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inbe^olbenbe<br />
©fercomefrien/ Sngonometnen/ HtQihta 09 bet<br />
^ j 0 b e n 1) a » n.<br />
Slrijft i £l;iele« SBogtryftetie.<br />
18 2 4.
^'laroarenbe anben ®eel af ben af mig i Sldvet 1822 ub:<br />
flione Sarebog i ben rene SRat^ematif fremfommer ifar oeb<br />
ct
YI<br />
^ilberne ifte ere anferte, ter jeg bog iffe Ealbc nogenfomI;el|t<br />
^er frcmfat 2l;eorie min egen, ©om Jorfatter af et Siemens<br />
tars93arE Ijaobe jeg oel be^nben 3iitet at gjere, nbcn at oalge<br />
gjjaterialier og famie biffe til et ^eelt; og, ^ar nu felo bette<br />
asalg ilunbom Eunnet ubftraEEe fig til Mffnit, fom ei tilforn,<br />
i bet JKinbfte iEfe paa benne 2Raabe, ere fremfatte i Sare:<br />
begerne, ia oil man natnrligft fege ©runben I;ertil i ben<br />
2Kaabe, I)Oorpaa mit ^ele ©tubinm er lebet, ligefom cgfaa,<br />
cm man paa flere ©teber (!ulbe fpore en x>ii ^jarlig^eb for<br />
ben matOematiffe Salcul, I;«iIEen jeg l)aaiit £aferen oil belc<br />
meb mig, ia oil benne albeleg labe fig forElare af min ©til:<br />
ling og ®annelfe unber oor beremte 3I|lronom sprofeffor 03<br />
9iibber @c^umac()er.<br />
5(nmartningen til §, 4 ©ibe 38 ter jeg nu foranbre ber:<br />
^en, at, oeb ben Sntereffe, ber nbenlanbg er oaft for Soga:<br />
ritl)mcr meb 6 ®ecimaler, og oeb .fijalp af ben ©ubfcription,<br />
?)oormeb man l^ar bearet mig, feer jeg mig iflanb til at reali:<br />
fere bet ber pttrebe ^aab. ©amtibigen meb bette ©Eriot<br />
forelagger jeg faalebeS mine fianbe^manb qjlanen til Sogaritft:<br />
merne og be ©ubfcription^ :2>iIEaar, jeg fortringoiig tan til:<br />
6i)be im, Snljoer ^eroarenbe ©ubfcribent oil, foruben ben<br />
asiftanb, ber ^iei mig fom ene gorlagger af et faa bctpbeligt<br />
goretagcnbe fom ooennaonte gogaritljmer, og I}oilEen jeg (Icbfe<br />
taEnemmeligen oil erEjenbe, tiHige i gorbinbelfe meb be ©itb:<br />
fcribenter, jeg iibenlanbg ^ar, bibrage ©it til at fremme et<br />
2Sarf, t)oie ©aon lange felteg, og i)vii asrugbar^eb neppe<br />
oil bctoioleg, naar mine drafter ellerg formaae at ubfere bet<br />
faalebeg, fom bet af mig, fom Sorrecteur 03 Ubgioer, meb<br />
a3illigf)eb fan traoe^.
© c 0 m c 11 i c.<br />
"iiniin 7tfbcling. ©tcreometrie.<br />
§. I. © r u n t) f. (It spiang SSeltggen^cb er 6c(!cmt<br />
ucb tre QJunctcr, fom iffe ligge i en ret Sinie.<br />
Sill. I. ?o rette 2inicr, ber ft0be fammen i ct<br />
^unct, ubcn enten albclcg at falbe fnmmen cller »ffre ^in;<br />
nnben lige mobfatte, bcftcmme ogfaa et
en^«cr Sinie, ber brage^ igjennem fatnme ^unct t bit
$. 6. Sa'ref. Srcier en ret SDinfcl fig om fit cue<br />
S:ccn, fna bcfTiiocv tct nnbct vcb |ui Ombrctning ct 'plan.<br />
25 c i\ 5lntag at ben rette a3infel »cb fin Ombrcining<br />
iffe fiar biinnct et 'Plan, fan conflvuecr et Q)lan MJVJ_AC<br />
i'Monncm C (§. 4 5itl. 2). 3l'ntng nu gjcnnem AC et 'Plan<br />
Ingt pan ct vilfnnrligt 2tcb, fan vil bet tTjffre MN t en ret<br />
Sinie, f. Sr. CD og ben frembragtc Jlnbe t en anben ret Sinie<br />
CB, men beggc biffe ere "Perpcnbicuterer t fammc ^lan til<br />
AC, ^vilfct er umuligt. ©aolebc^ fan beoifeg, at MN (U<br />
^»crt 2tcb fnlbcr fammen meb ben frembragtc globe, eller<br />
at benne cr et QMon.<br />
§.7. £(sref. ©tooe to Sinier lobrette poo fomme<br />
Q3lan, bo ere biffe paroUcLfc.<br />
95 eo. Soreen B og D meb en ret Sinie, oprci^ t ^(.<br />
MN Sinien DE J_ BD, gj0r AB = DE, brogeg nu BE 03<br />
AD, fan cr AABD S BDE; oltfna AD = BE; brogeS<br />
AE, fofl cr A ABE S AED, altfnn Z_ABE = ADE, men<br />
ABE z= R, oltfnn DE J_ AD, og tiUigc er DE _L BD 03<br />
DE _L DC; nitfno AD, BD og CD i eet ^Mon, t ^oilfet<br />
cgfoo AB liggcr. 3 bette Q31an over|Tj«reg AB og DC of<br />
BD, bo nu /_ABTi -f- BDC = 2R, foo er AB =^ CD,<br />
§.8. £ « r e f. Sr een of to 'PoroUeller lobret poo<br />
et ^Inn, faa er ben onben bet ogfaa,<br />
95 eo. 2l'ntag AB ± spi. MN, Qjev fomme €onftruc;<br />
tton fom §. 7. 9)u 6e»iftcg let of 'Jrinnglernc^ Congruent^<br />
nt DE J_AD, falgcligen poo $ilonet ABD, ^»ori ogfaa bm<br />
nnben 'Parallel CD finbc^; oltfoa CD j _ DE og tilltge bo<br />
AB =^ CD og /_AED = R, er iL.CDB == R, oltfoo<br />
CD J_ BD, f?lgcltgen CD ± ^l, MN (§. 4).<br />
I*
4<br />
§. 9« £n;r«f- ^^^ f" ^'"'^'^ pornUcUe meb een og<br />
fomme treble, bo ere be inb6i)rbeS poroUelle.<br />
93 6 6. OpreiS fro ct vilfoorligt 'Punct i ben fffllebiS<br />
^oroUcl en 'perpenbicuter i ^»crt of be pornacUe Stnier«<br />
^loner; teg gjcnnem biffe 'Pcrpenbicuterer et 'Plnn. ffla ec<br />
ben fffllcbg 'PoroUel lobret pon bette ^Mon, oltfoo og be to<br />
onbre Sinier berpnn lobrette (§. 8) og f^lgeligcn poroUcHe<br />
(§. 7)*<br />
§.10. ^pg. Sro et spunct ubenfor et 'Plnn at<br />
falbe cu 'Perpenbicuter poo 'Plnnet.<br />
Op[. ®'^"9 ' 'pinnet en vilfonrlig ret Sinie BC; teg<br />
et 'Plon igjennem A, B, C og i bette f«lo AD _L BC. etnaer<br />
AD uu lobret pno MN, fnn er Oplasningcn f«rbig, i)vii iffe<br />
brng DE _L BC t, 'Pl. MN, og fco A ffflb t et 'Plnn logt<br />
igjennem A og DE Sinien AE j _ DE, fan cr AE _L 'Pl. MN.<br />
95ct). 3 'Plnnet MN brag GH z^ BC; nu er BC<br />
J.
