fy} s'g} ljb]zLn] ltdLx?sf] /fhf sf] 

xf] / sxfF 5 < egL ;f]w]df xfdLx?sf] 

/fHo uf]vf{ xf], dxf/fh uf]vf{df 5g\ 

/ xfdL uf]vf{j+zsf xf}+ egL hjfkm 

lbg]5f}+ .Ú o;af6 klg yfxf x'G5 ls 

g]kfnsf] PsLs/0f ePkl5 s'g}klg 

hflt y/n] k/b]zL jf bf];|f] bhf{sf] 

lgl/x| /}tL h:tf] eP/ zf;skIfaf6 

k]lnP/, cfFz'sf wf/f aufP/ v'lDrP/

a:g' k/]g . k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] 

g]kfnsf] PsLs/0f u/]kl5 ;a} /fHosf 

hflt hghftLx?sf] /Lltlylt,;+:s[lt, 

wd{, efiff / e]ife"iffnfO{ g]kfns} ;femf 

;DklQsf] ?kdf u|x0f u/]/ cfkm"n] 

lht]sf /fHox?df …hUuf dfly /}tLsf] 

clwsf/Ú eGg] k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] 

gLlt ePsfn] s'g} hgtfdf c;+t'i7L 

lyPg . 

sltko n]vsx? eG5g\– 

k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] uf]vf{ /fHosf] la:tf/ 

u/]sf] lyof] . t/ Tof] uf]vf{ /fHosf] 

la:tf/ geP/ lxjtv08sf If]qsf 

;–;fgf lxGb'/fHosx?sf] PsLs/0f g}+ 

lyof] . uf]vf{, nDh'Ë, tgx', sf:sL, 

kfNkf, afO;L, rf}aL;L, dsjfgk'/, 

sf7df08f}+ nnLtk'/ eQmk'/ cflb ;a} 

lxGb'/fHox?sf] cj:yf cToGt gfh's 

ePsf] / c+u|]hn] o;If]qdf cfFvf 

uf8]/ cfqmd0f ug} cj:yf lyof] . 

ljqmd ;+jt\ !*)) df uf]vf{sf /fhf 

k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] agf/;sf] e|d0f 

u/]sf] cj:yfdf ljZjgfysf] d+lb/ 

d';ndfg ;d|f6 cf}/+uh]jn] eTsfPkl5 

eUgfjz]ifsf] cj:yfdf g}+ lyof] . 

To;n] k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx ;fx|} lrlTtt 

lyP . ptf Oi6 Ol08of sDkgLn] 

ef/tsf ljleGg /fHodf lxGb' wd{ / 

;+:s[ltsf] gf; u/fP/ O;fO{ wd{ nfb\g 

lxGb'x?nfO{ cfqmd0f ug]{, dfg]{, d+lb/ 

eTsfpg], wDSofpg] cg]sf} cTofrf/ 

lkm/ËLx?sf] b]v]/ lxjtv08sf] of] 

If]q hf]ufpg k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxnfO{ 

c+u|]hsf] cTofrf/ b]v]/ k|]/0ff lxdjt\ 

v08sf lxGb'/fHox?nfO{ PsLs/0f ug]{ 

hft[t u/fof] . g]kfnsf] PsLs/0f ug]{ 

pb]Zoaf6 g}+ k|]l/t eP/ k[YjLgf/fo0f 

zfxn] agf/;af6 xftxltof/ agfpg] 

sf/vfgfsf] lg/LIf0f u/L xftxltof/ 

agfpg] / dd{t ug]{ d';ndfg sfnLu9, 

s]xL xftxltof/ / d';gdfg of]4fx? 

;d]t uf]vf{df NofPsf lyP . 

ToxLsf/0fn] ubf{ g]kfnsf] 

PsLs/0fkl5 g]kfnsf] lxGb' af}4 

aLrdf wd{–sd{ gldn]tf klg d';ndfg 

/ lxGb'x? aLrdf slxn] c;fdf~h:otf 

cfPg / lxGb' tyf d;ndfg g]kfnsf] 

/fli6«otfsf] nflu plQs} akmfbf/ 

5g\ . t/ O;fO{x? k[YjLgf/fo0f 

zfx;Fu ;+t'i6 lyPgg\ . pkTosf 

ljho ul/;s]kl5 k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxaf6 

sf7df08f}+ pkTosfaf6 O;fO{x?nfO{ 

wkfPsf lyP . ToxL 8fxfn] O;fO{x? 

k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx / /fli6«o Pstf 

lbj;k|lt k|ltzf]w /fV5g\ . g]kfnsf] 

PsLs/0fkl5 Oltxf;df w]/} o:tf cz'e 

sf08x? 36]sf 5g\ . ;g\ !*!%–!^ sf] 

g]kfn;Fusf] c+u|]h o'4, s[lqd ;'uf}nL 

;+lw, !^( aif{ cufl8 ljqmd ;+jt\ 

!()# ;fn c;f]h # ut]sf] sf]tkj{ . 

sf]tkj{df c+u|]hsf] 3'dfp/f] if8oGqdf 

km;]/ dxf/fgL /fHnIdLb]aLn] !()# 

c;f]h # ut] xg'dfg 9fsf sf]tdf 

;f/f ef/bf/x? e]nf u/fP/ cfkm|gf] 

5f]/fnfO{ /fhl;+x;fgdf /fVg c+u|]hL 

;}tfgx?sf] egfO{df nfu]/ ;Qfsf] 

nflu /utsf] vf]nf aUof], s}of} b]zeQm 

;k'tx?sf] xTof u/fOPsf] lyof] . 

To;/L g}+ @)&@ ;fn c;f]h # ut] 

sf]tjk{sf] lbgdf g}+ ef/tLo u'Ktr/ 

;+:yf, o"/f]ksf O;fO{ /fi6«sf k|ltlglw, 

cd]l/sL u'Ktr/ ;+:yf ;LcfPsf] 

bafadf ;Qfsf] nflu sf+u|];, Pdfn], 

dfcf]jfbLn] !^( aif{sf] sf]tkj{ em} 

@)&@ ;fn c;f]h # ut]sf] ;+ljwfgsf] 

3f]if0ff u/]/ ljb]zLx?nfO{ v';L kfg]{ 

ck/fw u/] . 

/fi6« lgdf{tf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] 

zfnLs eTsfpg], ;+:s[t ljZjljBfno 

hnfpg], ufO{ sf6]/ vfg], g]kfnsf] 

cl:dtf, klxrfg / /fli6«o Pstfsf 

Oltxf; 

cfwf/ :tDe eTsfpg]x? @)^# 

;fnkl5 ;Qfdf cfP/ of]hgfj4?kdf 

ljZjsf] Psdfq lxGb' clw/fHo, 

g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qfsf] d]?b08sf] 

?kdf :yflkt /fh;+:yf lj:yflkt 

u/]/ hj/h:t wd{lg/k]If, u0ftGq / 

;+3LotfnfO{ ;+ljwfgdf 3f]if0ff u/] . 

sf+u|];sf ;'zLn sf]O/fnf, Pdfn]sf 

v8\u cf]nL], Dffcf]jfbLsf k|r08 / 

afa'/fd e§/fO{ nufot kf6L{leqsf 

b]zb|f]xL g]tfx?n] b]zsf] cl:tTj dfly 

v]njf8ub}{ g]kfnsf] eljio cGwsf/ 

agfPsf 5g\ . o;/L b]znfO{ ef}8Ldf 

xfNgvf]Hg] dWo]sf afa'/fd e§/fO{ 

Ps x'g\ . pgn] ;+ljwfgdf wd{lg/k]If 

/ u0ftGq 3f]if0ff u/fPkl5 ef/tLo 

/fhb"t /lGht /fosf] lgb]{zg cg';f/ 

g]kfnnfO{ O;fO{s/0f ug{ wfld{s 

o'4sf] e"d/Ldf b]znfO{ hfSg clxn] 

dfcf]jfbL kf6L{ / ;f+;b ;d]t Tofu]/ 

O;fO{x?sf] wd{zfnfsf] ?kdf gofF 

zlQm gfds kf6L{ 3f]if0ff u/]sf 5g\ . 

afa'/fdsf] kf6L{sf] em08fdf O;fO{sf] qm; 

/flvPsf]af6 pgsf] b]zb|f]xL rl/qsf] 

o;}af6 e08fkmf]/ x'G5 . cTofrf/sf] 

k/fsfi7f gf3]kl5 w'/Laf6 kfk s/fpF5 

eGg] s'/f afa'/fd e§/fO{sf] sn+ssf] 

?kdf gofF zlQm b]lvb}5 . afa'/fd 

e§/fO{n] ef/tLo ;}tfg P;8Ld'gLsf] 

lgb]{zg / ef/tLo u'Ktr/ ;+:yf …/cÚ 

/ o"/f]ksf O;fO{ /fi6«x?sf] ;+/If0fdf 

pgn] cem} AjfF;fsf] h:tf] rfn lnP/ 

klZrdfx?sf] k};fn] cfkm\gf] t'h's 

b]vfpg vf]h]sf 5g\ . gofF zlQmsf] 

gfddf afa'/fdn] a]lNhodaf6 % s/f]8 

kf|Kt u/]sf] cgnfOg va/af6 yfxf 

kfOof] eg] c? stfstfaf6 k};fsf] 

vf]Nff] aUb}5 xf]nf . 

Affa'/fdnfO{ dfcf]jfbL kf6L{ 5f]8fpg 

ef/tLo /fhb"t /lGht /fosf] bafa 

lyof] . @)^@ ;fn d+l;/ & ut] !@ 

o'lg6L EjfO; 15

a'Fb] ;xdltdf ;lqmo e"ldsf v]Ngdf 

clxn]sf g]kfnsf /fhb"t /lGht /fo 

/ afa'/fd ;d]tsf] 7"nf] e"ldsf lyof] . 

lbNnLsf] !@ a'Fb] ;xdltsf] w]o g]kfn 

6'qmofP/ ef/tdf ufEg] if8oGqsf] 

v]n lyof] . g]kfnsf] PsLs/0f ePsf] 

a]nfb]lvg}+ g]kfnnfO{ blIf0ftkm{af6 

c+u|]hn] cg]sf}+ if8oGqx? ckgfP/ 

lyrf]ldrf] ug]{ sfo{x? x'Fb}cfPsf lyP . 

ef/t :jtGq ePkl5 k|wfgd+qL g]x?n] 

klg g]kfnnfO{ ;tfpg] cg]sf}+ af6fx? 

vf]h]sf lyP . OlGb/f ufFwL, /fhLj 

ufFwLx?n] klg g]kfnnfO{ s'Fhf] agfpg 

cgsf}+ r]i6f u/] . @)^# ;fnkl5 

;f]gLof ufFwL ;lqmo ag]/ g]kfns} 

kf6L{sf u2f/ g]tfx?nfO{ k|of]u u/]/ 

g]kfnnfO{ tx; gx; u/fpg vf]hLg\ . 

b]znfO{ o;/L of] ljs/fn cj:yfdf 

Nofpgdf Ps gDa/sf] n]08'ksf] ?kdf 

sfd ug]{ sf+u|];sf lul/hf k|;fb 

sf]O/fnf lyP eg] …/cÚsf akmfbf/ ;]js 

afa'/fd e§/fO{ g}+ x'g\ . k|r08, dfwj 

g]kfnx? eg]sf nx} nx}df x:tfIf/ 

ug]{ nG7"x? dfq x'g\ . logLx? 

wd{lg/k]If, u0ftGq sfod ug{ @)^# 

;fnkl5 g}+ nfu]sf lyP . @)^# ;fnsf] 

hgcfGbf]ngkl5 afa'/fd e§/fO{, 

k|r08, dfwj g]kfn, s[i0f l;6f}nf, 

;'af; g]Djf8 nufotsf sf+u|];, Pdfn] 

/ dfcf]jfbLsf u2f/x? b]znfO{ 

ef}8Ldf xfNg ;lqmo ag]/ g]kfnnfO{ 

ljb]zLx?sf] v]nd}bfg agfPsf 5g\ . 

;dosf] s'/f xf] t/ logLx?nfO{ g]kfnL 

hgtfn] y'Sg]5g\, s73/fdf pEofpg] 

5g\ . 

@)^# j}zfv !! ut] /fhf 

1fg]Gb|;Fu & /fhgLlts bnsf] /fhtGq 

/fVg] ljifodf lnlvt ;xdlt ePsf 

;+emf}tfnfO{ wf]sf lbPsf] kl/0ffd cfh 

b]z ;+s6u|:t 5 . @)^# ;fn a}zfv 

!! ut] /fhf 1f]g]Gb|;Fu kfFr a'Fb] 


lbJo pkb]z eg]sf] 

k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] efOef/bf/ 

e]nf u/]/ lgb]{zg u/]sf ;+slnt 

?kdf k|sflzt ljrf/x?nfO{ lbJo 

pkb]z elgG5 . 

ltg} lbJo pkb]zx?nfO{ /fHon] 

l;4fGtsf] ?kdf nfu' ug{ ;s]df 

ToxL g}+ g]kfnsf] ;jf]{Qd 

dfu{bz{g x'g;S5 

;xdlt ePsf] lyof] . !_ …kl/jt{g 

@)$& ;fns} ;+ljwfgnfO{ 6]s]/ x'g], 

@_ lj3l6t k|ltlglw;ef k'g:[yfkgf 

ug]{, #_jxbnLo Joj:yf sfod /xg], 

$_ ;+j}wflgs /fhtGq sfod /xg], %_ 

;a} ;xdlt Ps csf{df sfod /xg]Ú 

eg]/ pNn]v ul/Psf s'/fsf] cfwf/df 

>L % dxf/fhflw/fh ;/sf/af6 3f]if0ff 

eP/ To;}sf] cfwf/df hgcfGbf]ngsf 

g]tf lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfnfO{ 

/fhfaf6 gf/fo0flx6L /fhb/af/df 

;kyu|x0f u/fOPsf] lyof] . t/ dfwj 

g]kfnx? eG5g\– /fhf;Fu s'g} ;xdlt 

ePs} lyPg . t/ a'em\g]nfO{ of] s'/f] 

ulx/f] 5, ga'em\g\nfO{ 3/ 5]pd} klx/f] 

5 eg]sf] h:t} s] ;+emf}tf geO{ /fhfn] 

cfFvf lrDn]/ Tolt 7"nf] 3f]if0ff u/]sf 

lyP t < g]kfnsf] ;To s] xf] eg] 

k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf vnsx? /fhf 

/x];Dd g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d cl:tTjdf 

v]naf8 x'g ;St}g . of] s'/f 

ljb]zLx?n] a'em]sfn] g]kfnnfO{ cfkm\ 

gf] sAhfdf /fVg g]kfnnfO{ u0ftGq / 

wd{lg/k]If 3f]if0ff u/fOPsf] xf] . 

b]zeGbf 7"nf] u0ftGq xF'b}g eGg] 

s'/f lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf, dfqj 

g]kfn, afa'/fd e§/fO{, k|r08, s[i0f 

l;6f}nf, z]/axfb'/ b]pjf, emngfy 

vgfn, s[i0faxfb'/ dx/f h:tf ljb]zsf 

el/ofx?nfO{ s] yfxf < g]kfn ljZJjs} 

Oltxf; 

