vaskemidler - Centre for Environmental Studies - Aarhus Universitet

Indhold
1 FORORD..............................................................................................................................................7
2 INDLEDNING....................................................................................................................................11
2.1 PROBLEMFORMULERING ..................................................................................................................13
2.2 EMNEAFGRÆNSNING........................................................................................................................13
3 HISTORIE..........................................................................................................................................14
4 HUSHOLDNINGSØKONOMI..........................................................................................................19
4.1 FORBRUG ........................................................................................................................................19
4.2 TEST AF COLORVASKEMIDLER .........................................................................................................23
4.3 KALKBINDERE .................................................................................................................................26
4.4 SKYLLEMIDLER ...............................................................................................................................27
5 FORBRUGERENS ADFÆRD...........................................................................................................29
5.1 REKLAMER OG MARKEDSANDELE .....................................................................................................29
5.2 FORBRUGERUNDERSØGELSER...........................................................................................................31
5.3 KAMPAGNE FRA MILJØSTYRELSEN ...................................................................................................32
5.4 ÅRSAGER TIL ADFÆRD .....................................................................................................................34
6 LOVGIVNING OG BEKENDTGØRELSER...................................................................................43
7 MILJØMÆRKNING.........................................................................................................................46
7.1 PRODUKTMÆRKNINGSSYSTEMER......................................................................................................48
7.2 MILJØMÆRKNINGENS HISTORIE ........................................................................................................49
7.3 MÆRKNING .....................................................................................................................................52
7.3.1 Frivillig mærkning................................................................................................................52
7.3.2 Miljømærker.........................................................................................................................53
7.4 KRITERIER FOR VASKEMIDLER..........................................................................................................61
8 INDHOLDSSTOFFER.......................................................................................................................65
8.1 GIFTIGHED, BIOAKKUMULERBARHED OG BIONEDBRYDELIGHED.........................................................65
8.2 KEMIEN BAG INDHOLDSSTOFFERNE I VASKEMIDLER ..........................................................................67
8.2.1 Overfladeaktive stoffer..........................................................................................................68
8.2.2 Anioniske tensider:...............................................................................................................71
8.2.3 Nonioniske tensider:.............................................................................................................72
8.2.4 Kompleksdannere, ionbyttere og EDTA.................................................................................74
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