i ^vert *pian fra ct vilfoorligt "Punct i 'pionerneg OvcrjTjff;<br />
ringgj Sinie.<br />
§.13. £«rcf. Sro et "Punct i et 'Plon funne iffe<br />
flere enb een Sinie oare oprcifle pcrpcnbicute'rt.<br />
95 e t). 3lntog ot ber vare to 'Pcrpenbicuterer, fan teg<br />
tgjennem bcm et 'Plon, fom vil ovcrfFjere bet gi»ne t en ret<br />
Sinie; pao benne vilbc oltfoa i eet "pion beggc 'Perpenbicu;<br />
tercr flnne lobrette.<br />
§. 14. ixvef. Srn et Q)unct ubenfor ct 'Plon fan<br />
tffun ffflbeg en 'Perpenbicuter neb pno 'Plnnct.<br />
95CD. Ser ^oor be to 'Pcrpenbicuterer, om biffe gn;<br />
vti, ftabte pan 'Plnnet, brng en ret Sinie i 'pinnct; ^erveb<br />
vilbe opflnne et 'Srinngel, fom ^ovbe to rette SSinflcr.<br />
§.15. S«ref. ©tnncr en Sinie perpenbicuter pno<br />
et 'Plan, bo fraacr et^scrt "Plon, logt gjcnnem ben, lobret<br />
pao bette Q3lan.<br />
95CO. ©tflocr AB X ^1. MN, faa noar berigjennem<br />
teggc^ ^1. CE, l)»ig 0»erfTj«ringg-• Sinie meb MN cr CD,<br />
fan er AB J_ CD; brngeg nu BF JL CD, fnn er ^ABF<br />
Snclinntiong,-Sinflen for ^Innerne; men benne «• R, bo<br />
AB ± "Pl. MN.<br />
Sill. ^00 @runb ficrnf fnn et 'Plnn igjennem en<br />
ret Sinie i et onbet 'plan fcette^ perpenbicutert poo bette.<br />
§. 16. £(Ercf. ©tooer et 'Plan lobret pan ct onbet,<br />
bo cr ben Sinie, ber i bet cue Q3lan er brogcn lobret poo<br />
C»crfFj
£ t f f. ©tfloe to planer lobrette poo et trebie, bo fnn<br />
biffe iffe ^ave fnmme 0«evfFjunct.<br />
§.17. icei'tf. ©tone to pinner lobrette poo ct tre;<br />
bie, ba er berc6 OoerfTjffringg--Sinie lobret pan bette.<br />
S5 c t). @tob AB iffe lobret pon ^1. MN og f^Igcligen<br />
ci feller paa CD og EF, foo lob poo CD t ^l. CK en on;<br />
ben perpenbicuter, GB, jtg opreife, ligelebel i ^lonet EL<br />
^erpenbicuteren AB; beggc biffe Sinier vilbe jlooe lobrette<br />
paa MN (§. 16), ^vil^et ftriber mob §. 13.<br />
§. 18. Sf f. '^0 planer ere pnrollclle, noor be, t^vot<br />
Jnngt be enb fortenge^, olbrig labe fommen.<br />
§.19. £«rcf. ©tfloer en ret Stnte lobret p^o to<br />
^loncr, bo ere biffe poroUelle.<br />
95et). OverfTjore be ^inonben etftebg, bo lob ber ft3<br />
fro et ^unct i OBerffjacinge; Sinien til ber, ^vor Q3erpenbi;<br />
cuteren trof ^Innerne, c begge ^lonerne broge rette Sinier;<br />
foolebeg vtlbe opftooe et 5riongel meb to rette SSinfler.<br />
§. 20. S«rcf. OtJcrfFjffreg to poroaellc QJloner of<br />
et ^lon, bo ere OvcrjTjffringg 5 Sinierne pnroUelle.<br />
95et). 5rof be fommen, foo mootte ogfoo 9>Ianerne,<br />
tilftrffffeligen fortengebe, trcpffe fommen.<br />
§.21. £a;ref. ere fro et ^lon til et onbet, fro tre<br />
^uncter, tre 'Pcrpenbicuterer falbebe, 03 bijTe ere ligeftore,<br />
fco ere 'Ploncrne poroUelle.<br />
35et). Sre AB 03 DC perpenbicutere poo MN, fao<br />
er AB rjt DG (§. 7) 03 tillise efter 3fntogclfcn ligeftore; bro;<br />
Seg nu AD 03 BC, foo er AD =^ BC (i. §. 65), ligeiebeS
DE rfz CF; bfl nu ^DCB = R 03 DCF = R, faa<br />
er ^CDA = R 03 /_CDE = R, nltfao DC J_ "PI.<br />
PQ (§. 4); bo tiflige DC _L ^1. MN, foo er PQ qfc MN<br />
(§. 20).<br />
§.22. £ffrcf. SBIive to rette Sinier oBcrfFoorne of<br />
Ijarallelle "pioner, bo ere Selene of bcm proportionole.<br />
Set). 3l'nta3 MN, PQ 03 RS povoUelle, foo er AE: EB<br />
= CG:GD; t^t bro3eS en Sinie fro A til D 03 et 'Plott<br />
teggeg gjcnnem A, B og D, foo opflaaer AABD; ^vori EF<br />
r^ BD (§. 20), nltfao AE:EB = AF:FD; men lige;<br />
Icbcg AF : FD = CG : GD, oltfoo AE : EB = CG: GD.<br />
§.23. £
8<br />
jiem ^uert 'Por ^oSliggenbe tegge^ pinner; ben jjuul^eb, ber<br />
bo cr mcttem be i eet Q3unct fammcnflfibenbe Q:)loner, er bett<br />
legcmlige SSinfcI.<br />
©e plane SSinfler, fom inbcflutte ben legcmlige SSinfcl,<br />
falbeg bcn^ ©iber, eg 3nclinationg;a3iuflcrne racltem to<br />
^oSIiggenbe 'pinncr J?j0rnet^ SSinfler.<br />
§. 26. £ a; r e f. 3 et^vcrt trefibet S^jmxt er Sum?<br />
men of be to Siber flebfc ftwre enb bm trebie.<br />
95et). (£re olle tre Siber ligcftore, foo inbfcc6 let,<br />
nt be to (Eiberg ®um er ftarrc enb ben trebie, ^vi^ iffe,<br />
fan ontng z_BAC < CAD eg gj0r ^CAE = BAG, tib<br />
lige AE = AB; tng AC of vilfoorlig Sffngbe og bro3 CD<br />
03 BD; nu er A ABC S! CAE, oltfoo CE = BC, men<br />
CB -f. BD > CD, oltfoa BD > ED. 3 be to 'Srinngler<br />
ABD eg DAE ere to ©iber ligcftore, men BD > DE, olt;<br />
foo /_BAD > DAE, og z_BAD -f BAC > CAD.<br />
§.27. £(Bref. 3 ct^Bcrt jjjwne er Summen of<br />
olle ©iberne tilfommen minbre enb 4R.<br />
Set). Ot)er)Tj«r otic X?j«rnetg ^onter veb et 'pinn<br />
BCDE. SHu er i bet trefibebe J?j0rne, veb B, Siben EEC<br />
< ABE + ABC; ligelebe^ BCD < BCA -f- ACD jc; men<br />
bn BCDE er en giirfont, ere z_ EBG -f- BCD -f- CDE +<br />
DEB = 4R, oltfoa ABE + ABC + BCA -j- ACD -f- ...<br />
> 4R; men biffe 8 Siber ubgjarc tilligcmcb Jpjernct A'g<br />
eibcr tilfommen sR, oltfoa er Jjjernetg ©iber minbre enb<br />
4 R. Set ©nmme bcvifteg om etf)Bect jpjsrne of et vilfnor*<br />
ligt 2lntnl ©iber.<br />
§. 28. gn. et «PriSmc er et Scgeme, ber 6e«<br />
gi-ffnbfcg of to pnroaelle globcr, ber ere congrucnte retlinebe<br />
^lon.-Sigurcr og forveften of 'Poroaelogrommer, ber forene
MiTc 'Jignrcr^ ccnilioin-nbe ©iter, dfterfom be to pnrnllclle<br />
glrtbcr, ber tol^c-o Oirun bf Inbcr, cie ^rinnglcr, giir<<br />
fiintcr, Scmfanrcc jc, ben 'Pri^mct trefibet, fiir»<br />
fibet, fenifibet ;r.<br />
9<br />
(En 'PI; rami be cr ct Scgeme, bcgvo-nbfct nf 'Plancr,<br />
fom (tflbc fnmmen i cct 'PMmct, eg ere oprciflc fra ct 'Plon,<br />
fom fiiL\v Ci) V u 11 b f I c, b 0 n. 'Pi;rnmibcu» C:H-mibfIabe bli?<br />
«cr fa,ilc?'Cf en rctlinct 'pimuSigur, og cfter bcnS ©iberS<br />
2tntnl [I'Uitvr.ci 'PiUMiiiibcn, ncmlig trefibet, fiirfibct, fenv<br />
ftbct :c.<br />
§. 29. £a;ref. (Sr et Scgeme 6egrfl?nbfct nf 'Plnncr,<br />
f)vornf be mobftnnenbe ere pnroUctle, bo ere biffe 'ParoUclo;<br />
grniiimcr, og be mobftanenbe congrucnte.<br />
Set). 3l't be bcgvanbfcbc 'pinner ere 'Pnrnllelogrammer,^<br />
tnbfeeS let ifolge §. 20. Sc mob|tnaenbe 'ParoUelogrommcr ere<br />
ligcjlove, t^i brngcS Singonnlcrne CB og EG, foo ligge biffe<br />
t eet 'pinn; tl)t EC z:^ AH, GB =^ AH, oltfnn GB =^ EG<br />
(§. 9). 'Jiaigc er CE =z BG, altfno er og CB = EG,<br />
felgcligcn A ABC ^ HEG. Stgelcbeg CBD ^ EGF, alt;<br />
fnn Qinrollclogrommet AD ^ HF. ©oolcbcg fore^ 5Bcv>ifet<br />
for be evrige 'pnrnllclogrnmmer.<br />
pebon.<br />
Sill. (St fnnbnnt Scgeme folbeS et Q30ro 11eIept;<br />
§. 30. £a:ref. 'porallclcpipebcr, ber f!aoe mellem<br />
fnmme pnrollclle "pioner pno fomme ©runbflabe, ere lige;<br />
|!ore.<br />
«8ct). 95ctragtcS (Sig. a) be to trefibebe "Primmer<br />
BLEI og DFMK, fnn ere ©runbflabcrne congrucnte, og til;<br />
lige fan bet let inbfcc^, at 'PriSmccne ville bffffe ^inonben.