;fj{ef}d /fi6«x? dWo]sf] ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] 

j}lbs ;gftg lxGb' tyf af}4 e"ld 

xf] . oxL uf}/jdo k|lti7fnfO{ pRr 

/fVg xfdL g]kfnLx?sf] dgf]jndf 

slxn] klg sdL cfpg' x'Gg . ljzfn 

g]kfnsf] PsLs/0f ePsf] cj:yfdf 

k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] b]zj;fgkl5 

klg g]kfnL ;]gfsf] dgf]jndf s'g] 

sdL cfPsf] lyPg . lj=;+=!*$( r}q 

z'Sndf g'jfsf]6 e}/jLsf] tfd|kqdf– 

æe}/jLsf] 7"nf] elQmefjn] c;na'l4 

k|s6 ePsf oL axfb'/ zfxn] oL 

afns /fhfnfO{ sfvdf /fvL rnfPsf] 

a]nfdf u+uf ;fFw nfu]sf]Æ eGg] pNn]v 

5 . o;n] jt{dfg cj:yfdf klg b]z 

arfpg k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxaf6 :yflkt 

jL/ g]kfnL ;]gfsf] TolQs} e"ldsf 

/lx/xg' k5{ . t;y{ jL/tf / ;fj{ef}d 

:jtGqtfsf] Oltxf; af]s]sf] g]kfndf 

xfdL h'g;'s} ljrf/wf/fdf ljeflht 

ePtf klg xfdL ;a}sf] ;xdltsf] s]Gb| 

k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] lbJo pkb]znfO{ 

agfpg ;Sg'k5{ . lbJo pkb]z eg]sf] 

k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] efOef/bf/ e]nf 

u/]/ lgb]{zg u/]sf ;+slnt ?kdf 

k|sflzt ljrf/x?nfO{ lbJo pkb]z 

elgG5 . ltg} lbJo pkb]zx?nfO{ 

/fHon] l;4fGtsf] ?kdf nfu' ug{ 

;s]df ToxL g}+ g]kfnsf] ;jf]{Qd 

dfu{bz{g x'g;S5 . k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] 

p;a]nf ;f]r]sf / b]v]sf s'/fx? 

clxn] klg plQs} ;fy{s 5g\ . p;a]nf 

k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] ljzfn g]kfnsf] 

PsLs/0f ug{ tbf?ktf gb]vfPsf] 

eP g]kfn eGg] b]zsf] gfd lgzfgf 

/xg] lyPg . /fi6« lgdf{tf k[YjLgf/fo0f 

zfxn] dfu{bz{g u/]sf ljrf/ lbJo 

pkb]znfO{ g}+ xfdL g]kfnLx?n] hlxn] 

klg ;xdltsf] cfwf/ agfP/ lx8\g 

;Sof}+ eg] g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d cl:tTj 

o'uo'ufGt/;Dd ;"o{ / rGb|df em} 

r+lsnf] /lx/xg] 5 .

n]v 

g]kfnLn] slt gof“ bnfn 

/fhfx?af6 zfl;t x'g] < 

lj Zj ;d'bfon] 

g]kfnnfO{ ;'Gb/ zfGt 

/ lxdfnsf] sfvdf cjl:yt ;+o'Qm 

kfl/jfl/s ;dfh Pj+ ljljw hft 

hflt wd{ / eflifssf] ldng ePsf] 

dfgljo ;Eotfsf] s]Gb| ;d]t ePsf] 

eg]/ ljZjsf ;d'bfox?n] g]kfnnfO{ 

dfGg] u/]sf 5g\ / ;f]xL cg'?k 

g]kfndf ko{6sLo uGtAosf] ?kdf 

cfpg] u/]sf 5g\ . g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts 

cl:y/tfn] ubf{ d'n'ssf] pGgtL / 

k|ult x'g ;s]g . ;w} zf;s / zf;s 

j/Lk/Lsf JolQmx? df]6fpg] / hgtf 

;w} b'Anfpg] sfd ePsf]n] g]kfndf 

sof}+ k6s gfd dfqsf] /fhgLlts 

kl/jt{ eP t/ of] kl/jt{gn] g]kfn 

/ g]kfnLsf] enf] b]lvPg . o;y{ 

g]kfnsf] s]lGb|s[t /fHo Joj:yf / ;f] 

;+u hf]l8Psf oGqx?n] u|fld0f If]qx? 

cuf8L p7fpg ;s]gg\ . oxL ;Gbe{df 

g]kfnsf] PsfTds /fHo Joj:yfsf] 

cGTo ug{ / g]kfNfL hgtfnfO{ 

:jflwg ;fj{ef}d dfq xf]O{g clwsf/ 

;';DkGg u/fpg Pj+ cfd"n kl//j{t 

ug]{ p2]Zon] g]skf–dfcf]jfbLn] !) 

jif{ hgo'4 u¥of]{ / To;nfO{ ;lx 

nf]stfGqLs ljlw / dfGotfdf Nofpg 

;ft bnx?n] zflGtk"0f{ tl/sfn] !( 

lbg] ;o'+Qm hgcfGbf]ng u/]/ aGb'ssf] 

/fhgLltsnfO{ cGTo u/L g]kfnL 

hgtfsf] ;femf Ph]08f ;+ljwfg ;efsf] 

lgjf{rg u/] . t/ ;+ljwfg lbg ;s]gg\ . 

Toltdfq xf]Ogg\ bnx? leq}af6 /fli6«o 

;/sf/ ;d]t u7g ug{ c;kmn 

eP . b]znfO{ jf:tljs c/fhstf 

lt/ ws]Ng' eGbf gofF ljsNksf ;fy 

k|d'v /fhgLlts bnx?sf] ;xefuLtf 

/ blIf0flt/sf] ;xof]u ;dy{gdf 

k|wfgGoflw;nfO{ clGtl/d r'gfjL 

– /fdz/0f kf08] 

;/sf/sf] cWoIf agfOof] . o;df 

zQmLk[ysLs/0fsf l;4fGt ljkl/t / 

nf]stfGqLs d"No / ljlwsf] ljkl/t 

r'gfjL ;/sf/ agfP/ k|d'v /fhgLlts 

bnn] 7"nf] uNtL u/] dfq xf]O{g hf] 

zlQm z;:t o'4 u/]/ cfPsf] dfcf]jfbL 

nufot ## bnLo df]rf{nfO{ ;xeflutf 

gu/fO{sg} ;}lgs kl/rfng u/]/] r'gfj 

u/fO{of] . o;n] k'gM b]zdf csf]{ ljb|f]x 

z'? x'g] b]lv/x]sf] 5 . To;df lxhf] 

;+u} n8]/ cfPsf g]skf dfcf]jfbLs} 

cGt/ lj/f]w / uNtLn] ubf{ cfh ljb]zL 

zlQmx?sf] n}O n}df k'gM b]zdf ljb|f]x 

u/fpg] / hj{h:t o'4df ws]Ng] sfd 

x'b}5 . o;n] jf:tjdf k|ltqmflGtsf 

?k lng] l:ylt b]lvb} 5 . g]kfnsf] 

/fhlglt lzgfl/of] x]bf{ alu{o tyf 

If]lqo pQlk8g dfq} hf]l8Psf] 5}g . 

g]kfnsf] e"–/fhlglt Pj+ ;f+:s[lts 

If]qdf o;n] 7"n} dxTj lnO{/x]sf] 

5 . o;sf k5fl8 klZrd]x?sf] v; 

;Eotf dfq xf]O{g lxdjt\ v08sf] 

;fF:s[ltssf] 

hunfO{ 

eTsfpg] 

Pj+d cfkm\ 

gf] lsirLog 

;f];fO{6LnfO{ 

:yflkt ug]{ 

v]n t 5b} 5 

l5d]sLx?sf] 

s7k'tnL 

agfpg] / 

g]kfnnfO{ 

;w}+ blIf0f 

b]lv pQ/ n] 

tfgftfg ug]{ 

g]kfnsf] k|ult x'g glbg] g]kfn cufl8 

a9\g vf]Hof] eg] ;w} lgx'F vf]Hg] / 

g]kfnnfO{ tn emf/L/xg] l5ld]sLx?sf] 

v]ndf g]kfn kml; ;Sof] . o;df 

g]kfnsf] s'g} klg g]t[Tj Pj+d 

/fhlglts bnx? b]znfO{ agfpg] / 

b]znfO{ pRr kfg]{ dfu{ lgb]{zg lbg] 

ePgg\ . g8/fP/ eGg] xf] eg] v; 

;fd|fHo lj36g kZrft g]kfndf h] 

h;n] xfjfbf/L ?kdf Oltxf; agfP 

klg g]kfn ljb]zLsf] sf]nf]nfOh]zg 

ePs} 5 . o;}n] k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] 

@ c9fO{ ;o jif{sf] Oltxf;nfO{ 

clt /lGht b]vfP klg g]kfn v; 

;fd|fHo Pj+d ls/fFt /fHojf6 b]lv 

ljzfn lyof] . clxn] Oltxf; eg]sf] 

! 8]8 ;o jif{sf] x'g ;Sb}g . t/ 

e/f}6] Oltxf;sf/ b]lv 7u a'l4lhjL 

Pj+d b]zsf] lbubz{g tyf eljio 

b[li6 gePsf Jofkf/L g]tfx?sf] e|d 

/ zJbhfndf g]kfnsf] jf:tfljs 

hgtfsf] clwsf/, hgtfsf] rfxfgf 

g]kfnnfO{ ;d[l4 agfpg] af6f] Pj+d 

To;sf] hug} eTsfpg] sfd ePsf] 

5 . ;To tYo ;Rrf / jf:tljstfdf 

cfwfl/t eP/ n]vg p7fg ug]{ 7fpFdf 

oxfFsf bf]xf]/f] tna vfg] hgtfnfO{ 

;w} e|d 5l//xg] n]vs, kqsf/ 

Pj+d a'l4lhjLsf] ljifodf klg xfdLn] 

uDeL/ k|Zg p7fpg] ;Sg'kb{5 . h]xf]; 

gofF kl/jlt{t /fhlglts cj:yfdf 

o'lg6L EjfO; 17

]zL tyf ljb]zL zlQmx?sf] andf 

;+ljwfg ;efsf] r'gfj t eof] . 

To;df klg ;]gf d}bfgdf ptf/L ;s] 

kl5 / hj{h:t ;fy dtbfg xfNg 

nufPkl5 clxn] ^)–&) k|ltzt dt 

v:of] elgPklg oyfy{tdf 8/ / 

qf;n] ePsf] xf] . t/ Tof] r'gfjsf] 

kl/0ffdn] l/Qm ePsf] hgk|ltlgwL nfO{ 

tfTsflng sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;/sf/af6 

hgk|ltlglwx?sf] xftdf cfpg] sfd 

t cjZo ePsf] 5 . To:df cGt/fli6«o 

;d'bfo, nf]stfGqLs k4ltnfO{ dfGg] 

;d'bfon] v'zL JoQm u/] klg g]kfnsf] 

e' /fhgLltnfO{ cfkm\gf] ks8df lng 

vf]h] klg To; cj}wflgs ;/sf/n] 

u/fPsf] r'gfj a}wflgs dflgg 

;lsGg . ca ## blno /fhgLlts 

df]rf{n] h'g r'gfjnfO{ jlx:sf/ u¥of] 

To:df pgLx? of] ;+ljwfg ;efnfO{ 

cfvfF lrDn]/ tfnL xfGg] / sxL 

st} b]zL ljb]zLsf] 8n/ / ef?sf] 

em'sfjdf t nfUg] x'g sL eGg] z+sf of] 

k+lQmsf/nfO{ nfuL /x]sf] 5 . d Pp6f 

pbfx/0f lbg rfxG5' ljZjsf] t]>f] 

d'n's hf] ul/a / ;d:of;+u ufFlhPsf] 

x'G5 . To:tf] d'ns'sdf ax'jfn / ax' 

l;:6dsf] /fhlglts df]8n cfjZostf 

x'b}g o:sf nflu xfdLn] dn]l;ofsf] 

pbfx/0f lng ;S5f} . 8f= dDdb 

dl;gn] dn]l;of jflx/ /x]sf ;Dk"0f{ 

dn]l;ogx?nfO{ cfkm\gf] b]zdf a;]/ 

b]zsf] lgdf{0f Pj+d pTkfbgdf nufpg 

cfJxfg u/] / ;a} dn]l;ogx? cfkm\ 

gf] b]zdf a;]/ b]zsf] lgdf{0f / pGglt 

u/] t/ xfd|f] b]zdf lbgx'F lbg ;Ifd 

g]kfnLx? ljb]z lgdf{0fsf nfuL nfvf} 

jflxl/G5g\ . g]kfnsf] jf:tljs >d 

zlQmx? ljb]zLsf] ;]jfdf k|0ffd ePsf 

5g\ . o:tf] zf;s / /fHo ;+rfng 

k|bltdf d}n] b]v]sf s'g} zf;s b]lv 

g]t[Tj;Ddsf JolQmjf6 d]/f] b]z agfpg' 

k5{ eg] / :jfledfgsf zAb gkfpFbf of] 

k+lQmsf/ cfkm}nfO{ lwsf5{ . o:tf] 7u 

/ j]OdfgLk"0f{ x/]s If]qdf sf]nf]/fO{h]zg 

eO{;s]sf] cj:yfdf d of] b]zsf] zf;s 

x'F of of] b]zsf] /fhlglt g]t[Tj u5'{ eGg] 


s'g} klg bn of zf;sx?nfO{ nHhfaf]w 

x'g' kg]{ xf] . t/ nfh} gkrfP/ lgw{Ss 

?kdf af]Ng] s/fpg], n]Vg] To;}df cfkm\ 

gf] dfgf] vfP/ hgtfsf] u'0fufg ufpg] 

k]zf g} bnfnL eO{ ;s]kl5 s;sf] s] 

nfU5 < lj8Dagf d}n] w]/} of] b]zsf] nflu 

cleofg u/] w]/} n]Vo] t/ d s;}sf] e/f}6] 

eOg d s;}sf] ulNtdf cfO{g g]kfndf 

/fd|f] sfd ug]{ dfG5] cufl8 ga9gfsf] 

sf/0f ;ltn] ;/fk]sf] eg]sf] s'/f xfd|f] 

g]kfnL pvfg ;+u ldn] h:tf] dnfO{ 

dx;'; ePsf] 5 . of] ;bGe{ d}n] lsg 

k|:t't u/]sf] eg] g]kfndf Pp6f /fhfnfO{ 

lsgf/f nufO{ ca bz /fhf hGdfpg] 

sfd eof] . lt /fhfx? ljb]zLsf e/f}6] 

/ bnfn eP of] ljifo g} dxTjk'0f{ xf]. 

