Norge-Russland 2004/2005 Норвегия-Россия 2004 ... - TopReferat

Jens Petter Nielsen: The Russian factor in Norwegian history 1814-1917
After the Napoleonic Wars, there was a widespread feeling in the West that the European
civilization was losing its vitality and was ripe for being conquered by new "barbarians" from the
east, who had already conquered Napoleon. The attitudes of the Norwegian elite towards Russia,
as it seems, did not differ substantially from attitudes in other countries. As a rule the liberals
were more active in the agitation against Russia, whereas the conservatives were more moderate
and in a few cases even had a positive attitude towards Russia. The Norwegian nation-building
during the 19 th century was i.a. based on a political delimitation from Sweden, which was
reflected in the struggle for Norwegian equality within the Swedish-Norwegian union (1814-1905),
later in Norway's efforts to gain complete independence. At the same time, since Russia opposed
all trends toward panscandinavism, there was objectively a potential for Norwegian-Russian
understanding. However, during the first half of the century, Norwegian liberals did not catch sight
of this potential, because it was veiled by the official Swedish-Russian friendship.
The Crimean War and the signing of the November Treaty of 1855, which was an open
declaration of distrust of Russia, paradoxically laid the foundation for less hostile Norwegian
views on Russia. When the intra-union struggle sharpened in the 1890's, Norwegian views on
Russia had changed accordingly; now the conservative supporters of the union were more
Russo fobian, while the liberals and radicals less so. The latter realized that the Swedes were
using the "Russian menace" instrumentally to keep the Norwegians within the union. Evidently,
the hardening of the struggle for the dissolution of the Norwegian-Swedish Union made many
Norwegians reject old-established European stereotypes about Russia and develop a more
balanced view. The fear of Russia was toned down, and this was indeed a more realistic view,
since today historical research indicates that Norway had no reason to be afraid of Russia during
the late imperial period. On the October 29, 1905, Russia, as the first of the European great
powers, recognized Norway as an independent state.
Вадим Рогинский: Роль России в 1814 г.
Здесь в Норвегии вряд ли нужно много говорить о том, какое значение имел для Норвегии
и норвежцев 1814 год. Цель данного доклада состоит в том, чтобы показать, какую роль
сыграла Россия в решении норвежского вопроса и в событиях 1814 г., которые привели к
возрождению норвежской государственности и созданию шведско-норвежской унии. Здесь
нет возможности перечислять весь тот огромный свод источников по данной теме, как
архивных, так и опубликованных, всю имеющуюся историческую литературу, которая, так
или иначе, освещает эту тему, в частности, норвежскую от Хенрика Вергеланна и Эрнста
Сарса до Кнута Мюкланна, Енса-Арупа Сейпа, Коре Лундена и Эйстейна Сёренсена.
Нельзя не упомянуть фундаментальные публикации документов выдающегося
норвежского историка, неутомимого исследователя архивов разных стран, в том числе и
России, Ингвара Нильсена 1 , российскую публикацию – соответствующие тома первой
серии издания "Внешняя политика России. Документы российского министерства
иностранных дел XIX и начала XX века", выпущенные в 1960-х – 1970-х гг. 2 и совместное
1 Nielsen, Yngvar. (utg.) Aktstykker vedkommende Konventionen i Moss 14de August 1814. Christiania.
1894. (Videskabsselskabets Skrifter. II. Historisk-filosofiske Klasse. 1894. N 4.) Nielsen Yngvar. (ed.)
Aktstykker vedkommende Stormagternes Mission til Kjøbenhavn og Kristiania i Aaret 1814. Første
Række: Danske og engelske Aktstykker. Christiania. 1895. (Videskabsselskabets Skrifter. II. Historiskfilosofiske
Klasse. 1895. N 1.); 214 S. Nielsen Yngvar. (utg.) Aktstykker vedkommande Stormagternes
Mission til Kjøbenhavn og Kristiania i Aaret 1814. Anden Række: Østerrigske, preussiske og russiske
Aktstykker. Christiania. 1897. (Videskabsselskabets Skrifter. II. Historisk-filosofiske Klasse. 1897. N 3.)
2 Внешняя политика России XIX и начала XX века. Документы Российского Министерства
иностранных дел. Серия первая 1801 - 1815 гг. Отв. ред. А.Л. Нарочницкий. Т.I - VIII. М.:
Политиздат. 1960 - 1972. Том 5. Апрель 1809 г. - январь 1811 г. 1967; Том 6. 1811 - 1812 гг. 1962;
Том 7. Январь 1813 г. - май 1814 г. 1970; Том 8. Май 1814 г. - ноябрь 1815 г. 1972.