10<br />
(Eubtro^ereS nu DPLI 03 obbere^ EPFN, foo er^clber 'Pa><br />
rollelepipebcrne EC eg FI.<br />
Stgge berimob 'PoroUelepipeberne AF 03 EK iffe foo;<br />
lebcg, ot ©ibcflabcrnc ere t eet 'plan, foo, nonr (Jig. b)<br />
BF eg AH fortengcg eg ligclcbc^ FK og EI foitenge^, op;<br />
ftnoer et nt)t ^ornllelepipebon FN, fom er ligeflort foovel<br />
meb AF fom EK, oltfoa biffe inbbprbc^ lige(!ore.<br />
ZiH. SSeb i?j«lp ^crof fon mon tffnfe jTs et ^nrol;<br />
lelepipebon forvnnblet til et onbet pnn fnmme ©runbjTobe;<br />
men ^viS ©ibelinier (looc lobrette pno ©runbfloben.<br />
Gt fnobont 'Porotlelcpipebon folbe^ et ret, t SJiobffft;<br />
ning til be, ^vis ©ibelinier iffe ere perpenbicutere, og fom<br />
fnlbcS jTjffoe.<br />
§. 31. £a:rcf. J;nvc§ et QJnrnllclcpipebon (AF), 03<br />
i en ©ibeflnbe (HF) to ^cSli3genbe ©iber (HG 03 GF) f)aU<br />
vereg, og igjennem Selinggpunctcrne brageg Sinier (LM og IK)<br />
jjnrollelle meb be mobf!nnenbe ©iber, 03 t3jcnnem biffe ottec<br />
te3geg 'Ploncr porollelle meb be mobftnoenbe ©tbcflnber i<br />
^ornllelepipebet, fon ere be pre becveb epfemne ^orotlelepi;<br />
peber congrucnte.<br />
95ct). HT, TG, TF eg EF ere congrucnte ^nrolle;<br />
losrommer, tiUise ere 'Porollelcpipcberneg 3nclinntion6;aSiii;<br />
flcr ll3eftere (§. 23), foolebcg ot biffe funne Bruges til<br />
Safning.<br />
Sill. SrngeS cnbnu fro D til B eg fi-o E og G<br />
vettc Sinier, fon ere biffe porollelle, bo DE er porollel og<br />
ligcftor meb BG, og gooe tillige igjennem S og T; bet ^Mon<br />
DG, fom berveb op|toaer, beler fonlcbesS tilligemeb MQ og NK<br />
Q}nrnlleleptpebet i to ^nrnaelepipeber HS eg SF eg 4 trefibebe<br />
•primmer, EITD, MTGS, TKGS og ELTQ.
II<br />
§. 32- £tti'cf. So'ggcS igjennem Singonnterne nf to<br />
mobfrnocnbc (^i^ol7.•|^cr i et 'Pnrnllelcpipcbon et "plan, foo<br />
belcr bet 'Pnra(tclcpipl•^ct i to ligctlorc trefibebe ^riimer.<br />
S5co. Cr 'Parnllclcpipcbct ret, bo ere be trefibebe<br />
^ri^mcr congrucnte; cr bet berimob jTjffvt, font EB, fnn<br />
bed bet ftr|t i 4 congrucnte 'Parnllolepipcber (§. 31); beleS<br />
be to 'Parnllclcpipcbcr, fvei-(;;jc!inan Siagonalevne gnne, otter<br />
t 4 Sdc, eg beici ciiboibcre nf biffe ^arnllelcpipcbcr be to,<br />
igjennem f)vilfc Singonnlcn goacr, foo opftnne otter 4 ni;e<br />
^'^arnlfclcpipcbcr, 0. f. v. SScb fnnlcbcg at fortfffttc Selingeit<br />
vi'dc ber opftnne pnn ben cue ©ibe en 93i(tngbe ^nrollelept;<br />
pebcr, og til bi|Te finbeS tilfonreiibe pnn ben nnben ©ibe,<br />
tillige blioer en ^Diongbe fmno trefibebe Q)ri«mer; men biffe<br />
funne oeb fortfnt Seling blive fnn fmooe, at be olbelcg for;<br />
fvinbe; og oltfnn fnnlcbeg begge ©ti;ffer nf 'porallclcpipebet<br />
ligeftore, eller bnte beelt t to Uge(tore Sclc.<br />
§. 33- £ ir rcf. trefibebe 'Pri»mcr poo fomme ©runb;<br />
flnbe, mellem fnmme pnrnllclle ploncr, ere ligeftore.<br />
95et). 5cgncg til ©runbfloben bet tilfvorenbc ^oral;<br />
lelogrom, fao lobe to ^oroHelepipebcr fig tcgne, fom ibet be<br />
(iooe pno fomme ©runbflobe, mellem fomme porollelle QJlo;<br />
ncr, ere ligeftore (§. 30), men of biffe cr bet jpaloe igjen<br />
be opgivne trefibebe 'Pri»mer (§. 32), nltfao biffe ligeftore.<br />
£tl(. I. So fleerfibcbc ^ri^mcr »eb nt bele ©runb;<br />
finbecne t 5riongler og igjennem Singcnnlerne nt tegge ^In;<br />
ncr ftebfe lobe fig bcle i trefibebe, inbfeeS, nt ogfnn fleer;<br />
ftbebe 'Primmer ere ligejlore, nnor be flooe poo fomme ©runb;<br />
flaber.<br />
Si If. 2. S^ave to 'Primmer fnmme jp^ibe a; fomme<br />
lobrette Jffjinnbe mellem ©runbfinbcrne, og @runbf!nbcrne
12<br />
tillige ere congrucnte, ba Inbe 'prigmerne (Tg ^enfere poo<br />
fomme ©runbftobe og bringe imellem fomme porollelle 'Plo;<br />
ncr; be ere oltfno ligcflore.<br />
J. 34. £
13<br />
vcb D, fnn ot E'DG = PLM, og fulbfcrtcS 'Porallclcpipebet<br />
DP.', bo noor CG betrogteS fom ©runbflobe, er 'Porollel. DB'<br />
=z= DB (§. 30). Xjenfm-cij oltfoo DB' i ©tillingcn SY, fnn;<br />
Icbcg ot -MS liiiiKr i en ret Sinie meb MN, bn liggcr ogfnn<br />
i\ro i atetningen nf LM; fortengcg nu 'Plnncrne RK, LN, PR<br />
og XU, fnn opftnner 'Pnrallelepipebet MZ. 9^u er LPi: MZ<br />
=z LAI: MU og RIZ : SY =z MN: MS (§. 34). 2(ltfnn<br />
LR : SY =: LM X MN : MS X MU; men bo efter 7int<br />
togclfen EG = LN og EG == E'G = MT, foo er<br />
LN = aiT, og felgcligcn LM: MS = MU : MN (L §. 124<br />
5111. 1). 3tlt)"ao LM X MN = MS X MU eOcr LR =: SY;<br />
men SV = DB' = DB, oltfnn LR = DB.<br />
S111, 'trefibebe Q>rigmer of fnmme ^sibe paa lige;<br />
(lore ©runbfinber ere ligeftore.<br />
§' 36. Op3. 3tt fotvnnble fivilfctfom^elft firefibct<br />
*Prilme til et trefibet.<br />
Opf. Snb ©runbpnben of bet giwne ^rigme vffce<br />
ABCD; brog Siogonnlen BD; igjennem C brag CG =fc BD<br />
eg trojf BG, foo er ABDG = CDG (I. §. 70); conftrue;<br />
reg nu ligelebeg i ben onben ©lunbflabe et 'Jrinngel, ecng;<br />
liggenbc meb BDG, og igjennem BG og ben t ben pvcrfte<br />
©runbflnbe til ben funrcnbe Sinie ct 'pinn teggeg, og ^Mnnct<br />
igjennem AD foctengeS, fnn opfrnner et trefibet 'PriSme poo<br />
BDG ligcftort meb 'Ptigmet pnn BCD (§. 35 "Sill.), oltfno<br />
nnnr 'priSmet pno ABD foieS til, er^olbeS 'Prigmet poo ABG<br />
ligeftort meb 'Pri^met pno BCD.<br />
Sill. Sigelebeg fnn et^vcrt fenifibet 'pri^me fotvanb;<br />
leg til et fiirfibct; bette otter til et trefibet, ligclebcS et fejc;<br />
fibet 0. f. v.