lo Jofkf/L /fhf eGg] x?nfO{ hgtfsf] 

dxf/fhf cfjZostf lyof] . t/ hgtfsf] 

dxf/fhf eOlbPsf] eP h;n] g]kfnL 

l/kf]6{ 

hgtfsf] x/]s clwsf/;+u n8\lyof] / 

g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ cfTdf lge{/ agfpg] 

lyof] . / g]kfn /fi6«nfO{ :jfledfg 

;fj{ef}d agfp lyof] Pj+d xfd|f] d'n'snfO{ 

ljb]zLx?sf] /fhlglt k|of]zfnfsf] If]qjf6 

d'Qm u/Yof] . oxL vf]hLdf d h:t} w]/} 

dfG5]x? nflu /x]sf 5g\ . lj8Dagf 

JolQm eGbf klg /fhlglts bnx? g} 

o:tf] hgtfsf ;fj{ef}d /fhfsf] vf]hL 

ug'{ kg]{ lyof] t/ /fhlgts bnx? 

eg] Pj+d g]t[Tj ug]{ x? ;a} bnfn eO{ 

;s]kl5 ca gofF t/Lsfjf6 ls ljb|f]x 

ug'{ k¥of] ls t ljb]zLx?sf e/f}6]x?nfO{ 

5f]8L lbg' k¥of] . cfb/0fLo kf7s ldq 

/fhlglts g]t[Tj ug]{ ldq tkfO{ cfkm} 

5'6\ofpg' xf];\ xfdL clxn] s'g cj:yfdf 

5f} . xfd|f] eljio s] x'G5 . of] :ju{ e"ld 

lsg g/s e"ld aGb}5 . o;}n] of] n]vsf] 

k|ltlqmof lbg cg'/f]w ub{5 . 

g]kfn ;/sf/ 

;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno 

:yfgLo k"jf{wf/ ljsf; tyf s[lif ;8s ljefu -DOLIDAR_ 

ljs]Gb|Lt u|fdL0f k"jf{wf/ tyf hLljsf]kfh{g 

;'wf/ sfo{qmd 

Decentralized Rural Infrastructure 

and Livelihood project 

DRILP-AF 

k[i7e"ldM o; DRILP-AF cfof]hgf b]zsf] clt b'u{d Pj+ ljkGg ;d'bfox?sf] afx'No 

ePsf] !* lxdfnL tyf pRr kxf8L lhNnfx?, tfKn]h'ª, ;f]n'v'Da', cf]vn9'+uf, /fd]5fk, 

uf]/vf, ndh'ª, afUn'ª, DofUbL, hfh/sf]6, 8f]Nkf, h'Dnf, x'Dnf, d'u', sflnsf]6, 

aemfª, afh'/f, a}t8L / bfr'{nfdf cfof]hgf ;+rfng ul/Psf] 5 . of] sfo{qmd Pl;ofnL 

ljsf; a}+ssf] C0f tyf cg'bfg ;xof]u, :jL; ;/sf/ ljsf; ;xof]u lgof]usf] k|fljlws 

;xof]u, cf]lkm8 tyf g]kfn ;/sf/, lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt / nfeu|fxL ;d'bfox? 

;d]tsf] ;xeflutfdf ;+rfngdf /x]sf] 5 . 

cfof]hgfsf] cjlw M lj=;+= @)^* b]lv lj=;+= @)&#, % jif{ 

cfof]hgfsf] nIo M u|fdL0f ;8s lgdf{0f – @)) ls=ld= -gofF ;8s_, ;8s k'gM lgdf{0f– 

^) ls=ld=, emf]n'·] k'n lgdf{0f–^,%)) ld6/, ;fd'bflos k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f– @%) uf]6f, 

/f]huf/L >[hgf–$& nfv >d lbg, cGo cfod"ns tyf ;Lkd"ns tflnd ;~rfng ug]{ .

n]v 

Jofjxfl/s / Jofj;flos lzIff cfjZos 

cfh b]zdf ljsf;sf nflu 

w]/} lsl;dsf of]hgfx?, 

sfo{qmdx? tyf ah]6sf s'/fx? 

eO/x]sf] 5 . t}klg ;d:ofx? sd 

ePsf] 5}g . /f]huf/Lsf ;d:of, 

;fdflhs / cfly{s ;d:of tyf 

;'/Iffsf ;d:of lbgk|lt lbg ljs/fn 

x'Fb} uO/x]sf] b]lvG5 . cflv/ of] 

lsg eO/x]sf] 5 . ;d:ofnfO{ cWoog 

ljZn]if0f cyf{t 8fOgf]l;; ug{ h?/L 

5 . cfh klZrdf d'n'sx?n] a'4sf] 

lzIffaf6 k|z:t nfe lnO/x]sf 5g\ . 

;fdflhs–cfly{s cj:yfdf w]/} k|ult 

ePsf] 5 . t/, xfdL cfw'lgs lzIffsf] 

rk]6fdf k/]/ tn uO/x]sf 5f}+ . 

;/sf/n] /fd|f] of]hgf / ah]6 tyf 

sfo{qmdnfO{ /x]sf] 5 . k|z+;gLo klg 

5 t/ vf]O{ b]lvg] lsl;dsf] glthf t 

cfO/x]sf] 5}g lsg < 

oL ;a} ;d:ofsf k5fl8 d"n ;d:of 

xf] plrt / ;do ;'xfpFbf] Jofjxfl/s 

lzIffsf] cefj . a'4 lzIff g} o:tf] 

lzIff xf] h;df ;fdflhs–cfly{s 

ljsf; l56f] x'G5 / of] Jofjxfl/s 

tyf /f]huf/Ld"ns lzIff xf] . ;/sf/L 

hflu/df lge{/ x'g' kb}{g . cfh a'4 

lzIffnfO{ aª\UofP/ af6f] la/fPh:tf] 

ul/lbPsf] 5 . a'4sf] a]nfsf] ;f6Lk'q 

/ dxfdf}bunfg dxfsZok h:tf 

lzIfsx? lyP / af}4 lzIffdf cfslif{t 

eP . ;f6Lk'q t wd{sf ;]gfklt / 

gfos eg] klg x'G5 . To;}n] a'4sf] 

a]nfsf] ;fdflhs / cfly{s cj:yf 

Psbd pTs[i6 cj:yfdf lyP . ;d:of 

sd lyP, ;dfgtf lyP . 

cfh x/]s If]q k|b"lift 5g\ . 

e]befj, l6sfl6Kk0fL / cfnf]rgf a9L 

5g\ . of] lsg eO/x]sf] 5 < o;sf] 

sf/0fx? 5g\ . ;dfh g} lj/fdL 5 / 

a]/f]huf/L 5 . cfly{s cj:yf hl6n 

5g\ . /f]huf/d"ns lzIff 5}g . ;a} 

;/sf/sf] ;|f]tdf lge{/ x'g rfxG5g\ 

/ geP kl5;d:of / ;'/Iffsf s'/f 

cfpF5 . dflg; sfd g kfPkl5 unt 

lbzflt/ nfU5 . a'4sf] a]nfsf] lzIff 

Psbd} /f]huf/d"ns lzIff lyof] . cfh 

Ps 3/ Ps /f]huf/Lsf s'/f u5f}{+ t/ 

s] o;af6 ;d:of ;dfwfg eof] < eP 

5}g . ljsf; s] xf] ;f]Rg'k¥of] lg . 

;d:ofx?sf s]xL of]hgf 

tyf pkfox? M 

a]/fhuf/LM cfh b]zsf ^*Ü 

hgtf s[lifdf lge{/ 5g\ . s] pgLx? 

cfTdlge{/ x'g ;s]sf 5g\ < afFsL 

a]/f]huf/ ljb]zlt/ knfog 5g\ . 

t/fO{–dw]zsf o'jfx? k|foM ljb]lzg 

afWo ePsf 5g\ . vf8L d'n'slt/ 

knfog 5g\ . cfly{s cj:yf t s]xL 

;k|]sf]–;'w|]sf] b]lvG5 t/ ;fdflhs 

cj:yf ljs/fn / eofjx aGb} uPsf] 

5 . k|To]s b}lgs ;dfrf/n] o;nfO{ 

k'li6 ub{5 . b]zsf hgzlQm knfog 

eP/ b]zsf ;fdflhs–cfly{s cj:yf 

/fd|f] eof]÷ePg . To;}n] ljsNk / 

cfkm\g} ;|f]t ;fwg lzIff / tflndsf] 

Joj:yf u/]/ cfTdlge{/ x'g'kb{5 . 

s[lif afx]s klg a'4sf] a]nfdf snf 

/ ;Lksf] ljsf; k|z:t ePsf] 

lyof] . To;a]nfdf Joj;fosf nflu !* 

– 8f= z+s/nfn rf}w/L 

lsl;dsf ;Lk÷snf lyP . To:t}, s[lif 

/ cGo;Fu @% lsl;dsf ;Lk÷snf 

lyof] . 

dlxnf / k'?if b'j}sf nflu 

;Lk÷snfsf] tflnd cyjf 1fg clgjfo{ 

lyof] . ;a} cfTdlge{/ lyof] . skf;s} 

s'/f u/f}+, k|z:t skf; pTkfbg x'GYof] 

/ sk8fdf s6fO{b]lv a'gfO{ / Jofkf/df 

cfTdlge{/ lyof] . 3/–3/df rvf{ / 

;'tf sf6\g] d]l;g / sk8f agfpg] 

sf/vfgf lyof] . s[lif / kz' Joj;fo 

klg pGgtzLn cj:yfdf lyof] . 

jf:tjdf eGg] xf] eg] cfh klg 

sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf k'/fgf ;d'bfo 

g]jf/–zfSo cflb a'4 lzIffsf] /fd|f] 

k|of]u u/]sf 5g\ / To;}n] pgLx?sf] 

cfly{s cj:yf /fd|f] 5 . ;a} ;/sf/L 

hflu/df lge{/ x'Fb}g . snf–;Lkdf wgL 

5g\ . 3/–3/df s/sf/vfgf, s'6L/, 

pBf]u, n3' pBf]u, wft'b]lv sk8f, 

sfuh, x]G8Lqmfkm\6 cflb pGgtzLn 

cj:yfdf 5g\ . oxfFsf k'/fgfjf;L 

jf:tjdf a'4 lzIffsf] Jofjxfl/s / 

Jofj;flos 1fg /f]huf/Lsf nflu 

ztk|ltzt ckgfPsf 5g\ . s[lif 

klg pgLx?sf] /fd|} 5 . vf;u/]/ 

t/sf/L v]tLsf] Joj;fodf hfkfg / 

Oh/fonn] klg xft ldnfpg ;Sb}g . 

n]vs o; If]qsf] klg lj1 / bIf klg 

ePsf]n] o;nfO{ phfu/ ug{ vf]h]sf] 

xf] . ufGwLn] klg cfTdlge{/tfsf nflu 

rvf{ k|of]u lsg u/]sf] huhfx]/ g} 5, 

;do ;fk]If 5 . 

cfoft lgof{t M g]kfn s[lif k|wfg 

b]z x'Fbfx'Fb} cfh v';f{gL, a];f/b]lv 

o'lg6L EjfO; 19

n]v 

lrgL tyf b'whGo kbfy{sf] cfoft 

x'G5 . dl§t]n, k]6«f]n cfoft x'g' t l7s 

5 t/, wfuf] klg cfoft ub{5f}+ . l;of] 

agfpg ;lsb}g kmnfdsf] vfgL 5}g 

t/ wfuf] t s[lif pTkfbgaf6, skf;af6 

x'g] xf] s]n] /f]Sof] xfdLnfO{ . kmnkm"n 

k|z:t 5g\ / t/ h'; agfpgsf nflu 

ef/t / cGo b]zdf lge{/ eOG5 . 

lrgL klg cfoft x'G5 . s] pFv'sf] 

nflu hUuf ;|f]t / ;fwg 5}g < a'4sf] 

a]nf s[lif cf}hf/ / pks/0f lgof{t 

x'Gy] t/ Tof] cj:yf 5}g cfh . zfSo 

/fHodf l;Ssfsf] cfkm\g} sf/vfgf 

ltnf}/fsf]6 b/af/ sDKn]S;df lyof] . 

Tof] a]nfdf Jofj;flos lzIffdf ax't 

hf]8 lyof] . dlxnf / k'?if b'j}n] lax] 

ug'{ cufj} Jofj;flos lzIffsf] tflnd 

glnO{ / ;Lk÷snfsf] 1fg geO{ lax] 

x'Fb}gYof] . oxfF;Dd ls :jod\ lax] 

ug'{ cufj} a'4nfO{ klg ;Lk÷snfdf 

cfjZos 1fg xfl;n ug'{k¥of] . To;}n] 

Tof] a]nf slknj:t' /fHo pGgtzLn 

cj:yfdf lyof] . 

cfls{6]Sr/M 

a'4sf] a]nfdf ;]s'n/ cfls{6]Sr/ /fd|f] 

cj:yfdf lyof] . 

s_ 3/sf] of]hgf :yfgLo ;fwg 

;|f]taf6 . 

v_ gu/ of]hgf 

u_ gu/ of]hgf ljleGg k|sf/sf 

;8sx? 

3_ kmf]Ns of]hgf -;d'bfosf] of]hgf 

a;f]af;_ 

ª_ 9nsf] of]hgf 

r_ vfg]kfgLsf] of]hgf . cflb k|z:t 

lyP . 3/]n' j:t'x? :yfgLo 

;|f]t ;fwgx?af6 b}lgsL k|of]udf 

cfpFy] . 

pBf]u–Jofkf/M a'4sf] a]nfsf] 

pBf]u–Jofkf/ klg /fd|f] cj:yfdf 

lyP . s[lifaf6 k|z:t pBf]u x'Gy] . 

l;FrfOsf] /fd|f] k|aGw lyof] . jf0fu+uf, 

t]nf/ gbL, gf/fo0fL gbL cflb a'4sf] 

a]nfsf] gbLdf cfpF5 . 3/]n' pBf]u, 

skf; pBf]u, wft' pBf]u, s:d]l6s 

pBf]u, ;]/flds / kf}tL pBf]u /fd|f] 

cj:yfdf lyof] . lgof{t x'GYof] . 

;fdflhs cfjZos ;'/IffM ;fdflhs 

;'/Iffsf nflu Go"gtd\ vr{ / ah]6sf] 

Joj:yf x'g}kb{5 . t/, o;df a9L 

nufgL / vr{ eO/x]sf] dx;'; x'G5 . 

o;sf] ;§f a9L vr{ / nufgL a9L 

pTkfbgdf x'g'kb{5 . pTkfbgsf nflu 

pTkfbsTj ;fdu|L ;fwg ;|f]tx?df 

vr{ a9L / nufgL h:t} dnvfB, 

g]kfn ;/sf/ 

lhNnf hg:jf:Yo sfof{no 

nlntk'/ 

aLp, l;FrfO, cf}hf/ pks/0f, cf}ifwL 

/ k|ljlw / tflnddf a9L vr{ / 

nufgL x'g'kb{5 . ;fwg;|f]t / 

/f]huf/sf] Joj:yf ePdf ck/fw / 

;'/Iffsf] ;d:of :jtM sd x'Fb} hfG5 . 

oxfF ef]s / ul/aLsf sf/0f ;'/Iff 

;d:of x'G5 . gf]a]n k'/:sf/ lah]tf 

8f= cna6{ cfOG;6fOg h:tfn] klg 

a'4 lzIffnfO{ j}1flgs lzIffsf] ?kdf 

lnP / To;nfO{ hgtfsf nflu cfly{s 

pTkfbg / pTkfbsTjsf] ?kdf k|of]u 

u/]df /fd|f] x'g]5 eGg] ;'emfj lbPsf 

lyP . To;}n] cfh ;fdflhs–cfly{s 

cj:yfdf ;'wf/ tyf ljsf;sf nflu 

a'4 lzIffsf] Jofjxfl/s / Jofj;flos 

lzIffdf hf]8 lbg' cfjZos 5 . 

w'd|kfgsf] w'jf“n] tkfO{sf] jl/kl/ 

sf] dflg;nfO{ klg c;/ k5{ 

‣ w'd|kfgsf] w'jfFn] tkfO{sf] jl/kl/sf dflg;x? 

