Studieordning for Filosofi og Videnskabsteori - ACE Denmark
Studieordning for Filosofi og Videnskabsteori - ACE Denmark Studieordning for Filosofi og Videnskabsteori - ACE Denmark
kapitlerne gav anledning til en helt ny bog. Og lur mig om den bog, jeg skal i gang med nu, ikke afføder en ny idé, siger Vincent F. Hendricks . Han giver et eksempel på, hvad det kan være. - Hvis jeg nu har fundet viden i en ny egenskab. Eksempelvis at viden er stabil og dermed ufejlbarlig. Så prøver jeg at føre bevis for, at det holder. Måske ender det med, at der er noget om det. Hvis der er fejl i beviset, prøver jeg at gå tilbage, se på præmisserne og prøve igen. Det tager tid, og det kan lige så godt være, at beviset ikke holder. Men det kan så også være et resultat - at viden eksempelvis ikke er ufejlbarlig og dermed ikke stabil, forklarer Vincent F. Hendricks . Selvom det kan være, at almindelige mennesker ikke forstår hans formler og udregninger om viden, ser Vincent F. Hendricks forskningen i viden og sandhed som noget, der har betydning for alle mennesker. - Alle vil jo gerne have sandheden at vide. Viden bliver brugt hele tiden og er baggrund for det, vi foretager os. Derfor bliver vi også nødt til at videreudvikle vores viden gennem videnskaben, siger filosofiprofessoren. redaktionendb-faa.dk Out of the Armchair 61
Shipping News | 01.03.2008 | Side 4 Negligent Rape and Reasonable Beliefs i Introduction In every known society human sexual intercourse is enacted as a rule-bound practice that involves certain rights and obligations; rights and obligations distributed unequally between men and women reflecting social and natural asymmetries in powers. Rules thus vary according to time and place due to this social aspect, but always in the shadow of the inevitable physical superiority enjoyed by men over women. While rules restraining the exercise of such superiority in forcing sexual intercourse have usually been based on existing property rights and relations, the idea of women as autonomous individuals have continually given rise to rules of restraint based on the wants of women as well (say will if you like). Infraction of these wants if overt forms the core idea behind our notion of rape. In Denmark, the official policy embraces this latter idea by requiring the practice of sexual intercourse to be governed by rules consistent with the idea of mutual and voluntary consent between two adults; and as a matter of fact, such rules are accepted and followed by far the most. Yet, the approach taken by Danish Criminal Law to rape does not pay heed to these rules, but is rather based on a most narrow conception of male responsibility and obligation that stands in clear opposition with practice and policy alike. This approach requires that in order for a man to be guilty of rape he not only has to force intercourse by violence or threat of violence, but also to believe this to be against the wants of the woman. Yet it does this without stipulating Marts 2008 62 any obligations on behalf of the man to obtain what amounts to reasonable beliefs in the situation concerning her wants. In principle this opens for the possibility, when intercourse has been proven to be forced, of defending ones innocence by claiming that one believed that the act was consensual, no matter how unreasonable this belief is. In judicial practice such defences are often acknowledged if the belief is reasonable by some general standard, even when this standard does not pertain to the rules currently governing the practice of intercourse in Denmark. As a result it has often been argued that the notion of negligent rape should be introduced into the Danish penal code. This, however, has been dismissed by the Minister of justice on the grounds that no objective momentum exists that should have made the defendant aware of the absence of consent. In the following I argue that such a claim is ill-conceived, as it fails to take into account how the rules governing the practice of intercourse form such a momentum. Three examples Let me begin with three real world examples. While having some beers after work a man tells his colleagues that his wife is into ‘kinky sex’ – the rape scenario and all. In fact she has asked him to bring some friends into ‘the game’, and her resistance is just part of this. They all go to his house and with his assistance force his wife into having intercourse with all of them in turn despite that she is struggling against it. Is this rape? A second example: A young woman is waylaid on the beach by a group of men appearing like bikers. They order her to lie down. Terrified she does not resist, where after each of them has intercourse with her on the belief, testified later by them, that their macho appearance turned her on. Is this rape? The final example:
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kapitlerne gav anledning til en helt ny b<strong>og</strong>.<br />
Og lur mig om den b<strong>og</strong>, jeg skal i gang med<br />
nu, ikke afføder en ny idé, siger Vincent F.<br />
Hendricks .<br />
Han giver et eksempel på, hvad det kan være.<br />
- Hvis jeg nu har fundet viden i en ny egenskab.<br />
Eksempelvis at viden er stabil <strong>og</strong> dermed<br />
ufejlbarlig. Så prøver jeg at føre bevis<br />
<strong>for</strong>, at det holder. Måske ender det med, at der<br />
er n<strong>og</strong>et om det. Hvis der er fejl i beviset,<br />
prøver jeg at gå tilbage, se på præmisserne <strong>og</strong><br />
prøve igen. Det tager tid, <strong>og</strong> det kan lige så<br />
godt være, at beviset ikke holder. Men det kan<br />
så <strong>og</strong>så være et resultat - at viden eksempelvis<br />
ikke er ufejlbarlig <strong>og</strong> dermed ikke stabil, <strong>for</strong>klarer<br />
Vincent F. Hendricks .<br />
Selvom det kan være, at almindelige mennesker<br />
ikke <strong>for</strong>står hans <strong>for</strong>mler <strong>og</strong> udregninger<br />
om viden, ser Vincent F. Hendricks <strong>for</strong>skningen<br />
i viden <strong>og</strong> sandhed som n<strong>og</strong>et, der har<br />
betydning <strong>for</strong> alle mennesker.<br />
- Alle vil jo gerne have sandheden at vide.<br />
Viden bliver brugt hele tiden <strong>og</strong> er baggrund<br />
<strong>for</strong> det, vi <strong>for</strong>etager os. Der<strong>for</strong> bliver vi <strong>og</strong>så<br />
nødt til at videreudvikle vores viden gennem<br />
videnskaben, siger filosofiprofessoren. redaktionendb-faa.dk<br />
Out of the Armchair<br />
61