14<br />
§. 37* £«l'Cf. ©tone to ,'Prigmer pnn ligeftore<br />
©runbfinber og l)ave fomme Jpeiber, bo ere be ligeftore.<br />
Set). 95cgge Q3rigmer funne forvonblcg til trefibebe,<br />
f)\)ig ©runbfinber ere ligeftore meb be epgiune 'Prigmerg, og<br />
nltfan inbbi;rbeg ligeftore (§. 36). 93^en bn tiUigc g^rigmcr;<br />
neg jjaibcr ere ligeftore, foo blive biffe ligeftore (§. 35 5'ltO<br />
§. 38. £(Ercf. 'Prigmcr, fom ^nve ligeftore Jj«i;<br />
ber, for^olbe jig fom bcreg forfrjellige GrunbJTfnbcr.<br />
Set). S3ion forvonbler 'Prigmerne ferft til trefibebe,<br />
og bernaft forbobblcr bem, fnn ot be 61i»e 'Porollelepipeber;<br />
ere biffe nu iffe rette og bereg Grunbflober ligcvinflebe, fno<br />
funne be bringeg bertil, og ben fomme Sonftruction foretogeg<br />
fow §• 35* 9^u et ligefom for^en 'Pnrnllelep. LPi : MZ<br />
= LM : MU og 'Pnrnllelep. MZ : MY = RIN : MS, nit;<br />
fnn 'Pnrnllelep. LR : SY = (LM : MU) + (MN : M.s);<br />
men ©runbfinbcrne LN og SU for^olbc fig ogfnn fom (LM : MU)<br />
4- (MN : MS), nitfno spovnllelep. LR : SV = LN : SU;<br />
men 'Pnrotlelep. LFi cr bet Sobbclte of bet ene nf be 3i»ne<br />
prigmcr, 'Pnrnllelep. SY = DB ligeftort meb bet Sobbeltc<br />
of bet nnbct givne "Prigme, ligelebeg er LN og SU = DF<br />
bet Sobbeltc nf be giuiie 'Prigmcrg ©runbflobe. 3lltfoo for;<br />
f)olbe prigmerne fig fom ©runbffnber.<br />
§. 39. £
15<br />
= GHIKL (§. 37); men DFEC : DEFY = QR : RY,<br />
oltfnn og DFEC : CIIIKM =zz QR : ST.<br />
§. 40. £ tt r e f. 'Pcigmcr ftnoe i fommcnf'at Sor^olb<br />
of ©runbflnberne og jjoibecne.<br />
Set). 'Jcgn ct 'Prigmc, fom ^nr ij^ibe tilffftlebg meb<br />
bet ene givne, ©runbflnbe meb bet nnbct. Scttc fov^olber<br />
(ig nitfno til bet ene giime, fom be giune "Prigmcrg Jj^iber;<br />
til bet nnbct fom 'Pvigmerneg ©runbfinber, oltfoo flnne be<br />
givne 'Piignier i fammcnfnt gor^olb nf ©runbflaber 03<br />
jjeibcr.<br />
St If. Sre ©runbfinber og J^eibcr reciprcft proper;<br />
tionnle, bo ere Q3rigmernr ligeftore, og omvcnbt.<br />
§. 41. £
i6<br />
fober; tilli3e ere ^t\c\inatmi t^inticme eeng i beggc 'Pyra;<br />
miber; biffe oltfnn consruente.<br />
5
I?<br />
tti oltfoa oHe 'Prigmcc of ben ene ^i;romibe 03 liselcbcg of<br />
ben nnben, fan ville biffe ©ummer for^olbe pQ fom "ppo;<br />
miberneg ©runbflober. tOJen biffe ©ummer funne bctrogteg<br />
fom ^»;comibernc.fel»; oltfao for^olbe ^i;comiberne fig fom<br />
bereg ©runbfinber.<br />
S «I f. Q>i;rnmiber pno ligeftore ©runb(lobcr 03 meb<br />
ligeftore Jj0ibct ere ligeftore.<br />
§.43. £ <br />
^olb of ©runbflaberne 03 ijaibcrne.<br />
Sev. '?e3n til 'Pi;romibctne be tilfvorenbe "Prigmcr,<br />
biffe ville bcpolbe ^i;romibcrneg ©runbflober og ^ove jjaibcr<br />
f«llebg meb bem; "Prigmerne (laoe « fommenfnt gor^olb nf<br />
u. 2
©runbfinbcrne eg jj0ibcrne, fnnlebeg ogfnn 'Jrebicpnrtctne af<br />
bem eller "Pyrnmiberuf.<br />
S111. Sec to '•pyrnmibcr ligeftore, be. ere bereg ©runb;<br />
flnbc: og S^sibev reciproft picpcrtion.ile og oravcnbt.<br />
$.45. £ « r e f. ^ijareg i en trcf'tbct 'pprnmibc ct<br />
©nit pnrnlldt meb ©runbfinben, bn cr bette ligcbnnt mti<br />
ben, og ben offToorne "Poromibe er til ben l)de i triplicccet<br />
Sor^olb of ijaiberne.<br />
Set). "Pyramiben vffre AEFG, ©nittct BCD. ^<br />
erBDqfcEF, altfno AE:ABz= EF: ED, ligelebeg BC ah EG,<br />
nitfnn AE: AB ^ EG: GC; felgdigen EF: BD := EG : BC;<br />
ligelebeg EF ; BD = FG : DG, nltf.ia A BDC o EFG.<br />
aicn nu for^olbe ftg "Pi;r. AEFG : ABDG = (AI: AH)<br />
-|- (A EFG: BDC) (§. 44). ^Tun EFG: EDC = 2 (FG: DC);<br />
J G : DC = AF : AD eg AF : AD = AI : AH; nit,<br />
fnn A EFG : BDG = 2 (AI: All) eller "Pvr. AEFG : ABCD<br />
=z 3(AI: AH).<br />
Sill, ©cttningen gjcrlbcr 03 for ficerftbebe 'Pi;rnnti;<br />
ber, i bet biffe Inbe fig bde t rteftbebe.<br />
§. 46. % i I. Sreier et Stectnngd fig om (In cm<br />
©ibe, inbtil ben erl)olbcr fin farfte ©tilling, f"no folbcg bet<br />
Scgeme, fom bcvveb opftnncr, en (Ei;linber.<br />
(in €i;linber begranbfcg nltfan nf to pnrollelle dirfler,<br />
fom fnlbcg bcng ©runbpnber, eg en fvum ^Inbe, ber cnbet<br />
fig iib biffe iSirflerg 'Pcrip^cvier; forbinbcg ©runbflnberncS<br />
;£cntcr nicb en ret Sinie, bo fnlbcg benne eiilinbereng 3(]ccl.<br />
3 bcii bcfinercbe £i;linber bliver tRcctnnglctg fnftliggcnbc ©ibe<br />
;Xrc!, bcn-.c ftnncr lobret pno ©runbflnberne, ^i;linbereii falf<br />
beg bcvfbr ret; ^nvco berimob en dvlinbcr, hn-n 'Vivien cr
19<br />
unbcr e.n onben SSinfel enb ben xfttt inclinerct mob ©runb;<br />
flnbcn, bn fnlbcg ben ffjofv.<br />
S i n. I. fin £i;linber fnn betrogteg fom et prigme,<br />
f)vi^ ©runbflobe cr en reguter 'Polpson of ucnbcli3 monse<br />
©iber.<br />
Si If. 2. Sn fFj«v £i)linber bliver ligcftor meb en<br />
ret paa fomme ©runbflobe og meb fomme S^eibe (§, 37).<br />
S i n. 3. £i;linbre ftooe i fommenfot Sor^olb of ©runb;<br />
flober og ijaiber (§. 40); men, bo ©runbflnberne ere S:irflcr,<br />
og biffe ftnoe i bupliccret gor^olb of Siometrcrnc eller Slobierne<br />
(L §. 130. 5ill. 3), foo (tooe Svlinbrerne t fommenfot Sot;<br />
^olb of Sor^olbet mellem .^aiberne 03 bet buplicerebe gor^olb<br />
mellem ©runbflobcrneg Stabler cller Siomctre.<br />
21 n tn. en fljao gplinber ligcfaaocl fom en ret fan og:<br />
faa tcenteg fremtommcn, naar en Sirfel beoagcr fig iii)<br />
af fit qjlan, flebfe paraUel meb fig felo, mebeng at gent:<br />
rnni befTvioer en ret 2inie, fom bn blioer Solinbereng<br />
3iicl.<br />
§. 47. S f'. Sreier et retvinflet ^rionsel fi3 om<br />
(in ene Sot^ete, inbtil ben er^olber (in farfte ©tillins, foo<br />
opftooer bcrveb et Se3eme, fom folbeg en ^ e g I e (conus).<br />
Sn Scgle begr
20<br />
©iber; ben er oltfoo ligcftor meb Srebieporfen of en £i;Iim<br />
ber poo fomme ©runbflobe og of fomme S^sibe.<br />
S t n. 2. .Segler ftooe i fammenfot gor^olb nf ©runb;<br />
flober eg i?»iber, eller i et S')i'f)olb fommenfot of i"p0iber;<br />
neg Ser^olb 03 bet [buplicerebe gor^elb nf ©runbfloberncg<br />
SRobiet eller Siomctre.<br />
§. 48. S f '• Steier en jjolvcirfcl (ig om fin Sia;<br />
meter inbtil ben er^olber fin f^rfte ©tilling, fno er bet £c;<br />
flcmc, fom bcrveb opftooer, en ^ugle (spliKra),<br />
3(Ufao cr en ^ugle et Scgeme, begrffnbf'ct of en enefle<br />