Zjf;k|Zjf; dfkm{t leq lnG5g\ . w'd|kfg ug]{ 

JolQmx?df b]lvg] /f]ux? h:t} M kmf]S;f]sf] SofG;/ tyf d'6'sf] 

/f]u oL JolQmx?df klg b]lvg ;S5 . 

‣ kl/jf/sf ;b:on] w'd|kfg jf ;"lt{ ;]jg u/]df 

afnaflnsfn] klg b]vfl;sL u/L cDdnL aGg ;S5 . 

‣ ;fdfGotof w'd|kfg ug]{ 3/df x's]{sf aRrfx?df 

lgdf]lgof, a|f]ª\sfOl6;, bd, sfg kfSg] h:tf /f]u tyf 

;d:ofx? x'g] ;Defjgf a9L x'G5 . 

20 o'lg6L EjfO;

l/kf]6{ 

afn>dsf] 8/nfUbf] tYof+s 

cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] 

lgs[i6 afn>d lgd"{ng;DaGwL 

dxf;lGw g+ !*@ nfO{ cg'df]bg 

u/]sf] :d/0fdf x/]s jif{ !@ h'gnfO{ 

afn>dlj?4sf] ljZj lbj;sf] ¿kdf 

ljZjel/ g} dgfOg] ul/G5 . o;} 

;Gbe{df ljut jif{x¿ em}F o; jif{ klg 

!@ h'gnfO{ …pTkfbg tyf cfk"lt{ z[ª\ 

vnfdf afn>dsf] cGTo u/f}+M of] xfdL 

;a}sf] ;/f]sf/ xf]Æ -End child labor in 

supply chains - It's everyone's business!) 

eGg] gf/fsf ;fy !% cf}+ afn>dlj?4 

ljZj lbj; ;+;f/ el/ g} dgfOb}5 . 

o; jif{sf] gf/fdf afn>d / pTkfbg 

tyf cfk"lt{ z[ª\vnfsf] ;Gbe{nfO{ 

ljz]if ¿kdf phfu/ ug{ vf]lhPsf] 

5 . Supply Chain eGgfn] j:t'sf] 

pTkfbgb]lv lat/0f;Dd afn>dsf] 

k|of]unfO{ b]vfpF5 . Affn>dlj?4 

ljZj lbj; ;+;f/el/ g} ;g\ @))@ 

b]lv dgfpg ;'?jft ul/Psf] xf] . 

g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ n] klg 

afn>dnfO{ ;+j}wflgs ¿kdf g} lgif]lwt 

u/]sf] 5 . t/ klg afn>dn] cfw'lgs 

bf;tfsf] ¿kdf ;dfhdf h/f uf8]sf] 

5 . afn>d zf]if0fn] afnaflnsfsf] 

cfwf/e"t dfgjclwsf/sf] xgg 

ub{5 . afn>d zf]if0fsf sf/0f nfvf}+ 

afnaflnsf lzIffnufotsf g};lu{s 

clwsf/af6 jl~rt 5g\ . ;g\ @)!^ 

sf] afn>dlj?4 ljZj lbj; ljz]if 

u/L ;]jf / ;fdfu|Lsf] -cfk"lt{sf]_ 

ljt/0f rqmdf afnaflnsfsf] >dsf] 

k|of]usf] lj?4df s]Gb|Lt ug{ cfXjfg 

ul/Psf] 5 . s[lif, pTkfbg, lgdf{0f tyf 

vfgL / ;]jf k|jfxdf afnaflnsfsf] 

>dsf] k|of]un] cem} klg ;+;f/ el/ 

!^ s/f]8 *) nfv afnaflnsf >ddf 

/x]sf] ljleGg tYof+sx?n] b]vfPsf 

5g\ . g]kfndf klg nfvf}F afnaflnsf 

>ddf ;+nUg 5g\ . xfdL ;a} 

pkef]Qmf, ;'/IffsdL{, ;/sf/L sd{rf/L, 

k]zfut Joj;foL tyf ;fdflhs 

sfo{stf{x¿nfO{ afn>d cGTo ug{, 

afn>dsf] k|of]unfO{ alxisf/ ug{ 

tyf afn>dsf lj?4 cfjfh p7fpg 

cTofjZos 5 . ;fy} xfdL cfkmgf] 

;d'bfodf afnaflnsf dfly >dzf]if0f 

tyf b'Ao{jxf/ ePsf] b]lvPdf To;sf 

la?4 cfjfh p7fpg, afnaflnsfsf] 

;+/If0f tyf pgLx?sf] ;fdflhs 

;'/Iffsf] ;fy kfl/jfl/s k'gld{ngsf 

nflu klg cu|;/ x'g] ;+:s[ltsf] 

ljsf; ug'{kg]{ ePsf] 5 . 

afnaflnsfsf If]qdf lqmoflzn 

ljleGg ;+3 ;+:yfx?sf] ;femf d+rsf 

?kdf /x]sf] afn>dlj?4 ljZj 

lbj; @)!^ gful/s cleofg ;+of]hg 

;ldltn] afn>dsf ;Gbe{df s]xL 

s'/fx?df g]kfn ;/sf/sf] Wofgfsif{0f 

u/fpb} cfPsf] 5 . pgLx?sf 

cg';f/ cgf}krfl/s If]qsf] >dnfO{ 

;d]t ;d]6]/ afn>d;DaGwL gofF 

P]gsf] lgdf{0f / k|efjsf/L sfo{fGjog 

ug'{ cTofjZos 5 . To;}u/L !% 

jif{eGbf sd pd]/sf afnaflnsfnfO{ 

>ddf nufpg k"0f{ lgif]w ug{, 

Affn>ddf ;+nUg afnaflnsfnufot 

;a} afnaflnsfnfO{ ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] 

bfo/fdf Nofpg, >d If]qsf] cg'udg 

u/L /fHoåf/f lgif]w ul/Psf afn>ddf 

/x]sf >lds afnaflnsfnfO{ tTsfn 

o'lg6L EjfO; 21

p2f/ u/L ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf ;fy 

kfl/jfl/s k'gld{ng / lbuf] k'g:yf{kgf 

ug{, >ddf /x]sf !% jif{eGbf a9L 

pd]/sf afnaflnsfsf nflu lgMz'Ns 

lzIff, :jf:Yo tyf hGdbtf{sf] ;/n 

/ ;xh Joj:yf ug{ / afn>d k|of]u 

ug]{dfly sfg'gL sfo{jfxL ug{ klg 

afnclwsf/sdL{x?n] ;/sf/;+u dfu 

u/]sf 5g\ . 

tYofª\sdf afn>d 

;+;f/el/ !^ s/f]8 *) nfv 

afnaflnsf >ddf ;+nUg /x]sf] 

cfO=Pn=cf]=sf] kl5Nnf] tYofª\sn] 

b]vfPsf] 5 . afn>ddf ;+nUg 

afnaflnsfdWo] cfwf hg;+Vof cyf{t\ * 

s/f]8 $) nfv afnaflnsf hf]lvdk"0f{ 

>ddf ;+nUg /x]sf 5g\ . g]kfndf eg] 

afn>ddf ;+nUg #) k|ltzteGbf a9L 

afnaflnsf hf]lvdk"0f{ >ddf ;+nUg 

5g\ . ;+;f/e/Ldf hf]lvdk"0f{ >ddf 

;+nUg afnaflnsfdWo] %) k|ltzt 

cyf{t\ $ s/f]8 @) nfveGbf a9L 

afnaflnsf Pl;of k|zfGt If]qdf 5g\ . 

tYofªcg';f/ blIf0f Pl;ofdf dfq ! 

s/f]8 ^& nfv afnaflnsf -% b]lv 

!& jif{_ >ddf ;+nUg 5g\ eg] tLdWo] 

! s/f]8 # nfv afnaflnsf -% b]lv 

!$ jif{_ d'lgsf 5g\ . afn>ldsx¿sf] 

;+Vof w]/} x'g] b]zx?df blIf0f Pl;ofdf 

ef/t, a+unfb]z / kfls:tfg kl5 

g]kfn kb{5 . g]kfndf /x]sf % b]lv 

!& jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf afnaflnsfdWo] 

@^ k|ltzt afnaflnsf afn>ddf 

;+nUg /x]sf] tYofª\sn] b]vfPsf] 5 . 

csf]{ Ps cWoogsf cg';f/ g]kfndf 

(@ k|ltzteGbf a9L afnaflnsfn] 

lagfHofnf 3/ leq / aflx/ sfd u/]sf] 

kfOPsf] 5 . >d zlQm ;j]{If0f @))* 

cg';f/ g]kfndf !^ nfv afnaflnsf 

>ddf ;+nUg /x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . 

cWoogsf cfwf/df g]kfndf /x]sf w]/} 

afn>ldsx¿ cgf}krfl/s If]qsf] 

>ddf ;+nUg 5g\ . h;cg';f/ lt 

afnaflnsfn] s[lif, 3/]n', el/of, OF6f 

e§f, vfgL / lrof–k;n / ;8sdf 

>d ul//x]sf 5g\ . g]kfndf >ddf 

;+nUg ePsf !^ nfv afnaflnsfdWo] 

sl/a ( nfv aflnsfx¿ tyf & nfv 

afnsx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . >d zlQm ;j]{If0f 

@))*sf cg';f/ afn>ldsx¿dWo] 

@$=& k|ltzt -# nfv (% xhf/_ 

% b]lv ( jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf, %!=# 

k|ltzt -* nfv @! xhf/_ !) 

b]lv !$ jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf tyf @$ 

k|ltzt - # nfv *# xhf/_ >lds 

afnaflnsfx¿ !% b]lv !& jif{ pd]/ 

;d"xsf /x]sf 5g\ . ;g\ @)!! Dff >d 

ljefun] sf7df08f}df u/]sf] cWoogn] 

oftfoft If]qsf] >ddf dfq} #*$ 

hgf afnaflnsf /x]sf] b]vfPsf] 5 . 

;g\ @)!% sf] l8;]Da/df Affnljsf; 

;dfh / ;]e lb lrN8]«gn] eQmk'/sf 

!% j6f OF§f e§fdf u/]sf] cWoogdf 

l/kf]6{ 

$() hgf afnaflnsf e]l6Psf 5g\ . 

ljZjf; g]kfn ;+:yfn] sf7df08f}df 

u/]sf] sfo{qmd / cWoogcg';f/ !%)) 

afnaflnsf Go'/f]8 tyf hdn If]qdf 

dgf]/~hg If]qsf] >ddf ;+nUg kfOPsf] 

5 . o;/L x/]s If]qdf afn>ldsx?sf] 

pk:yLlt 8/nfUbf] b]lvPsf] 5 . 

To;}n] tkfO{ xfdL klg !@ h'gnfO{ 

g]kfnaf6 afn>dnfO{ cGTo ug]{ 

k|lta4tfsf ;fy sfo{ ug{ / afn>d 

cGTosf nflu xft]dfnf] u/L cl3 

a9\g cu|;/ x'g] k|lta4tf / c7f]6 

u/f}+ . afn>dlj?4sf] cleofgdf 

Psh'6 xf]cf}+ . o; lbgnfO{ xfdL 

;j}n] ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L lgsfo 

/ gful/s ;d'bfonfO{ afn>dlj?4 

cfkm"n] u/]sf sfd / pknlAwnfO{ 

dfkg ug{ emsemSofpg] lbgsf ?kdf 

dgfcf} . 

-e08f/L afn;/f]sf/ kqsf/ ;+hfnsf 

;lrj x'g'x'G5 ._ 

22 o'lg6L EjfO;

wd{ 

a'4 wd{ bz{g 

(Philosophy of Buddhism) 

wd{, ;+:s[tsf] …w[Ú wft'jf6 

ag]sf] xf] . wd{ eGgfn] wf/0f 

ug'{, lng', hu]gf{ ug'{ eGg] cy{ nfU5 . 

;dfhnfO{ Ps} z'qdf cfj4 u/]/ arfO{ 

/fVg] tTjsf] gfd g} wd{ xf] . wd{ 

b]j b]jtfsf] k'hf–cfhf ug'{, cWofTd 

pGglt tkm{ nfUg', o1 cg'i7fg ug'{, 

lgoddf /xg', b'MvL bl/b|x?sf] ;]jf 

sNof0f ug'{ klg wd{ xf] . wd{sf] cy{ 

:jefj xf], cfkm'leqsf] efj xTof–lx+;f 

TofuL, nf]e, cx+sf/ TofuL, O{Zj/ elQm 

jf ;j}nfO{ k|]d ug'{ g} pQd wd{ xf] . 

ha ;+;f/ cfk/flws aG5, cTofrf/ 

a9\5, kfkLx?n] dfq ;f/f of] k[YjL g} 

el/G5 tj eujfg\ af6 cg]s ?k lnO{ 

– ldng df]Qmfg 

k[YjLdf cfudg x'g yfNg]5, elgG5 . 

h;sf] kmn:j?k cGofosf] cGTo eO{ 

wd{, Gofo / ;To u'0fsf] k'g/:yfkgf 

x'g yfN5, egL uLtfdf j0f{g u/]sf] 

kfO{G5 . 

xfd|f] zf:qdf ljZj /rgfnfO{ $ 

o'udf afF8]sf] kfO{G5 . !_ ;To o'u @_ 

q]tf o'u #_ 4fkf/ o'u / $_ sln o'u 

dT:o k'/f0f cg';f/ – 

eujfg\ lji0f'af6 o'u cGt/ut 

ljefhg u/L cg]s jf -bz_ cjtf/ 

lnP/ k[YjLdf cjt/0f u/]sf] eGg] wf/0f 

/x]sf] jtfO{G5 . tL bz cjtf/x?df – 

!_ dT:o cjtf/, @_ s'd{ -sR5k_ 

cjtf/, #_ a/fx cjtf/, $_ g[l;+x 

cjtf/, %_ jfdg cjtf/, ^_ k/z'/fd 

cjtf/, &_ /fd cjtf/, *_ s[i0f 

cjtf/, (_ a'4 cjtf/, / !)_ slNs 

cjtf/ x'g\ . h;dWo] – ;Too'usf 

cjtf/x?df –!_ dT:o cjtf/, @_ s'd{ 

-sR5k_ cjtf/, #_ a/fx cjtf/, $_ 

g[l;+x cjtf/ . 

q]tf o'usf] cjtf/x?df– %_ jfdg 

cjtf/, ^_ k/z'/fd cjtf/, &_ /fd 

cjtf/ . 