frum Overflnbe, i ^vilfen ^vert ^>unct er ligclongt borte fro<br />
eet ^unct inbcnfor OverfTnben, fom fnlbcg Centrum.<br />
§. 49. £ (V r c f. OverjTj«reg en .Kugle of et QMon,<br />
bo er ©nittct en Sirfel.<br />
Set). 5
21<br />
§. 50. S f f- ^t regutert Scgeme er bet, ber pnn<br />
one ©iber inbeflutteg of ligeftore rcgulo-re 'plnn;5igurcr.<br />
So nlle 2?inflcrne t eet Jpfarne tilf'nmmcn ffuUc ubgjeve<br />
minbre enb 4 R (§. 27), fnn ere felgcnbe vegutere Segemer<br />
fun mulige:<br />
I. 95cgr«nbfcbe of ligefibebe 'Srinngler:<br />
a) ? e t r 0 e b r e t, begranbfct of 4 ligefibebe Sri;<br />
angler; bet f)nr trefibebe Jjijarner.<br />
b) Octnebret, bcgrtfnbfct of 8 ligejibcb: 5rinng«<br />
ler; bet ^nr firefibcbe Jjjorner.<br />
c) 3cofnebr''t, begro'nbfet nf 20 ligefibebe Iris<br />
ongler; bet ^or femflbcbe Jpjerncr.<br />
2) SSegrcenbfcbc of avobroter:<br />
d) jperoebret, of 6 Clvnbroter; bet ^nr trefibcl*<br />
ijjBrner.<br />
3) SBegrffubfebe nf $5emfnnter:<br />
e) Sobecocbret, of 12 rcgutere S
22<br />
fnnbotttje Sele; berimob efter Secimol; ?!Raolct foocr ©ibc;<br />
linictt lo Sele 03 Cubug felv 1000 SelCi 3(ltfoa bo i cub'<br />
€r ttse i 6e35e 3nbbelin3er, cr<br />
Secimol Suebec.<br />
1726 cub" : 1000 cub"<br />
I cub' I cub'<br />
1000 cub" : 1728 cub"<br />
lOOOOOO cub"' ^=. 3985984 cub'"<br />
veb fpilfen 'Jnbel bet ene S)tonl let forvonble* til bet onbet.<br />
§. 52. £
2'\<br />
21 tint. Sor at nbmaale dolinbre, bcticiiev man fig i -^lU<br />
miubdigbcb af eii 9i it be ft 1.1 f (vii;;iii.i pitlionuti-icn).<br />
Senile cr inbrcttet \^aA folgcnbe ffliaabc: SDlan ralgcr<br />
fom fflfaalc:trciil)cb en h-riaut (Jrlinbcr, f. Gr. ct ^pcttc;<br />
iiiaal, afbelcr ben ene £ibc af en gitaalcftoE i 7>de (igeflore<br />
meb .(>8ibcn af ben gii^re (Jolinbcr; pan ben a>i:<br />
bon £i?e ai'fsttcg 1) (Siilinbcrcng 2i>imetcr, 2) ©iben<br />
i et Grabvat ber cr bol'bdt, 3) tectioKHit, 4) fiivbob:<br />
belt, 0. f. V. fan |loit fom J^iamctvciui Qvabrat; meb ben<br />
fovfte Sibc maaleg ben nbctie; btc giilniDevg S>mic, meb<br />
ben anben t'.'ng (SriinbflaJc; Xnllciie, fom lietseb nb;<br />
fomme, angioe, mnUipliccvctc meb l;iuanbcn, Ijvijvmange<br />
spettcr gpli.ri'cven inbc[)oli>cv.<br />
I^c fiiir, lu'cri i SllminbcIigt'Cb flrbenbc l^u'c irbc-=<br />
f)olbeg, \)A
24<br />
^vlg J?0ibe vor x, foo 6lev ben nffortebe Jtcgle SorfTjeHctt<br />
tnellcm ^ele Seglen 03 benne minbre, ellcr<br />
iR'(a4-x)a- —ir'xar<br />
«Ken<br />
R : r = a-f-x: X<br />
Qlltfoo<br />
R — r:r = a:r<br />
^erof<br />
ar<br />
~ R —r<br />
g^lscligen ben offortebc ^egle<br />
aR ar<br />
1 TtJ _. 1 ..i —<br />
•3-tv R—r — ?r — -j-r • R—r<br />
Caer<br />
R' —r?<br />
^ _ aT == i(R=+Rr + r*)aT;<br />
R — r<br />
2t n m. ®ennc gormel finber megen 8ln»enbelfe t bet<br />
spvactifle, i bet flere .Sar, fom (sEjwpper u., ere affor*<br />
teie .Segler. Dgfaa Ijule 2Ketab Jobber ere i Sllminbes<br />
ligljeb gorfljellen imellem to afEortebe Segler. Otogen:<br />
lunbe lige SroJitammet lobe fig egfaa teregne fom nftor*<br />
tebe .Segler.<br />
§. 55. Overfloben nf Sesemet, bet 6egr«nbfeg nf ^lo;<br />
ncr, finbeg let, vibe, ^vtg
25<br />
©runblinte vnr Ci;linbcteng ©runbffnbcg "Peripherie; ben er<br />
nitfnn ligcftor meb dh;r; foge vi nitfno cn '33iellem;'Propor;<br />
tional; Sinie mellem d og h, og meb benne fom Sinbiug be;<br />
fFrive en Cirfd, ba bliver benne Civfd liig Cijlinbcrcn*<br />
©verflnbe.<br />
Cn "Pi^rnmibeg ©itcflnbcr ere ?vinngl?r, og beregncg<br />
oltfnn efter L §. 144 lill. Seieg ^crtil ©runbflabcn, ba<br />
^nveg f)de 'Pprnmibeng Oociftnbe.<br />
Cn ret Segleg frumme Overflnbe funne vt ttrnfe eg fom;<br />
menfot of en 3»«ffc of fmaae ^riangler, f)vig ©runblinicr<br />
tilfommen ubgjarc ©runbflabeng 'Peripherie, jjeiben ben fan;<br />
fnlbte ©ibdinie i ^eglcn 3: en ret Sinie fro ^oppunctet neb til<br />
©vunbflnbeng ^erip^erie; fnlbcg benne I, fno cr Ovcrflnbcn<br />
•J^dlr eller rl^; vnr 1 iffe given, fnnbteg ben let liig Y^r'-f-'^"*<br />
SSi funne og gjcnnem Conflruction finbe Segleng Ovcrffabe,<br />
i bet vi fogte en 93iCllem;'Proportionnl;Sinie imellem r og 1,<br />
eg meb benne fom Sinbiug befTrev en Cirfd.<br />
Cn offortet Scgleg frumme Overflnbe er ligcftor meb-<br />
et 'PornUel;'5rnpc5ium, ^vig pnrnllclle ©iber ere be to Cirf;<br />
lerg "Peripherie, Jjeiben ligelebeg en ©ibdinie, fom vt ville<br />
Bctegne meb s, altfno er ben ligcftor meb (R -j- r) s z--<br />
Cr s iffe given, bo finbeg ben liig Y-->'~{-{K — r)-.<br />
§. 56. £ (B r c f. Cn .^olvfuglcg 3nb^olb er | of en<br />
Ci)linbcr, l;vig ©runbflobe er .Sujlcng ©tcrcirfcl, og f;vi«<br />
Jjaibc er .^ugleng Stnbiug.<br />
Set). 'Strnfe vi og en Cvabrnt ABCD, en O^va:<br />
brnnt ABC, et ligcbenet jetvinflet ^linugcl ABD, olle nt<br />
breie ftg om ben fa:ltcbg ©ibe AB, bo beffriver 0.vnbvntet<br />
Ci;linbcrcn FHDEC, Q.vabrnntcn .^nlvfugleu AEGC, Zxix^p
26<br />
let ^eglen FHDB. Sffggcg nu igjutnem O ct ©nit lobret<br />
pno^AB, bo gjennemjTjffrcr bet olle tre Segemer t Cittlcr,<br />
ncmlig Ci)linbcrcng befTrevcn meb Slobiug OL, .Kugleng meb<br />
SRobiug OK, ^cgleng meb Stobiug OL Srngcg frn B til K<br />
en ret Sinie BK, fnn er BK» = BO" + OK' eOer OK'<br />
= BK^ —BO'; men BK = BC = OL, bn A OBI<br />
(^ ADB og bette et ligebenet ?rinngel, er ogfnn 01 = EO,<br />
oltfoo OK* = OL' — OI=; multiplicercg ^eelt igjennem<br />
meb Collet s-, erf)olbeg OKV == OLV —OIV, cL'cr<br />
Cirflen i ^uglen ligcftor meb Cirflen of Ci^linberen, minbre<br />
enb Cirflen nf ^eglen. Scclteg nu AB i uenbelig mange<br />
Sele, eg fnnlebeg uenbelig mniigc ©nit Ingbcg, ville .Kugle;<br />
©nittene nlle vcere ligeftore meb Ci;linbcr;@nittene, minbre<br />
enb ^eglc;©nittene, eller ijnlvfuglcn vtrre ligcftor meb Ct;;<br />
finbcrcn, minbre enb ^eglen; men ^cglcn er ^ of Cylinbe;<br />
ven (§. 53 ^ill.)/ nltfao jjolvfuglen •§• nf Ct;linbcren.<br />
S11 f. I. Ubtn;ffe vi Ci;linbercn veb gormlen (§. 52<br />
5tll. 3), fnn, bo jpeibcrt i ben er r = ^d, er bcng 3"b;<br />
^olb -^d'T, Jjnlvfuglcng oltfnn TT^'r; i?eel!uglcn er falgc;<br />
ligen ^ernf bet Sobbelte, ellcr -J-d'n-. SSilbe vi fcrtte 9Ia;<br />
biug inb t bette Ubtn;f, bo blcv ^ugleng cubiffe 3nbfiolb<br />
S i f f. 2. SSnr 3nb^olben given ligcftor meb C, fnn<br />
fonbteS<br />