4fk/ o'usf] cjtf/x?df– *_ 

s[i0f cjtf/ 

slno'usf] cjtf/df– (_ a'4 

cjtf/, / !)_ slNs cjtf/ . hf] 

of] clGtd bzf}F cjtf/ jf of] k[YjLdf 

cfudg x'g jfFsL 5 . To; kl5 ;+;f/ 

k|no x'g]5, eGg] zf:qdf pNn]v 5 . 

cjtf/sf] cy{ cjt/Lt x'g' jf 

o'lg6L EjfO; 23

tnemg'{ eGg] a'emfFp5 . b]jtfx? vf; 

k|of]hgsf] lglDt k[YjLdf cfFp5g\, eGg] 

wf/0ffn] g} cjtf/sf] k/Dk/f ePsf] 

jtfO{G5 . c?jf6 s'g} ?kdf k|s6 

x'g' klg cjtf/ xf] . eujfg lji0f'n] 

a'4sf] cjtf/ lnPsf] atfOG5 . o;/L 

wd{df a'4sf] :yfg x'g' lgZro g} /f]rs 

nfUbf] s'/f xf] . o; o'udf dflg;x?n] 

j]b / j}lbs wd{–;flxTo bz{gsf] 3f]/ 

cjx]ngf u/]/ JolQmut vr{ 1fgnfO{ 

dxTj lbg yfn] . o;af6 k/Dk/fut 

1fgdfu{ cj?4 x'g] vt/f ePsf]n] 

a'4 h:tf 1fgLsf] k[YjLdf cjtf/ 

eof] . 

O{zfk"'j{, 5}6f}F–;ftf}F ztfJbLlt/ 

j}i0fj / z}j wd{ s]xL ;+sL0f{ / ljs[t 

ePsf]n] a'4sf] clx+;fjfbL cleofgn] 

7'nf] k|ult / ljsfz ug{ k'Uof] . 

kl5 cjtf/sf] ljsfz kZrft j}i0fj 

wd{;Fu k|ToIf ;dGjo b]vfpg] a'4nfO{ 

lji0f'sf] cjtf/sf] ?k elgof] . o;y{ 

lxGb' s'naf6} a'4sf] hGd ePsf] 

b]lvG5 . a}lbs sfndf pklgifbsfnsf] 

ljsfz;Fu} a'4 bz{gsf] ljsf;;+u} 

ePsf] elgG5 . nueu O{zfk"j{ 

rf}yf] / 5}+6f} ztfAbLsf ;dodf lxGb' 

bz{gsf] ljsf; clqmofjfb, lgoltjfb, 

cfs[tjfb, pR5]bjfb, clglZrttfjfb 

/ rt'of{d;+j/ h:tf l;4fGtx? klg 

b]lvPsf lyP . 7Ls o;} ;dodf 

a'4bz{gsf] ljsf; ePsfn] lxGb' bz{g 

afx]ssf ;Dk"0f{ l;4fGtx? qmdzM nf]k 

x'b} uP . o; k|sf/ lxGb' / af}4 wd{ 

bz{gsf] ljsf; e/tLo pkdxf4LkdWo] 

ef/t / g]kfndf ;dfgfGt/ ?kdf 

ljsf; ePsf] kfO{G5 . vf;u/L 

a'4bz{gsf] ljsf; ;+u} To;tfsf s'? 

kfrfn, dNn jhL -ljxf/sf] l;df_, 

c;'/ -l;Gw' pkTosf_ / pQ/ ef/tdf 

a}lbs bz{g / cGo bz{gsf ljrf/x? 

km}lnPsf lyP . 

lxGb' bz{gdf s]xL ljs[t cfPkl5 

af}4 bz{g cl:tTjdf cfPsf] b]lvG5 . 


a}lbs bz{g k"0f{ ?kdf a]bdf cfwfl/t 

bz{g xf] . rfjf+s -nf]sfot_ bz{g 

k"0f{ ?kdf j]b lj/f]wL bz{g xf] . af}4 

bz{g oL b'j} bz{gsf] jLrjf6 rNg 

vf]h]sf] bz{g xf] . ctM o;n] j]bnfO{ 

k"0f{ ?kdf :jLsf/]sf] / gsf/]sf] klg 

5}g . To;}n] o;nfO{ dWodfuL{ bz{g 

klg elgG5 . h] xf];\, of] bz{g lxGb' 

bz{gsf] k/d O{Zj/jfbL wf/jf6 o;sf] 

lj/f]wdf hlGdPsf] xf] . lxGb' wd{df 

ePsf tk:of sd{sf08, hftkftsf] 

e]befj, JolQmsf lgi7f, O{Zj/ k|ltsf] 

ckf/ elQm h:tf s'/fx?jf6 a'4 wd{sf] 

hGd x'g k'u]sf] xf] . pklgifbsfndf 

ePsf o; k|sf/sf sfo{x?sf] lj/f]w 

ub} To;} ;dodf ljsf; x'g k'u]sf]n] 

klg o; s'/fsf] k'li6 x'g] b]lvG5 . 

a'4 wd{ jf a'4sf] b[li6sf]0fdf 

cfwfl/t bz{g a'4 bz{g xf] . 

zfSod'lg If]lqos"ndf /fhkf6sf] r/d 

ef}lts ;'v;ondf hlGdPsf l;4fy{ 

ef}lts ;'vdo ;+;f/sf] d'lQmdf 

lg:sbf 1fg k|fKt u/L bz{gsf ?kdf 

cfPsf] l;4fGt g} a'4 bz{g xf] . 

/fhs'df/ l;4fy{n] ha a[4, /f]uL / 

za b]V5g\ pgsf] dgdf xfdL hGdG5f} 

dg{sf nflu, hjfg x'G5f} a[4 x'gsf] 

nflu, :j:Yo x'G5f} /f]uL x'gsf] nflu 

eGg] efjgfsf] hfu/0f x'G5 . ;+;f/sf 

;Dk"0f{ sfdx? b'Mvdo 5g\ egL b'Mv 

lgbfgsf nflu @( jif{sf] pd]/df u[x 

Tofu u/L dxf ofqfdf lgl:sP/ To; 

ofqfjf6 k|fKt u/]sf] 1fgdo bz{g 

g} a'4 bz{g xf] . l;4fy{sf] o; 

dfxfofqfnfO{ cToGt dxTjn] x]l/g] 

ul/G5 . dxfofqfdf nfUbf l;4fy{ 

zfSo d'lgsf] e]if wf/0f u/L ^ jif{ ;Dd 

;Rrf u'?sf] vf]hLdf e8sL/x] . o; 

cjlwdf pgn] cfnf/ sfnfd a|fx0f / 

pbs /fdk'q h:tf k|l;4 u'?x?jf6 

;ftf} cf7f} Wofg of]usf] ;d]t lzIff 

k|fKt u/] . l;4fy{nfO{ of]ujf6 lrQ 

z'4 x'g], WofghGo ;'v k|fKt x'g], t/ 

wd{ 

b'Mvsf sf/0fx?sf] lgbfg gx'g] b]v]/ 

pgL Tofxf+jf6 klg lx8] . cGtdf pgL 

uofsf] p?j]nfsf] glhs lg/~hgf 

gbLsf] lsgf/df lkknsf] j[Ifsf] km]bdf 

^ jif{ ;Dd ;dfwLdf nLg eP . 

o; sfnnfO{ l;4fy{sf] …;Dj]lwsfnÚ 

elgG5 . cGtdf pgsf] cfvfF v"Nof], 

1fg k|Kt eof] . jf]lwnfe–a'4Tj k|fKt 

eof] . o; a'4 1fg k|fKt kl5sf] 

/ftsf] k|yd ofddf pgn] ljutsf] 

hGdsf] Oltxf; b]v] . dWoofddf 

lbJo rIf' k|fKt u/L ;Dk"0f{ ;+;f/n] 

cfkm\gf] sd{sf] kmn ef]u]sf] b]v] / 

t[tLo ofddf 4fbz lgbfgsf] 1fg k|fKt 

u/] . o;/L j'4Tj k|fKt u/L ;s]kl5 

pgsf] d'vjf6 lgl:sPsf] pkb]zfd[tdf 

elgPsf] 5 æljgf lj/fu cg]sf}+ hGd 

;Dd o; ;+;f/df s'lb/x] jf/Djf/ 

hGd lnP/ b'Mv ef]Ub} /x] . o; 

sfof?kL sf]7/Lsf] lgdf{tfsf] vf]hdf 

k'gM ;+;f/df hGd u|x0f ub{} /x] . x] 

u[xsf/s, cj t+nfO{ lrg]+ k'gM t}n] 

u[x lgdf{0f ug{ ;Qm}g;\, t]/f ;j} 

jGwgx? elTs;s] u[x lzv/ lgj{n 

eof], ;+:sf/ /xLt lrtdf t[i0ffsf] Ifo 

eof] .Æ 

of] dfyLsf] pb\uf/ j}zfv k"l0f{dfsf] 

lbg l;4fy{jf6 k|s6 ePsfn] o; lbg 

b]lv uf}td …j'4Ú eP . 1fg k|flKtsf] 

:yfg …jf]wuofÚ eof] / lkknsf] j[Ifsf] 

gfd …jf]lwj[IfÚ eof] . o; k|sf/ a'4 

zAbsf] Ao'Tklt af]w zAbjf6 ePsf] xf], 

h:sf] cy{ af]w ug'{ jf a'‰g' x'G5 . 

a'4Tj k|fKt u/L ;s] kl5 a'4 

wdf]{kb]z ug]{ ljrf/df lyPgg\ 8]8 

dlxgf kl5 …a|xdf ;x+oltÚ n] pgL 

;+u k|fy{gf u/]sfn] a'4 cfkm\gf] wd{sf] 

pkb]z lbg /fhL eP . ;j}eGbf klxn] 

cfkm"n] of]usf] lzIff lnPsf u'?x? 

cfnf/, snfd / pbs /fdk'qnfO{ pgL 

pkb]z lbg rfxfGy] t/ pgLx? lbj+u+t 

e};s]sfn] Tof] ;Dej ePg . To; 

kl5 cfkm'af6 tk:of 5f8L lx8]sf %

leIf'x?sf] vf]hLdf cfpFbf ltgLx?nfO{ 

;f/gfydf e]6L klxnf] pkb]z g} 

pgLx?nfO{ lbP . of] klxnf] pkb]z 

…wd{rqmk|jt{gÚ ;"qsf] gfdn] k|l;4 

5 . of] pkb]z cfiff9 k"l0f{dfsf lbg 

lbO{Psf] lyof] . o;df j'4n] …dWoddfu{Ú 

nfO{ ;Tosf] oyfy{ dfu{ jtfPsf 5g\ . 

of] dWodfu{ eg]sf] OGb|Lox?sf] sfd 

;'vnfO{ kl/Tofu ug'{ / cfkm"nfO{ si6 

lbg'jf6 cGTo ug'{ xf] . OlGb|osf] 

sfd t ;'vdf nLg x'g' xf] . of] 

;+;f/sf] k"0f{ cfzlQm sfo{ xf] / o:tf] 

;'v ef]u eg]sf] xLg cgy{sf/L cgfo{ 

xf] . cfkm"nfO{ si6 lbg] sfd eg]sf] 

b'Mv cgfo{ / cgy{ sfo{ xf] . ctM 

oL b'j}sf] jLrsf] jf6f] eg]sf] …dWod 

dfu{Ú xf] . o; dfu{nfO{ b'Mv, b'Mv 

;d'bfo, b'Mv lg/f]w / b'Mv lg/f]w 

efu, oL $ j6f cfo{ ;Tosf dfu{sf 

?kdf atfOPsf] 5 . o;jf6 s] k|i6 

x'G5 eg] 1fg k|flKtsf nflu tk:of 

ug]{ z/L/ ;'sfpg] h:tf k/Dk/fut 

jf6fx?nfO{ TofuL ;fdfGo dWod 

dfu{sf cg';f/ OlGb|ox?nfO{ ef}lts 

;'v k|flKtsf nflu sfd ;'vdf nDk6 

jgfpg] / z/L/nfO{ si6 lbg] sfd b'j} 

sfd clt r/d kGyL sfdx? x'g\ . oL 

b'j}nfO{ TofuL oyfy{df nfUg' g} dWod 

dfu{ xf] . 

a'4n] % hgf leIf'x?nfO{ 

wd{rqmk|jt{g k|bfg u/] kl5 pgsf 

jf/]df Jofks ?kdf k|rf/ x'g yfNof] . 

/fhf dxf/fhfx?n] ;d]t bLIff lng 

yfn] . lzio d08nLx? jGg yfn] . 

j'4 leIf'sf laxf/x? lgdf{0f x'g yfn] . 

htftt} …a'4d\ z/0f+ uR5fldM ;+3d\ 

z/0fd\ uR5fld wDd+d\ z/0fd uR5fldÚ 

h:tf kljq zAbx? u'~hg yfn] . 

cgj/t ?kn] a'4 $)÷$%jif{ ;Dd wd{ 

k|rf/df nfu] . 

cfh a'4 ;+;f/ e/L eujfg 

a'4sf gfdn] k|l;4 5g\ . pgsf] wd{ 

a'4 wd{sf gfdn] k|rlnt 5 / pgsf] 

bz{g a'4 bz{gsf gfdn] k|Voft 

5 egL lr/~hLlj zdf{sf] ælzIffsf 

cfwf/x? @)^@Æ gfds Ps k':tsdf 

oL ul/dfdo jfSox? pNn]v ePsf] 

kfO{G5 . t;y{, a'4bz{g l;4fGt 

dWodfuL{ bz{g xf] . o;n] O{Zj/, 

cfTdf, sd{sf08, cGwljZjf;, k'gh{Gd 

cflbnfO{ dfGotf lbb}g . a'4 bz{g 

cfWoflTds / ef}ltsjfbL b'a} xf]Og . 

clgTo, b'Mv, cgfTdf jf ;+;f/sf ;a} 

s'/fx? clgTo 5g\ . olx g} a'4 

wd{sf] d"n bz{g xf] . 

a'4 wd{ eGg' g} af]w x'g' a'‰g' 

eGg], bz{gzf:q xf] . a'4 lzIff g} 

kl5 a'4 wd{ eof] . To;}n] wd{ eGbf 

bz{gdf cfsif{0f ePsf] dfGg ;lsG5, 

cyjf bz{gjf6 k|efj k/L wd{df 

kl/0ft ePsf] eGg' cTo'lQm gxf]nf . 

a'4 bz{gsf] oyfy{ eg]sf] b'Mv xf] . 

b'Mv g} ;j} sf/0fx?sf] sf/s xf] / 

b'Mv lgjf/0f g} lgjf{0f -df]If_ xf] . 

a'4 bz{gsf] oyfy{tf wdf]{kb]z xf] . 

wdf]{kb]zsf cfwf/ lqlk6sx? x'g\ . 

jf:tjdf a'4 bz{g -a'4 wd{_ sf] 

z'?jft lxGb' bz{gs} cfwf/df ePsf] 

lyof], t/ a'4sf] 1fg k|flKtdf zfl//Ls 

si6 eGbf ;fdfGo ef]hg k|flKt kl5 

æaf]w k|flKtÆ ePsf]n] lxGb' wd{sf] af6f] 

TofuL dWodfuL{ oyfy{df cfPsf] lyof] . 