V 6G<br />
4~
27<br />
Sill. 3- ^nb^clbet nf et ^ugleregment ANOK fin;<br />
beg veb frn Ci;linberen FD'L nt tvo-fte ben nffortebe .S^cgle<br />
FHDIM. Snb ben for bi'Tc £;r,cmer fallcbg S^eibe AO<br />
vorre a, fnn cr Ci;linbcrcu ai'^-, Scglcn ^ a-, ^vor<br />
V — p<br />
p =: OI = OB zzz: r — a, oltfnn ©cgmciitet<br />
r'-(r-a)3<br />
r — (r — a)<br />
= ar' s- — 4. (,-3 _ (r _ a)3) ^<br />
r ai"*jr — (i" a — r"*" -|- 3 a')3-<br />
=^^r — ia)a=3-<br />
St 11. 4. Sugle;©ectoren, fom epftob nnnr cn<br />
Cirfd;©ector ABK breiebe fig om, fnnbteg, nnnr til<br />
©egmentet logbeg ^eglen, ber opfom veb OBK'g Ombrci;<br />
ning. Stobiug for 9&nfig OK er !01ellemproportionnl; Sinie<br />
mellem beggc Siometreng ©ti^ffer (L §. 118), b. e. mellem<br />
a 03 2r — a, oltfflo OK' = a (2r — a), foilgcltgen Seglctt<br />
= •J-a(2r — a)(r — a)^; i bCt Jp0ibcn OB =: r — a;<br />
cller ogfao ^eglen farV — a'rjr + iaV. gijicg ^evtfl<br />
©egmentet := raV — i^^Tr, erl;olbeg for ©ectorcn Ubi<br />
tci;ffet far'77, ^vor a ligefom fortjen beti;bfr S^mben of bet<br />
til ©ectorcn fvorenbe ©egmcnt.<br />
Sill. 5. Cnbnu f)ar mnn nt tegge 5li«rfe til be<br />
fileformcbe ©cctorcr eller Sole of Seglcn, fom inbeflutteg<br />
mdlcm to ©tor; Cirf ler. Cr S^fl'^ntionen nf biffe ©tor;<br />
Cirf ler given i ©robcr, bn iubfeeg let, ot ^uglcn forf^olbcr<br />
(ig til cn fanbnn ©ector, fom 360" til bette ©vabe; 3tntn!;<br />
tiler fnlb ©rnberneg 2lntnl n, fnn er ©ectorcn<br />
n<br />
360° '^ "
28<br />
§.57' OP3« ^' P"^« glnbe;3nbf)0lbet nf ^ugs<br />
leng Overflobc.<br />
Op I. og Set), gorcjtille vt og et Clement of ^ug;<br />
leng Overflobe, bn er bette at betrogte fom en ret offortet<br />
iieglcg Overflnbe, ^vilfen fnn finbeg (§. 55), noor ©ummen<br />
nf giobicrne multiplicercg meb ©iben og Collet jr; ontogeS<br />
oltfnn ct ©nit MM' sjort igiennem ^unctet P eg ucnbdigt<br />
jiffr bcrveb, men ligelnnst borte pnn ^e33e ©iberne ©nittene<br />
mm' 03 fiifi' logte, fon er .Sugle;Clementetg Overflnbe 2PM<br />
X/otm Xsr. ^^crt bo ^m cr uenbelig lille, moo ben be;<br />
tro3teg fom cn Seel of '5:nngentcrt MT; f*Ibeg fi;n m neb pn«<br />
fifi' ^erpenbicuteren mN, fnn er A mN^
29<br />
Siabing, og fom corrcfponbcre meb Doerflabcng Sele,<br />
faa, ba alle biffe ^cgler baoe ftsUcbg .^^e'De, labe be fig<br />
abbcte, og bcteguee Cvcrflabcn af ^itgien meb S, faa cr<br />
©nmrnen af bem cller ^^iiglcng Oi'bbclb |rXS, IjoiU<br />
fen Sormel nbtrpEfer Sotbinbclfcn mdlcm Oociflabe 09<br />
3nbbolb af ^iiglen.<br />
§. 58. S3cb Xjjfflp nf be nnfeirte gormler Inbe nu forfFjd;<br />
lige ftereometriffc gorvnnblingcr fig nrit^metifft<br />
ubfere, t bet vi gjcnnem 3legning funne finbe be ©ti;ffer,<br />
fom fi;lbeftgj0ve en Opgnve om, at forvonblc et i 3nb^oll><br />
opgivct Scgcne, til ct nnbct of en bcftcmt ©fiffclfe. gee<br />
foovibt ^cri forefomme Ubtn;f, fom ifalge I. §. 154 lobe (ig<br />
conftruere, fan benne gorvonbling og jTee geometrifft.<br />
§. 59. Op3. 2(t forvonblc en ^egle, ^vig Simeiu<br />
(ioner ere givne til en Ci;Iinber, nf en given S^aibe.<br />
Opi. ^egleng Xjeibe vace a, bcng Stnmeter d, fno<br />
er -jSj-adV llbtri;ffct for bcng 3nbI)olb; Cplinbcreng fegte<br />
Sinmcter varre x, beng givne j?0ibe h, fnn er bcng 3nb^olb<br />
I hx-s-; l)er er tut C!)linber og .Scgle ligeftore, altfno<br />
oltfao<br />
Jyad's- := ihx=5r, ellcr 4-ad' = hx',<br />
= \A'<br />
' ad^<br />
3h<br />
Scttc llbtrijf Inbcr fig conftruere, veb ferft ot fege cn<br />
^ ad<br />
©terrclfe m, fonlcbcg ot 3h:a d: m; bo m —r- —<br />
3l»<br />
og bern(E|t f»gc x fonlcbcg ot mix = x: d.<br />
§. 60. O p 9. "iit forunnble ben i)de Overflobe of<br />
c:: ret .Segic, hvii Simcnfionei- eve f.fjcntte til cn Cirfd.<br />
O p i. Sinmetren vffre d, j';'C'ibr;i h, fnn cr ben<br />
f.'rinnie 0';?cvpab{ lifcft-v; ircb -', d :r Yid^-f-ir- (J. 55),
30<br />
SJnfiiS er { d' TT, oltfoo f;elc Overfloben liig i d 3- V^^d' + h*<br />
-f 4- d' a- = i d (.Vi d' + b' + > d) 3-. ©£i3eg nu en<br />
5)tellempropottional;©te'rrelfe imellem 4-d 03 V-J-d' + h'<br />
-j- Jd, bo bliver benne 9?abiug i ben forlongte Cirfel.<br />
Itbtryftet lober (ig let conftruere.<br />
§. 61. Opg. 2lt finbe ©tbelinictt i en 5
- --n-iwi-«
32<br />
§. 3' 2)n vi vibe, nt i bet retvinfle&c ^riougel (tebfe<br />
h' = a'-fb'<br />
fan er<br />
ellec<br />
Sigelebeg<br />
eller<br />
tillige<br />
cQec<br />
I =<br />
1) I =<br />
h'<br />
2) sec A' ;<br />
h'<br />
"? ^^ ^ + 7^<br />
3) cosec A'<br />
Cnbvtbere cr<br />
eller<br />
eller<br />
h<br />
b a<br />
4) sin A X cosec A —"" I<br />
b b<br />
= I<br />
bXb =<br />
sin A' -f- cos A'<br />
a'<br />
= tgA' + i<br />
. 1>*<br />
= I-f-cot A'<br />
= I<br />
5) cos AX sec A I<br />
Sivibcreg -- meb<br />
b a<br />
b T-/ bn er ftvotieiucn — cUcr<br />
" b<br />
sin A<br />
6) tsA =<br />
cos A<br />
-
33<br />
b a ^ b<br />
Sigdebeg, bivibereg — "'«'' T> ef avottcntcn — eUev<br />
b ft «<br />
cos A<br />
7) cotA =<br />
' ^ sin A<br />
a b<br />
^lUltipliccrcg — meb —, bo ec "Pcobuctet i ellet<br />
b a<br />
8) tg A cot A = I.<br />
flSeb Jpjfflp of biffe Signingct lobe, ttonr een tn'sotto*.<br />
ttietrijf ©t^rrelfe (gunction) for en SSinfel cr given, be »v;<br />
tige for fnmme SSinfel fis ublebe. g, Cjc, nnnr ©inug er<br />
given, bn finbeg Cofinug ifel3e i), Cefecong 03 ©econg if8l3e<br />
4) 03 5)/ 5ongeng 03 Cotongeng if^lge 6) 03 7).<br />
§. 3. SefTreveg fro ^oppunctet C of en SSinfel en<br />
€trfelbue, fno inbe^olbt ben et lige TCntnl ©rnber fom SSinf;<br />
len, og berfor funbe be tti3onometrtfFe ©tarrdfer (guncties<br />
Iter) e3fafl onfeeg ot til^»re 95«cn. gfflbebcg fro B Q3er;<br />
penbicuteren BD, bo vor<br />
BD<br />
— =:= sin AGB = sin AB<br />
BC<br />
Opretfeg fro C en Sinie CE J_AC, foo «bfi;lber/;_ BCK<br />
ben sivne SSinfd til 90", 03 li3elebeg SSucn BE ben givne<br />
93ue AB til 90° eller er Complement til ben. 3 ^rionglet<br />
BFC er nu<br />
BF<br />
— = sInBCF = sin BE<br />
BC<br />
men BF = DC, oltfno<br />
DC<br />
•— = suiBCF = sin BE<br />
BC<br />
£= cosDCB = cosAB<br />
n. 3
34<br />
g^Igdigen er nlminbeltgett<br />
cos X • sin (90" — x).<br />
Srogeg fro A en '?on3ent, 03 BC fortengeg til ben<br />
tr«|fer ben i T, foo, bo t AATC^ BD ec ^rongvcrfol, er<br />
AT : AC = BD •. DG<br />
03<br />
nltfao<br />
09<br />
5;,.<br />
b. e.<br />
nifc<br />
TC: AC = BC: DG<br />
AT BD<br />
AG DC<br />
TC *^ EC<br />
AC DC<br />
AT<br />
= tg ACB = tg AB<br />
AG<br />
TC<br />
^ "<br />
•— sec ACB = sec A<br />
Sigclebeg, ^vig fro E bro3eg til S en 5:on3ent vor<br />
SE BF DC<br />
== -^— = == cot ACB = cot AB<br />
EC FC BD<br />
SG BC BC<br />
— cosec AGB cosec AB<br />
EC FC BD<br />
Set inbfecg, ot cot ACB == tgBCE, eg ot cosec ACB<br />
= secBGE, eller Ot olminbdisen<br />
cot X — tg (90° — x)<br />
cosec x sec (90° — x)<br />
3fntoge vt nu Slobiug fom Cen^eb, foo vilbe, ^vi« vi<br />
meb bet 3}iofll ubmnnlte allevesne,, BD ubtrt;ffe ©inug, BF
3.5<br />
eller DC Coftnug, AT 5angeng, TC ©econg, SE Cotongcng,<br />
SG Cofecong for SSinf len ACB eller SBucn AB.<br />
91 n m. Sotbi fa«Icbc« Sinierne ubmaaltc meb Dlabiug fom<br />
Gcnbeb ubtrotfe be trigonomctrif?e Sttnctioner, EalOcu<br />
man fabuanligen Sinierne felv ©inug, Xangcng u., i«<br />
fell) benne SBcndonclfe anucnbcg, om iltabiug iEEe oar<br />
Genljeb, og man Ealbfe bcm ba ©inng, "iangcng ic,<br />
unbcr gorubfottning af en anben bcftcmt SHabing. 2)iffe<br />
UbtrijE eve itegentlige; tl)i ba >H'nfigtcn af Srigonomc:<br />
tricn cr SRcgning, maae alle ®t«rrelfer ben bctragteg<br />
fom lal. 3niiblertib letter ben Joreftillinggmaabe, fcrnb:<br />
fat at intet falfl SSibegreb bcrmeb forlnnbcg, ftnnOem<br />
3nbfigten af flere trtgcnomctrifle ©cetningcr, fom bett<br />
ogfaa tjener til at fatte be iftsr oelbve eiriftcr, ber be:<br />
tjene fig af ben.<br />
sRaonct Sinus er enten opitaaet af bet SatinfTc, ibet<br />
en ginug cr fflJaal for en S3ue (sinus), og gioeg beg:<br />
aarfag famme SenoiDnelfe, cQcr og af semissis iuscriptaj<br />
(^alobelcn af eijorben, (Ircoen forEoriet S. Ins.)<br />
§. 4. .betrogte vi SSinf len, ibet ben gaoer over i on;<br />
bre Qvobranter, fao, for ot ^ove en geomctrifT goreftillin3<br />
of be trigonometriffe guuctioner, lober eg meb Siobiug i<br />
beffrive en Cirfel, i ^vig Centrum SSinflcng 2;oppunct lig;<br />
ger, bo blive be trigonometrifTe gunctioner Sinier, og vi ville<br />
nntnge bcreg SScliggcn^eb i ferfle O,vobrnnt for pofitiv.<br />
3(ntnge vt nu, at SSinflcn foreigeg meb 90°, ibet SBcnct<br />
AC bevcrgcr fig inbtil A', fan inbfecg, at bo A ADC ^<br />
A'D'C, A'D' = DC, D'C = AD; ligelebeg er CB-T'<br />
S: SEC, nltfan = ES; CT' z=: GS; cnbvibere cr CES'<br />
^ CBT; oltfao ES' = BT; GS' = CT.<br />
galgdigcn sin BCA' = cos BCA; cos BCA' =z=<br />
sin BCA; tgBGA' = cot BCA; sec BCA' = cosec BCA ;<br />
eot BCA' = tg BCA; cosec BCA' = sec BCA; eUcr iftc;<br />
3*
36<br />
bet for ot toge be trigonometrifFe gunctioner til ctt SSinfel<br />
i nnben dvobront, traffeg 90" berfro, og berpon f^geg<br />
olle gunctionerne til benne SSinfdg Complement. Jjvob<br />
^egnet berimob onsooer, bo er ©inug truffcn fro oven of<br />
neb efter, nitfno fom for^cn pofitiv; Cofinug berimob fto<br />
C til D', oltfao ( mobfot 9lctnin3 of Cofinug i ferfte 0.va;<br />
bront, fel3eli3en nesotiv, ^onseng BT' frn oven neb cfter,<br />
oltfoo ne3ativ, Cetnnseng fro E til S', nitfno nesotiv. ©e;<br />
cnng 03 Cofecong rette ft3 (tebfe meb jpenfi)n til ^egn efter<br />
Cofinug og ©inug, bo be multiplicercbe bcrmeb fFullc frem;<br />
bringe ben pofitive Cen^cb (§.3, 4 03 5); ben fetfte ec<br />
oltfno ne3otiv, ben (ibfte pofitiv.<br />
3 treble dvobrnnt tn3cg ©inug 03 Cofinug nf A CD "A"<br />
^CDA, nltfoo ere be li3eftore meb fomme gunctioner i f^r;'<br />
(te Q.vobrant, men 6e3ge negotive. 'Jnngeng og ©ecnng tngcg<br />
fom i ferfle 0,vnbrnnt of A CTB, ben ferjte oltfoo pofitiv, ben<br />
nnben berimob retter (tg i 5egn efter Cofinug, oltfao nega;<br />
tiv; of A CSE togeg Cotongcng, fom er pofitiv, og Cofc;<br />
cnng, ber fom ©inug er negntiv.<br />
3 ficrbe 0.vnbrnnt t03eg ©inug og Cofinug of A CA'"<br />
P'" S CA'D'; ligelebeg ?ongeng og ©econg of CBT';<br />
Cotongcng eg Cofecong of GES'; oltfoo ^ovc ^r be trigo;<br />
nometrifTe gunctioner lige SSitrbier meb gunctionerne i onben<br />
Ctvflbrnnt; fung er ©inug 03 ^nngens, Cotnngeng 03 Co;<br />
fecong negative, Cofinug eg ©econg pofitive. 3llt bette inbe;<br />
folbeg i felgenbe label, ^vor x er en fornnberli3 SSinfel:<br />
sin X<br />
cos X<br />
tgx<br />
cot X<br />
sec X<br />
cosec X<br />
X — a<br />
sin a<br />
cos a<br />
• tga<br />
cot a<br />
sec a<br />
cosec a<br />
= lSo°-[-a X = 27o°-f-a
37<br />
^00 ©runb ^erof vilbe trigonoitietrtffe 'Jnbellcr, bereg;<br />
titbt inbtil 90°, vffre tilflro-ffelige, eller ba, noor en SBinfel<br />
er over 45°, beng gunctioner flebfe finbeg mdlcm Comple;<br />
mentetg, ber er unber 45°, foo be^eveg ^obellerne ene bcreg;<br />
nebc til benne Ubftrttfning.<br />
aicgningen meb Sogorit^mer onvenbeg ifofr t 'Srigono;<br />
metrien, begnnrfng ere iffe felve ©inug, Cofinug JC, men<br />
bereg Sogorit^mcr ^cnfotte, bo ©inug eg Cofinug ere flebfe<br />
egcntlige S&refcr, 5angenterne fro SSinflcn unbcr 45° ligele;<br />
beg, fao finbeg i ?abellerne bcrc^ £e3arit^mcrg becnbifTe<br />
Complement til 10, eller, fom mnn finber bet i 3llminbelig;<br />
^eb ubtri;ft, ?obellcrne ere beregnebe til en 9labiug, ^vig £0;<br />
gorit^mc er lo.<br />
©econtcrn* (tnbel let of Coflnuffccne, Cofeconterite of<br />
©inuffcrne, veb ot bivibcre i meb biffe, eller eg Sogoritl);<br />
merne of ©ecnnterne 03 Cofecnnterne veb ot tnge be becnbi;<br />
(fe Complementer til Cofinug og ©iitug, en Svegning, ber<br />
fan let Inbcr fig ubfere, ot fom ofteft ©ecanterne eg Cofecan;<br />
tcrne iffe finbeg i 5obellerne.<br />
21 nm. 3lf ZaieUet foruben be (L airitbm. §. 127) anf#rfe<br />
ere, nicb .^enfpn til ben ttigonometrijie 2)eel, cnbnu<br />
nt mttxtet<br />
TAYLOR'S logarithmical and trigonometrical tables<br />
to every second. 4°, fcercgncbe inbtil 7 3)ec.<br />
Siffe Sabeller, fom faalebeg gioe ©ccnnber, blirc i<br />
aSrugen nffijten lige faa Degoemme fom be Salanbifle til<br />
5 ®ecimaler fra SKinut til JKinut, ibet 3nterpolatio=<br />
nen for en «»et Olcgncr Ean forctagcg i .^ooebet; be<br />
gioe i Ijrcrt 'iilf«lbe en ac«iagtig(ieb inbtil nogle faa<br />
^nnbrebe Sele af ©ecnnber, naar tieitfigtgmtjtgfige<br />
Sormler anoenbeg og aiegningen ooeralt f»reg meb tiU<br />
ftrotEEelig £EarpI;eb.