;j}nfO{ ;dfg b[li6n] x]g'{, z'esfo{df 

nfUg', OGb|LonfO{ j+zdf /flv dgnfO{ 

Ps lrQ kfg{ ;Sg' bz{gsf] oyfy{tf 

xf] . h:tf] a'4nfO{ gdfGg] kfFrhgf 

leIf'x?nfO{ ;j{k|yd 1fg lbg' , 

lkknsf] a[Ifd'gL ! hgf dlxnfn] 

lbPsf] vL/ vfP/ 1fg k|fKt x'g' ;j} 

hfhhlt, wd{ ,efiff / lnËnfO{ / ;dfg 

b[lisf]0f /fvL ;Ël7t x'g cfXjfg ug'{, 

lgif]w sfo{x? tf]Sg',j:t'x?sf] cfr/0f 

/ Jojxf/df Wofg lbg' cflb y'k|} 

pbfx/0fx?n] a'4 bz{gsf oyfy{x? 

klxNofpg ;lhnf] x'g] b]lvG5 . 

a'4 bz{g cg';f/ $ j6f cfo{;Tox? 

wd{ 

oyfy{ x'g\ . k|yd cfo{;Tocg';f/ 

;Dk'0f+ a|Xdf08 b'Mvsf] ej;fu/df 

8'j]sf] 5 . dflg;n] ;+;f/df hGd 

lng', a'9];sfndf hfg', dg'{, zf]s 

ug'{, cnfk ug'{, kL8f x'g', lrlGtt 

x'g', OR5f k'lt{ gug'{, ljof]u k|fKt ug'{, 

clk|ohg;Fu e]6 ug'{ / k~rpkfbfgsf 

;Dk'0f{ sf/0fx? g} b' Mv x'g\ / of] 

1fg x'g' g} jf:tljstf xf] / of] g} 

oyfy{ xf] . b' M v g} c6n ;To xf] 

/ of] g} oyfy{ xf] . k~rpkfbfg eg]sf] 

?k (Body), j]bgf (Pain), ;+1f 

(Name), ;+:sf/ (Impression) / lj1fg 

(Consciousness) x'g\ / oL ;j} b'Mv 

x'g egL a'4 bz{gn] eg]sf] 5 . a'4 

bz{gsf rf/ dxfe't k[YjL, kfgL, jfo' 

/ clUg x'g / oL dxfe't g} jf:tljs 

?k x'g . ;'v / b' Mvsf] cg'ej 

j]bgf xf] . k'j{cg'ejsf cfwf/df lbO{g] 

;+1f xf] . ?k, j]bgf / ;+1faf6 kg]{ 

5fk ;+:sf/ xf] . 

bf];|f] cfo{;Todf elgPsf] 5 

– …dflg;sf] ctLt hLjg, jt{dfg 

hLjg / eljio hLjg ;a} b' Mv 

;d'bfo leq kb{5g\ . dflg;n] b' Mv 

lgjf/0fsf nflu b' Mv ;d'bfosf !@ 

j6f sf/0fx? -åfbz sf/0f_ cljBf, 

;+:sf/, lj1fg, gfd, if8fotg, :kz{, 

j]bgf, t[i0ff, pkfbfg, efj, hflt / 

a'9];sfn cflbsf] lgbfg ug'{kb{5Ú . 

lsgeg] oL ;j} b'Mvsf sf/0fx? x'g\ . 

oL ;j}sf lgbfg gu/L df]If k|fKtL 

-lgjf{0f_ x'g ;Sb}g\ . of] g} oyfy{ xf] . 

dflg;sf] cljBf c1fg xf], ;+:sf/ 

sd{ xf], lj1fg r]tgf xf], gfd ef}lts 

/ cfWoflTds tTjsf] ;lDd>0f xf], 

if8fotg eg]sf] 5 j6f OlGb«ox? x'g\, 

:kz{ eg]sf] OlGb«ox?sf] ;Dks{ xf], 

j]bgf ;'v–b' Mvsf] cg'ej xf], t[i0ff 

cf;Qm ?k xf], ljleGg ljifox?sf] 

u|x0f ;fdu|L pkfbfg xf], k'gh{Gd ej 

xf], ejrqmdf z/L/ wf/0f ug'{ hflt 

xf] / d[To'sf] a'9];sfn xf] . of] ;j} 

o'lg6L EjfO; 25

'Mvsf oyfy{ sf/0fx? x'g\ . 

t];|f] cfo{;To cg';f/ lgjf0f{ 

lglZrt 5 . cfTdf ch/ / cd/ 5, 

/fu , å]z / df]x dflg;sf 7'nf zq' 

x'g, O{Zj/sf] sNkgf a]sf/ xf] / of] g} 

oyfy{ xf] . rt'y{ cfo{;Todf jtfO{Psf] 

5 – lgjf{0f ;To xf] . lgjf{0f k|flKtsf 

ci7 dfu{x? ;To / oyfy{ x'g\ . ci6 

dfu{x?– ;Dos\ b[li6, ;Dos\ ;+sNk, 

;Dos\ jfs, ;Dos\ sdf{Gt, ;Dos\ 

chLj, ;Dos\ Jofofd, ;Dos\ :d[lt / 

;Dos\ ;dflw lgjf{0f k|flKtsf dfu{x? 

x'g\ / oL dfu{x? zf/Ll/s, eflifs 

/ dfgl;s lqmof;Fu ;DjlGwt 5g\ . 

dflg;n] ;w}F c;n sfo{x?sf] dfq 

cg';/0f ug'{ kb{5 . oL ;j} a'4 

bz{gsf oyfy{ b[li6sf]0f x'g\ . 

a'4sf] d'To' kl5 af}4 wd{ 

ljleGg ;Dk|bfox?df cfkm\gf] s'nsf] 

u'? k'/f]lxtsf] g]t[Tj jdf]lhdsf 

cg'ofoL ;d'xdf ljefhg eof] . 

dxfofg, xLgofg, jh|ofg kl5 cfPsf] 

eujfg\ elQm dxfofgn] a'4nfO{ eujfg\ 

sf] ?kdf dfGg yfn] eg] xLgofg 

;Dk|bfon] O{Zj/sf] ?kdf :jLsf/ 

u/]sf 5}gg\ . kl5 ljsf; ePsf] tGq 

nfdf dt, ah|ofgdf tflGqs dfWod 

ckgfO{ a'4 wd{sf] cfkm\g} JofVof 

u¥of], eg] nfdfjfbn] k'g/hGd -cf}tf/_ 

df laZjf; u/L cl3 a9\g yfNof] . 

dxfofg / xLgofg a'4bz{gsf 

d'n ;Dk|bfox? x'g\ . cfrfo{ cZjwf]if, 

cfrfo{ gfufh{'g, cfrfo{ cfo{b]j, cfrfo{ 

zflGt b]j, cfrfo{ c;ªu, cfrfo{ 

az'aGw', cfrfo{ lbªgfu, cfrfo{ 

wd{sLlt{, cflb a'4 bz{gsf k|l;4 

bfz{lgsx? dflgG5g\ . 

oL cfwf/e't pkb]zx?jf6 af}4 

wd{sf] @ k|d'v zfvfsf] k|fb'{efj 

ePsf] xf] . xLgofg d'Votof blIf0f 

Plzoflt/ km}n]/ uof], eg] dxfofgsf 

cg'ofoLx? ltJjt–rLg tyf hfkfglt/ 


b]vf k/] . xLgofg zfvf ljifos 

jfªdo d'Vo kfnL / s]xL k|frLg 

ef/tLo pkefiffx?df k|fKt 5g eg] 

dxfofg jfªdo ;+:s[tsf] ;fy} rLg– 

ltJjlt hfkfgL efiffdf kfO{G5g\ . a'4 

lgjf{0fsf] #)) jif{ kZrft a}+zfnLdf 

ePsf] leIf' ;+3sf] e]nfdf dbe]b eP/ 

a'4 wd{leq …dxf;flwsÚ gfdsf] csf]{ 

zfvf jGof] . d'n a'4 wd{ rfFlx …xLgofgÚ 

sxlnof] . dxf;f+lws rflx O{zfsf] 

klxnf] ztfAbLlt/ dxfofg zfvfsf] 

gfdn] k|l;4 eof] . xLgofgLx? 

a'4nfO{ dfgj a'4sf] ?kdf dfG5g\, t/ 

dxfofgLx? a'4nfO{ cnf}lss -O{Zj/_ 

sf] ?kdf dfG5g\ . oxL 

dxfofg zfvfleq t];|f] 

ztfAbLdf ef/tdf hGd]sf 

cfrfo{ gfufh'{gn] tGq4f/f 

;fwgf ug]{ dGqofgsf] 

ljsfz u/] elgG5 . ToxL 

tGqofg leqs} Ps zfvf 

kfrfF} ztfJbLsf cGtlt/ 

ah|ofg ;Dk|bfosf] gfdn] 

hGDof] / ljsfz eof] . 

hfb'6'gfd'gf / pkf;gfdf 

ljZjf; /fVg] blIf0f 

ef/taf6 pl8;f, j+ufn 

x'Fb} pQ/ ef/tsf] gfnGbf 

ljqmdzLnf dxfljxf/df 

k'mNg k'Uof] . 

dxfofgsf] k}nf] 

?k bfz{lgs lrGtgsf 

;fy} b]jb]jtf dfGg] 

dfq lyof] . o;n] 

t];|f] ztfJbLdf g]kfndf 

klg k|j]z kfof] / olx 

If]q dxfofgs} u9 

eof] . nf]e, lx;+f, rf]/L 

/ Jolerf/ zfl//Ls sfo{ 

x'g\ . logsf] lg/fs/0f jf 

c;n d'"Nosf lglDt o:tf 

v/fj sfo{x? TofUg'k5{ . 

o:t} e'm6f] jrg, r'SnL, 

wd{ 

s6'jrg, Joy{jrg klg ug'{ x'b}Fg . 

o;sf] ;§f bfgL, clx+;f, ;To1fgsf 

dfu{x? cjnDjg ug'{ k5{ . oL ;j} 

;Dks{ b[li6 cGt/utsf c;n d"Nox? 

cjnDjg ug]{ dfu{x? x'g\ . 

o;y{ ?k, j]bgf, ;+1f, ;+:sf/ 

/ lj1fg cfTdf x}g, lsgsL ToxfF 

dxfF/f]u 5 . hj cgfTdf g} ;To 

xf], o;af6 la/Qm x'g'k5{, of] g} 1fg 

xf] . cfTdfjfb ;Tsfo{ b[li6 xf] . o:t} 

ljleGg dtleq a'4wd{ bz{g k|fKt ug{ 

;lsG5 . a'4 bz{gsf oL ;f/ j:t' 

dgg, lrGtg of]Uo / kmnbfo 5g\ .

Oltxf; 

– k|lj0f clwsf/L 

eLd;]g yfkf 

g]kfnsf] zfgM 

jL 

/eb| yfkfsf gftL, /Ifssf] ?kdf lgo'lQm ldn]sf] lyof] Û 

;fgfsfhL cd/ l;+x 

d}lyn law'jf sflGtjtL ;+u 

yfkfsf 5f]/f, eLd;]g yfkf 

lax]u/]k5L hlGdPsf >L % lujf{0fo'4 

uf]/vf lhNnfsf] lkknyf]s uf=lj=;= 

laqmd hlGdPsf] !=% aif{d} hfnem]n /r]/ 

sf] af]/nf+u ufpFdf lj= ;+= !*#@ h]7 

>L % /0f axfb'/nfO sfzL k7fO{Pkl5 

!) ut]sf lbg -cyf{t @% d] !&&%_ 

eLd;]g yfkf klg ;+u} uPsf lyP Û 

hlGdPsf lyP . g]kfnsf] OltxfF;df 

sfnfGt/df >L % ;+u} g]kfn kms]{kl5 

lj=;= !*)* df hGd]sf cd/l;+x yfkf 

pgL g]kfnsf k|wfgdGqL eP. pgn] 

/ lj=;+= !*!^ df hGd]sf cd/l;+x 

#! jif{ ;Dd y'k|} dxf/fhlw/fhx?sf] 

yfkf Ps} ;dosf ePsfn] klxnf]nfO{ 

clwgdf /x]/ laleGg cf]xf]bfx? 

a8f cd/l;+x yfkf / csf]{nfO{ ;fgf 

;Dxfn]sf lyP Û ;}lgsnfO{ o'/f]k]nL 

cd/l;+x yfkf eGg] rng lyof] Û 

z}nLdf cfw'lglss/0f u/] . y'k|} ;dflhs 

a8f cd/l;+x yfkfsf afa' eLd;]g 

s'l/tLx¿ x6fP. ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf 

yfkf x'g\ hf], af3 eLd;]g yfkfsf] 

;'wf/x¿ u/] . w/x/f, ;'Gwf/f, 

¿kdf klg k|l;4 lyP . ;fgfcd/ 

afub/jf/, 6]s' k'n, yfkfynL k'n, 

l;+x yfkfsf 5f]/f eLd;]g yfkf x'g\ . 

;]gfsf] cfw'lgsLs/0f, /fxbfgL 

hf] g]kfnsf] bf]>f] k|wfg dGqL ePsf 

k|yfsf] ;'¿cft, cg]sf}+ ;fdflhs 

lyP Û oL b'j} jufn] yfkf x'g\ / 

;'wf/ / ljsf; lgdf{0fsf] sfo{ ug{ 

glur}sf bfh'efO klg x'g\ . logsf 

nufP . dxfg\ k"j{hx¿n] ;'¿ u/]sf] 

5f]/f ;fg}df !&(^ -!*%#_ df d/]sf 

g]kfn PsLs/0fnfO{ cufl8 a9fP/ 

x'Fbf Ogn] cfkm\gf dflxnf efO gog 

logn] g]kfnsf] ;LdfnfO{ rf/}lt/ a9fP . 

l;+x yfkfsf 5f]/f z]/ h+u yfkfnfO{ 

!*^@ df sfhL / To;k5L d"nsfhL 

kf]if k'qsf] ?kdf x'sf{Psf lyP Û 

/ hg/n ePsf led;]g yfkfn] la|l6z 

;fgf sfhL cd/ l;+x yfkfn] eLd;]g 

;fd|fHojfb lj?4 cgj/t ;+3if{ 

yfkfsf] a|taGw >L % o'a/fhlw/fh 

u/] / g]kfnsf] ;thn;Dd k'u]sf] 

/0f axfb'/ zfx;+u} ul/lbPsf lyP Û 

l;dfgfsf] x/;Dej ;+/If0f u/] Û 

b/af/;+usf] ulx/f] ;DaGwsf sf/0f 

lognfO{ klxnf >L % k|tfk l;+x zfx lj= ;+= !*($ c;f/ % ut] led;]g 

sf] c+u /Ifs / pgsf] b]xfGt kl5 yfkfaf6 kmf}hL t}gfyL vf]l;of] eg] 

>L % /0f axfb'/ zfxsf] klg c+u csf]{ dlxgf pgnfO{ kbaf6 x6fOPsf] 

lyof] . yfkfnfO{ kbRo't ul/Pkl5 kfF8] 

;d"xsf gfOs] /0fh+u kfF8]n] d'n'ssf] 

zf;g Joj:yfdf k|efj kfg{nfu] . 

ef/bf/x¿aLrsf] u'6jGbL / b/afl/of 

if8\oGqdf k/]/ pgnfO{ h]ng]n;lxt 

cg]sf} oftgf lbO{ y'gfdf /flvof] . 

lj= ;+=!*&! / &@ df c+u|]h;Fusf] 

o'4df k/flht / !*&# df ePsf] 

;'uf}nL ;+GwL kZrft tyf !*($ df 

/fhs'df/ b]a]Gb|sf] xTofsf] cleof]u 

tyf b/jfl/of if8\oGqn] ubf{ cfkm\ 

gf] ckdfg ;xg g;sL logn] cGttM 

@) >fj0f lj=;+= !*(^ -% cui6 

!*#(_ ^$ aif{sf] pd]/df cfTdxTof 

u/] . pgn] cfTdxTof u/]sf] 7fpnfO{ 

sf7df8f}Fdf led d'Qm]Zj/ elgG5 Û 

dxf/fgL lqk'/f;'Gb/L eLd;]g 

yfkfsL k|d'v ;dy{s lyOg\ Û pgsf] 

d[To', ;'uf}nL ;+wL / >L % /fh]Gb|sf] 

a9bf] pd]/, tTsflng b/afl/of kf08] 

tyf a:Goftx¿sf a9\bf] la/f]wsf sf/0f 

eLd;]g yfkfn] kbTofu u/]sf lyP . 

eLd;]g yfkf k|wfgdGqL h+uaxfb'/ 

/f0ffsf] cfdf kl§sf] xh'/a'af lyP . 

cfkm\gf] xh'/a'afsf] d[To'sf] abnf lng 

h+u axb'/n] sf]tka{, e08f/vfn 

kj{ /r]/ g]kfndf /f0ff zf;gsf] 

;'¿jft u/]sf x'g\ eGg]s'/fdf ;a} 

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w]/} hgwgsf] Iflt eof] . ljgfl;lQ 

g]kfnL hgtf / o'4 ;+u|fdaf6 afFr]sf 

Tof] ;dosf nfvf} o'4jL?x?n] kfFr 

xft sk8f / kfFr ?k}ofFdf lrQ 

a'emfP/ hLjgsf] cGTo;Dd kL8f ef]u] . 

of] g]kfnLx?sf] lgolt lyof] . oL 

b'O{ ljZjo'4kl5 w]/} s'/fx? ;'wf/df 

cfP tfklg ljleGg sf/0f ljZjo'4sf] 

t'ngfdf ;fgfltgf o'4 / u[xo'4 eg] 

cfh;Dd klg eO{ g} /x]sf 5g\ . 

ljutdf ePsf / ul/Psf /fd|f/g/fd|f 

sfdsf k|s[lt, k|j[lQ / 36gfx?nfO{ 

;lDemb}+ Oltxf;af6 kf7 l;Sg / 

hghfu/0f Nofpg ljZjdf ePsf 

ljif]z 36gfx?l;t ;DalGwt b]zx?n] 

;dosfnnfO{ df}sf kf/]/ pT;j 

dgfpg] rng ;'? ePsf] 5 . oxL 

l;nl;nfdf xf]nf, ;g\ @)!# cui6 

% df a]nfotsf nflu g]kfnL /fhb"t 

;'/]zrGb| rfln;]n] Tolta]nfsf sfd 

rnfp ;/sf/sf k|d'v -k|=d=_ ;jf]{Rr 

cbfntsf axfnjfnf k|wfgGofofwL; 

lvn/fh /]UdLnfO{ e]6] . a]nfot / 

g]kfnsf] bf}To ;DaGw sfod /x]sf] b'O{ 

;o jif{ k'u]sf] pknIodf b'j} b]zn] 

ljleGg sfo{qmdsf ;fy lå–ztjflif{sL 

pT;j dgfpg] / oxL kl/k|]Ifdf 

a]nfotsf] k|wfgdGqLn] g]kfn e|d0f 

ug]{ OR5f /fv]sf]af/] ePsf s'/fsfgL 

;fj{hlgs ePsf lyP . 

bf}To ;DaGwsf] lå–ztjflif{s pT;j 

dgfpg] rrf{ jf pb\3f]if0f cl3 jf kl5 

sfo{qmd s;/L ug]{ s'g ljifol;t s'g 

;d'bfosf] / ;+3;+:yf jf /fHosf] 

nflu s] s:tf ljifodf Wofg k'¥ofpg' 

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txdf sxL s]xL ePg . a]nfotdf la|l6; 

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uf]vf{ j]nkm]o/ 6«i6sf lglDt cg'bfg 

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Oltxf; 

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;fy pT;j dflgPsf] s]xL k|rf/–k|;f/ 

eP . b'O{ aif{leqdf n08gl:yt g]kfnL 

b"tfjf;df b'O{ k6s / g]kfndf a]nfotL 

;]gf k|d'vsf] e|d0fdf / sf7df8f}l:yt 

a]nfotL b"tfjf;sf] rf}3]/f] /+ufP/ 

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ul/of] . jf:tjdf nfdf] ;dokl5 lxDdt 

ul/Psf] of] pT;jsf cj;/df s'/f 

p7fpg], 5nkmn ug]{, pT;j dgfpg] 

/ 9flsPsf 5f]lkPsf, lylrPsf w]/} 

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lj1x?sf] egfO / n]vfOx?af6 k'li6 

eP cg';f/M g]kfn / Oi6 Ol08of 

sDkgLsf] zq'tf / ldqtf eg]sf] ;g\ 

!&^& df kf}jfu9Ldf ePsf] l;Gw'nLsf] 

n8fO{af6 ;'? ePsf] xf] . of] n8fO{df 

SofK6g lsgnssf] g]t[Tjdf cfPsf] 

c+u|]h kmf}hn] g/fd|f] k/fho a]xf]g{' 

k¥of] . 

Oi6 OlG8of sDkgLsf] Tof] ;dosf] 

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ljhou9 /fHosf] agf/;df cfqmd0f 

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5'6fpg g;sL g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ 

;xof]u dfu]kl5 Tof] ;dosf g]kfnsf 

/fhf k|tfkl;+x zfxn] sfhL wf}sn 

l;+x a:g]tsf] g]t[Tjdf % sDkgL 

g]kfnL ;]gf k7fO{ o'4 n8\g ;xof]u 

u/L aGbL 5'6fP/ ;'uf}nL ;GwL k"j{ 

g} klxnf] ldqtf sfod u/]sf lyP . 

g]kfnL uf]/vf ;]gfsf] n8fs' ;fx; 

/ ;]gfsf] xftxltof/sf] cj:yf 

yfxf ePsf] Oi6 Ol08of sDkgLn] 

cfkm}nfO{ alnof] agfPkl5 ! gf]e]Da/ 

!*!$ df g]kfnsf] klZrd efudf 

xdnf u/L afWo kfl/Psf] g]kfnnfO{ 

cfkmgf] kIfdf n]lvPsf] gf}+ a'Fbf dWo] 

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lkmtf{ ug{'kg]{ ;lGwkq @ l8;]Da/ 

!*!% df k7fof] . afWo eP/ 

g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 ;xL u/L cGtdf 

$ dfr{ !*!^ df cf}krfl/s k'/f 

ul/Psf] ;GwLnfO{ g} ;'uf}nL ;GwL 

elgof] . /fhfsf] u'gf;f] / uf]vf{ 

;]gfk|ltsf] cfsif{0fsf sf/0f kl5 

* l8;]Da/ !*!^ df ;GwLdf u'd]sf] 

d]rLb]lv /fKtL;Ddsf] t/fO{ e'ld 

lkmtf{ eof] . ;g\ !% d] !*## df 

k|s[lt / hLjzf:qlj1 a|]g xkm6g 

xh;gn] sf7df8f}+df klxnf] a]nfotL 

/]l;8]G6sf] clkm; ;Dxfn] . 

;'uf}nL ;GwL !*!^ b]lv lg/Gt/ 

ljleGg sfnv08 kf/u/L jt{dfg;Dd 

bf}To ;DaGwsf d'Vo ljifox? eg] 

;GwLdf pNn]lvt gf} a'FbfdWo] k//fi6 

dfldnf ;DalGw afwf c8rg, c+u|]h 

;]gfdf uf]vf{ elt{ / ;GwLkl5 u'd]sf] 

^)))) ju{ lsnf]ld6/ g]kfnsf] 

e"dL ;DalGw d'4fx? g} rrf{sf] 

ljifox? x'g\ . ;GwLkl5 Oli6 

Ol08of sDkgLsf] c+u|]h ;]gfdf 

/x]sf uf]vf{ ;]gfn] ljleGg zflGt 

sfod ug]{ ljleGg o'4df axfb'/L 

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l;v o'4 !*$* df / !*%& df 

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g]t[Tj u/]/ h+uaxfb'/ cfkm} cl3 

;/]sf lyP . b'j} sfo{af6 Oi6 

Ol08of sDkgL v';L e} gofF d'n's 

elgg] t/fO{sf] hldg lkmtf{ lbPkl5 

jt{dfg g]kfnsf] gS;f tof/ ePsf] 

xf] . ljutdf xfnsf] afFs], alb{of, 

s}nfnL / s~rgk'/nfO{ gofF d'n's 

elgGYof] . Oi6 Ol08of sDkgLn] 

ef/t jif{sf] ^)) eGbf a9L ;fgf 

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;g\ !*%& sf] ;}lgs lab|f]xkl5 

a]nfotL ;fd|fHonfO{ lhDdf nufof] . 

;fd|fHon] ;g\ !($& df cl:tTjdf 

g} g/x]sf t/ hgtfsf] dfu cg';f/ 

cui6 !$ sf] dWo/ftdf 3f]if0ff 

u/L Ps lbg cl3 k"j{ / klZrd 

kfls:tfg -xfnsf] a+unfb]z k"j{ 

kfls:tfg agfOPsf] lyof]_ / Ps 

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lbg kl5 Ol08of -ef/t_ b'O{ b]z 

:jtGq /fHo agfof] . t/, g]kfnsf] 

hldg g]kfnnfO{ lkmtf{ gu/L ef/tdf 

kfl/of] . Oi6 Ol08of sDkgL / 

a]nfot ;fdfHo b'j}n] 5f8]sf] b]zdf 

Oi6 Ol08of sDkgLl;t ePsf] 

;'uf}nL ;GwLsf sf/0f g]kfnsf] ^) 

xhf/ ju{ lsnf]ld6/ e"dL a]jfl/;] 

agfOof] . hUuf g]kfnsf], sAhf ug]{ 

Oi6 Ol08of sDkgL, kfpg]n] gkfO{ 

c?nfO{ lbg] a]nfotL ;fd|fHo, 

ljgf ;fpFsf] Jofh kfPem}+ kfpg] 

gofF b]z Ol08of -ef/t_ Oltxf;sf] 

sfnv08df o:tf] ljlrq ePsf] 5 . 

a]nfotL ;fd|fHodf ePsf] ;:tf] / 

e/f];fn] 7"nf] uf]vf{ ;]gfsf] hTyf 

eg] ef/t / a]nfotn] Tof] a]nfsf] 

cf–cfkm\gf :jfy{sf nflu afF8r'8 

u/]/ /fVg] / cGoq nfg] lx;fa 

vftfaf6 ;'uf}nL ;lGws} cfwf/df 

lqkIfLo ;lGw !($& tof/ ul/of] . 

s[lif Joj;fo ljsf;4f/f pTkfbg j[l4 Û 

gfkmf, /f]huf/L / lxdfnL e]udf ;Da[l4 ÛÛ 

;+v'jf;ef, ;f]n'v'Da', bf]nvf, /;'jf, dgfª, h'Dnf, 

8f]Nkf, x'Dnf / d'u' u/L bz lhNnfdf 

lxdfnL cfof]hgfsf] ;xof]u k|fKt pk–cfof]hgfx? 

;~rfngdf 5g\ . pk–cfof]hgfx? k|efjsf/L?kdf 

;~rfng u/f}+ . ;~rfng ug{ 

;xof]u u/f}+ . 

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lxdfnL cfof]hgf 

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ljut Ps bzs b]lv ljleGg nf]s ;+:s[lt 

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lhNnfsf] ndxLdf hGdg' ePsL piff vgfn ;fg} 

pd]/ b]lv /+ud~rdf cfkm\g' 5lj / e"ldsf / :yfgnfO{ 

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atfpg'x'G5 . g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ljs[lQ, lj;+ult tyf 

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g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ ;r]t u/fpg] pxfFsf] 7"nf] ;f]r 

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cfw'lgs uLtdf lx6 x'g' ePsf] gflosf vgfn cfh 

b]z dfq} ljb]zdf 7"nf 7"nf kbf{df cfkm\gf] e"ldsfsf] 

?kdf :yflkt x'g' ePsf] 5 . ;fx|} ldng;f/ P+jd 

eb| Jojxf/sL gflosf vgfn lqsf]0ffTds k|]d 

syfdf cfwfl/t Clif Gof}kfg]sf] lgb]{lzt rnlrqdf 

gflosfsf] ?kdf b]lvg' ePsf] lyof] eg] bf];|f] rnlrq 

nfn] Clif Gof}kfg]sf] lgb]{zgdf gflossf] ?kdf kbf{df 

b]lvb} x'g'x'G5 . o; rnlrqdf g]kfnL ;dfhdf ePsf 

lje]b tyf ;fdflhs Gofosf] ;jfn clego ug'{ ePsf] 

5, pQm rnlrq c;f/ leq l/lnh x'Fb}5 . pxfF k|l;4 

ef/tLo lgb]{zs cle;s]n] lgb]{zg u/]sf] ef]hk'/L Kof/sL 

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sfo{qmd s] 5 t < 

xfdL dWojtL{ If]q 3f]if0ffsf] 

lj/f]wL k6s} xf]Ogf}+ . lsg k|efljt 

:yfgLox?nfO{ ;fdfGo 5nkmn ;d]t 

gu/L k'gM:yfkgfsf] of]hg} glgsfnL eGg] 

s'/f] d'Vo xf] . ;a}nfO{ ldnfP/ n}hfg' 

k5{ . uf;, af; / skf;sf] Joj:yf 

u/]/ sfd ug'{k5{ eGg] xfd|f] dfGotf xf] . 

hgtfnfO{ cft+lst t'NofP/ u/]sf] sfd 

sflxF / slxNo} klg ;kmn ePsf] Oltxf; 

5}g\ . k|hftGq, nf]stGq / u0ftGq h] 

tGq cfPklg cflv/L hgtfnfO{ df/ 

bf]h]{ nfdf, cfGbf]ng ;+of]hs 

v]Kg afx]s s]lx klg /x]g5 . olb xfd|f] 

dfu k"/f ePg eg] ;Ddflgt cbfntsf] 

km};nfkl5 cfGbf]ngsf] sfo{qmdx? 

cufl8 a9fp5f}+ . 

) clxn] cfGbf]ngsf] sfo{qmdsf] 

s]lx 5 < 

xfdLn] ;+3if{ ;ldlt agfP/ cl3 

al9;s]sf 5f}+ . k|wfgdGqLnfO{ 1fkgkq 

a'emfpg] sfo{qmd to u/]sf 5f}+ . o; cl3 

klg xfdLn] jgdGqL cUgL ;fksf]6fnfO{ 

cfkm\gf dfux?sf ljifodf 1fkgkqx? 

a'emfO;s]sf] 5f}+ . cbfntdf d'2f 

rln/fv]sf]n] clxn]nfO{ vf;} sfo{qmd 

5}g To}klg r'k nfu]/ a:b}gf}+ . ;]gf k|x/L 

nufP/ 3/3/df tfnf nufpFb} hgtfnfO{ 

t;f{pg] h'g cdfgjLo sfo{ u/]sf] 5 

To;sf] 3f]/ eT;gf{ u5'{ . hgtfsf] hn, 

h+un / hdLgdf clwsf/ x'g'k5{ eGg] 

ljZjJofkL dfGotfnfO{ ;DalGwt lgsfon] 

Joj:yf u/] cfGbf]ng s8feGbf s8f 

?kdf k|:t't x'g]5f}+ . 

o'lg6L EjfO; 31

;dfrf/ 

d':sfg ;]gfn] e08fkmf]/ cleofg rnfpg] 

;+ljwfg ;efsf gfddf ePsf] 

n'6tGq, lj;+utL / ljs[lt 

lj?4 d':sfg ;]gf g]kfn kf6L{n] 

b]ZfJofkL e08fkmf]/ cleofg rnfpg] 

ePsf] 5 . e08fkmf]/sf cltl/Qm ;f] 

kf6L{n] hg:tf]/df dxTjsf+IfL sfo{qmd 

;~rfng ug]{ clGtd tof/L rln/x]sf] 

kfOPsf] 5 . 

jt{dfg ;/sf/n] NofPsf] ah]6df 

^% jif{ gf3]sf j[4 j[4fnfO{ dfl;s 

b'O{xhf/ lbOg] eQfnfO{ pQm kf6L{n] 

a9fP/ ;ft xhf/ agfpg]df ljz]if 

kxnsbgL lnOg] kf6L{åf/f k|sflzt 

jQmJodf hgfOPsf] 5 . To:t] ckf+u 

/ c;xfonfO{ cflhjg af;FufF; 

nufotsf] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgd} lnlkj4 

ug{ ljz]if sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ 

hgfPsf] 5 . 

zflGtk"j{, pTkfbgd'vL / 

/rfgfTds sfo{qmd nfO{ cuf8L 

a9fP/ ;f]xL adf]lhdsf cfGbf]ngsf 

sfo{qmd ;+rfng ul/g] klg pQm 

kf6L{n] hgfPsf] 5 . hftLo /fHosf] 

lj?4df ;zQm cfGbf]ng ug]{ tof/L 

klg ;f] kf6L{n] u/]sf] 5 . To:t} o'jf 

a]/f]huf/ ePsf gfdf b}lgs b'O{;o 

krf; ?k}of Joj:yf ug'{ klg ;f] 

kf6L{n] cleofg rnfpg] agfOPsf] 5 . 

kf6L{n] ckf+u, ;':t dgl:ylt nf6f 

nf6Lx?nfO{ cflhjg eQfsf] Joj:y 

fug]{ Ps 3/, Ps ?v, Ps uf8]{g 

u/L d'n'se/ e"sDk k|lt/f]wfTds 3/ 

agfpgsf]nflu 5'§} sfg'gsf] Joj:yf 

ug'{kg]{ dfu u/]sf] 5 . 

ljb]zdf cWoog ug{ hfg] 

ljBfyL{x?nfO{ /fHon] lgz'Ns 

:sf]n/l;ksf] Joj:yf ug]{ dfu ul/Psf] 

5 . ^( jif{ gf3]sf a'9fa'9Lx?nfO{ 

lgz'Ns d]l8sn cf}ifwL / 8fS6/ hfFr 

x'g'kg]{ dfu /fVb} of] kf6L{n] d]rLb]lv 

dxfsfnL;Dd cfd g]kfnL cfGbf]ngdf 

pgn] cfx\jfg u/]s]f 5 . c;f/ ! 

ut]b]lv b]zJofkL ?kdf k|lzIf0f lbb} 

lx8]sf kf6L{sf s]lGb|o cWoIf d':sfg 

kf}8]nsf] l;Gw'nL, /f}tx6 / ;nf{xLdf 

k|lzIf0f lbPsf] lyof] . lhNnf, 

gu/ / j8f ;ldltsf] ;b:ox?nfO{ 

;Daf]wg ug]{ qmddf @! cf} ztfAbLsf] 

gofF g]kfn casf] o'jf k':tfdf 

hfg'kg]{ wf/0f /fVb} ^)! ;ef;bn] 

gofF g]kfn / g]kfnLx?sf] /ut / 

kl;gdfly df]hd:tL dfq u/] . g 

t of] b]znfO{ dfof u/] g t ;a} 

g]kfnLx?nfO{ dfGo x'g] ;+ljwfg hf/L 

ug{ ;s] . b'O b'O k6s ;Dd ;+ljwfg 

;efsf] r'gfj u/]/ d'n'snfO{ caf}{ 

?k}of gf]S;fgL u/fPsf] bfaL u/] . 

g]kfnsf] pBf]uwGbfx? lghLs/0f u/L 

sldzg / e|i6frf/ ub]{ /fhgLlts 

bnsf :yflgo sfo{stf{b]lv s]Gb|sf 

g]tfx? e|i6frf/df 8'Ab} uPsf] k|lt 

lrGtf JoQm ub}{} olb e|i6frf/L cfkm\g} 

afa' ePklg g5f]8\g] cWoIf kf}8]nn] 

atfP . u'08fubL{ / anfTsf/LnfO{ 

7fpFsf] 7fpFdf kmfF;L lbg'kg]{ ;d]t 

pgsf] syg lyof] . k|lzIf0fs} qmddf 

kf}8]nn] ca o'jf knofgnfO{ /f]s]/ 

d'n'sd} /f]huf/L l;h{gffug{ kf6L{ nflu 

k/]s]f atfP . pgn] pGgt hftsf 

wfg ljb]zaf6 dufO;s]s]f / kf6L{sf 

;b:ox?nfO{ o; aif{af6} wfgsf] lap 

ljt/0f ug]{ / s[lifdf j}1flgs Pj+d 

cfw'lgss/0f 9+un] cuf8L a9fpg] 

hfgsf/L lbPsf lyP . 

32 o'lg6L EjfO;

;dfrf/ 

al/i7 kqsf/ tyf ;Dkfb+sx?sf] e]63f6 sfo{qmd 

g]kfn kqsf/ tyf n]vs 

;dfhn] /fhwfgLdf d'n'ssf] 

jt{dfg cj:yf ljifodf 5nkmnsf 

nflu jl/i7 kqsf/ tyf ;Dkfbsx?sf] 

e]63f6 sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf u¥of] . 

pQm sfo{qmddf cfkm\gf] wf/0f 

/fVb} n]vs tyf /fhgLlts lrGts 8f= 

s] aL= /f]sfofn] g]kfn wd{lg/kIf x'g 

gx'g] wf/0ff /fVb} g]kfnsf] # klxrfg 

lxGb" wd{, ;]gf / /fh;+:yf /x]sf] 

wf/0f ;d]t AoQm u/] . b]z wd{lg/kIf 

/xFbf g}lts d"No / dfgotfdf x|f; 

cfpFg] s'/fdf pxfFsf] hf]8 lyof] . 8f= 

/f]sfofn] ;Dkfbs n]vsx?n] /fi6« 

/ /fli6«otfk|lt uDeL/ eP/ snd 

rnfpgsf nflu cfu|x u/]sf lyP . 

sfo{qmddf cltlysf ?kdf af]Nb} 

k|]; sfpG;Ln g]kfnsf cWoIf af]0f{axfb'/ 

sfsL{n] d'n'ssf /fli6«o zlQmx? Ps 

ePsf] lbg dfq ;+qmd0fsfn ;dfKt 

x'g] atfPsf lyP . d'n's Pp6f 

vf; nIo / lbzfnfO{ cjnDag 

u/L cuf8L al9;s]sf] cj:yfdf ca 

k5f8L kmls{g] / df]l8g] cj:yf 5}g 

eGb} pgn] g]kfnL kqsf/Ltfn] /fli6«o 

lrGtg u/]/ /fi6«nfO{ Pslqt agfpg 

e"ldsf v]Ng'kg]{df of] e"ldsfsf] sdL 

b]lvPsf] s'/f /fVg' ePsf] lyof] . csf{ 

n]vs tyf ljZn]ifs 8f= ;'/]Gb| s]=;L=n] 

x/]s If]qdf g]kfnL g]kfnLaLr laefhg 

Nofpg] b]zL ljb]zL zlQm ;lqmo /x]sf] 

tkm{ g]kfnL kqsf/x? rgfvf] x'g'kg]{df 

hf]8 lbg' ePsf] lyof] . sfo{qmdf af]Nb} 

csf{ aQmf jl/i7 kqsf/ k|]d s}bLn] 

clxn]sf g]tfx?df /fli6«o :jfy{sf] 

cefj /x]sf] eGb} kf6L{sf ehg ufpg] 

/ rfs8Ldf n]Vg]x?nfO{ dfq g]tfx?n] 

kqsf/ 7fGg] / dfGg] u/]sf] atfP . 

sfo{qmddf jl/i7 kqsf/ lgdsfGt 

kf08]n] d'n's uDeL/ b'3{6gftkm{ pGd'v 

/x]sf] eGb} g]kfnL kqsf/x?sf] sfFwdf 

/fi6« hufpg] k|d'v lhDd]jf/L cfPsf] 

pNn]v u/]sf lyP . 

sfo{qmddf 

g]kfn kqsf/ tyf 

n]vs ;dfhsf cWoIf 

uf]/vaxfb'/ la;Ln] 

jl/i7 kqsf/ / 

;Dkfbsx? ca Ps 

7fpFdf a;]/ d'n'ssf 

hNbfaNbf ;d:ofx?sf] 

phfu/ ug]{ ;femf d~r 

ePsf] hfgsf/L lbb} 

ljz]if u/L /fi6« /fli6«otf / /fli6«o 

:jflwgtfsf] af/]df ;dfhn] cfkm\ 

gf] n]vg tyf ;"rgf k|jfx ug]{ sfd 

cuf8L a9fO{/x]sf] ljifodf k|sfz 

kf/]sf lyP . 

gofF jif{ @)&# ;fnsf] pknIodf ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnL bfh'efO tyf 

lbbLalxgLx?df xflb{s d+Ufndo z'esfdgf JoQm ub{5f}+ . 

;8s ;a}sf] ;femf ;DklQ xf], ;8s cltqmd0f 

ug]{ sfo{ aGb u/f}+, ;w}+ ;kmf ;'U3/ /fvf}+ 

x'Dnf–l;ldsf]6 ;8s kl/of]hgf 

O+= ljho s'df/ yfkf 

;8s ljefu 

l8lehg sfof{no, h'Dnf 

;fj{hlgs ;"rgf 

!= k'nx?df hyfefjL lb;f, lk;fa / kmf]xf]/ gkmfnf}+ . o;n] k'nsf] cfo' 36fpF5 . 

@= k'nsf] tndfly vf]nfaf6 afn'jf, lul§, 9'ª\uf, df6f] cflb lemSbf k'n elTsg 

;S5 . k'nsf] %)) ld6/ tndfly df6f], afn'jf cflb glemsf}+ . 

#= k'ndfly ;se/ ;Lldt ultdf ;jf/L;fwg rnfpg] afgL a;fnf}+ . 

$= k'nx? xfd|f] ;kmf ;DklQ xf] . o;sf] ;+/If0f xfd|f] bfloTj xf] . 

%= dfgj z/L/df /x]sf] /Qm :gfo' tTt' h:t} k'n ;8ssf] cleGg c+u xf] . Ps 

7fpFdf /QmgnL sfl6g hfFbf kIf3ft ePh:t} k'n elTsg hfFbf ;8s pkof]luxLg 

x'G5 / dfgj hLjg c:tJo:t x'g ;S5 . 

l8lehg k|d'v 

O{= gf/fo0fbQ e08f/L 

o'lg6L EjfO; 33

;"rgf 

g]kfn ef/t ;DaGw 

ljz]if c+s 

k|sfzg x'“b}5 . 

tkfO{+sf] ljrf/ n]v 

k7fOlbg' x'g :jb]z tyf 

ljb]zdf /xg' ePsf 

n]vs, ljåfg, k//fi6«ljb\ 

Pj+ sfg'gljb\x?nfO{ xflb{s 

cg'/f]w ub{5f}+ . 

;Dks{M unityvoice@yahoo.com, 

kmf]gM )!–(*%!)*@!*$ 

34 o'lg6L EjfO;

l8Dof6 vftf 

ltd|f] 

clgjfo{ 

;Demgfdf 

;DaGwL cToGt 

h?/L ;"rgf 

lwtf]kq ahf/sf] cfw'lgsLs/0f ug]{ qmddf oxL ldlt @)&@ 

df3 b]lv k"0f{ ?kdf cef}ltsLs/0f ePsf] z]o/sf] dfq 

sf/f]af/ z'? e} lwtf]kq ahf/ k"0f{ :jrflnt ePsf] / xsk|b z] 

o/ tyf af]g; z]o/ nufgLstf{x?sf] l8Dof6 vftfdf k|fKt 

ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf e};s]sf] 5 . o;} k[i7e"lddf pBf]u 

k|efljt If]q afl;Gbfx? afx]s @)&# ;fpg ! ut]b] 

lv sf7df8f} pkTosf / @)&# df3 ! ut]af6 pk- 

Tosf aflx/af6 ;d]t ;fj{hlgs lgisfzgdf b/vf:t lbg] 

b/vf:tjfnfx?n] cfkm\gf] l8Dof6 vftf b/vf:t kmf/fddf clgjfo{ 

?kdf pNn]v ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf]n] ;f]xL adf]lhd ug{ u/fpg x'g 

;DalGwt ;j}sf] hfgsf/Lsf] nflu ;"lrt ul/G5 . 

g]kfn lwtf]kq af]8{ 

hfjnfv]n, nlntk'/ . 

o'lg6L EjfO; 35

nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] cu|ufdL ;f]r, 

cfw'lgs k/LIf0f k|ljlwsf] k|of]uaf6 

of]Uotd JolQmsf] 5gf}6 . 

g]kfn ;/sf/ 

;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno 

;"rgf ljefu 

36 o'lg6L EjfO;

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