38<br />
Stoeflen for alle 93cregninger vilbe ZavUt meb 6 lie:<br />
dnialer, fom oel onoenbte oilbe gioe SSinfler til cn<br />
Slccurateffe af ^ ©ecunb, gioe tilflraffelig g^eiagtigOeb,<br />
eg beregnebe fra lo til lo ©ecunber lige Sctljeb meb<br />
CRegningen meb Itaplor'g Sabeller. SDct er at tjoabe,<br />
at biffe, ber if«f for aiflroncmerne ere blconc cn Xrang,<br />
fnart ville ubEomnte.<br />
3 imangel af Xaplor'g gaoler er, Ijvor en f)»iexe<br />
®rab of Stoiagtigbeb fr«oeg, enb ben, 5 ®edmalcr Ean<br />
ffaffe, ncmlig 3" til 5", be CallctfEe til 7 ®eci:<br />
maler raeefc at anbefalc, formebclfl bereg Corrcct^eb 09<br />
frtig.<br />
§. 5. 97aor ©inug og Cofinug of to SSinfler, a og b,<br />
ere givne, bo ot finbe ©tnug 03 Cofinug til bereg ©um.<br />
?Beffrivcg meb Stnbiug lii3 i frn SSinflcrneg fffUebr<br />
^oppunct en Cirfel, foo, nonr BEJ_AC, GD_LBC, DF<br />
J_AC, cr BE sin a, EC z=: cos a, DG =: sinb, GC<br />
= cosb, DF = sin (a-f-b), FC = cos (a-j-b). Sro;<br />
gcg cnbnu GHJ_AC eg GI:^ AC, fon er DF = DI + IF<br />
;= DI-fGH. mil et<br />
GH<br />
— — sin a, eHer<br />
GC '<br />
GH = GC X sin a =: cos b X sin a.<br />
So ^DGK = R, fno er A DGI «>o DGK 00 FKC<br />
rsj EEC, oltfno DI : DG = EG : BG; falgdisen DI<br />
DG X EG<br />
z:= •—^^ , men BG = i, DG = sin b, EC<br />
BC<br />
:= cos a, oltfflO DI = sinb cos a; bo nu DF = GH<br />
/_DI, fno cr<br />
sin (a -|- b) ^3:: sin a eos b -j- cos a sin h<br />
Sigclebeg er<br />
FG =; cos(a-f-b) = HC — HF = HG —• GI
93Jen<br />
HC<br />
GC<br />
oltfao<br />
cos a<br />
HC = GC X cos a := cos b X cos o<br />
So ADGIeNjBEC, fno<br />
GI:DG = BE:BG, oltfoo<br />
39<br />
DG XBE<br />
GI =<br />
BC<br />
SRen DG := sinb, BE == sin a, BC =: i; oltfo*<br />
GI sin a X sin b<br />
golgdtgen, bo FC = HG —GI er<br />
cos (a -j- b) := cos a cos b — sin a sin b.<br />
§. 6. SJlaor ©inug og Cofinug of te SSinfler, a 03 b,<br />
ere givne, bo ot finbe ©inug 03 Cofinug til bcreg Sifferentg.<br />
Sob z_ ACB ^ a, BCD = b, bejTrtv meb fHabiai<br />
= I en Cirfd.<br />
gcelbcg nu DE_LAC, FGJ_AC, DFJ_BC; forteJfc<br />
8Cg enbvibere DE til T, broseg HFigtEC, FG JLAC, BK<br />
± EC, fnn er DE = sin (a — b) = EH — DH = FG<br />
— DH. 3 AGFC er<br />
GF<br />
—— =: sin a , oltfoo<br />
FG<br />
GF FG sin a = cos b sin a<br />
Cnbvibere er<br />
A DHF f-o THE evj TEG
40<br />
BC = If altfno HD =: sinb cos a, fjlsdtgen<br />
DE —^ sin (a — b) -— sin a cos b — sin a sin b<br />
EC = cos(a —b) = EG+GC = HF+GC;<br />
men \ AEGC ev<br />
:— cos a, Oltfoo<br />
FG<br />
GC FC cos a —~~' cos 1> cos a<br />
S5« AHFDCNJBKC, foo er<br />
BFjFD = BK:BC, oltfoo cc<br />
FD XBK<br />
HF =; — == sin b slu a , eller<br />
EG cos (a — b) cos a cos b -\- sin a sin b<br />
S U I. Se fimbne gormler lobe (Ig u&tri;ffc i eet i<br />
gorbinbelfe meb be §. 5 funbne fnnlebeg:<br />
I) sin (a 4^ b) --~^ sin a cos b 4^ cos a sin b<br />
II) cos (a 4^ b) cos a cos b ^ sin a sin b<br />
Stnnt, gormlcme sin (a —b) 03 cos(a —b) labe ffg 09=<br />
fao ublebe oeb i gormlerne for sin(a-[-b) 09 cos(a-|-b)<br />
fit fojttc b == — b. ^et inbfeeg jiu let, at, naar b<br />
iigger i f»rfte fioobrant, ia ligger .—b t fjetbe; men<br />
beng gunitioner ere eUcrg of famme rccHe ©t«rtelfe,<br />
fom b, oltfao er sin (— b) ==z — sin b, cctf (-.- b)<br />
5= 4-'=°s''' ''eraf fslgcr altfaa goranbringcn i Ze^ui<br />
\ gormlerne fpr sin (a — b) 09 cos (a — b).<br />
f. 7, ^oged<br />
?in (a -f- b) = sin a cos b -j- cos a sin b<br />
Sin (a -— b) -=: sin a cos b — cos a sin h<br />
eg nbbcrcg, ©umtrien btpibercg ttiei) 2, \a
IV) cos a sin b := i sin (a-j-b) — -J- sin (a — b)<br />
Cnbvibere ^ove«<br />
cos (a -j- b) •~-~ cos a cos b — sin a sin b<br />
cos (a — b) z:^: cos a cos b -j- sin a sin b<br />
Tlbbcrcg be og ©ummen bivibercS meb 2, foo cr<br />
41<br />
V) cos a cos b •=: 4^- cos (a -}- b) -f- -J- cos (a — b)<br />
©ubtro^ereg ben avetjte fro ben nebetfte, eg ber bivtbereS<br />
meb 2,<br />
VI) sin a sin b =r= -J- cos (a — b) — •§•
42<br />
Sivibereg i ScrHer og 9?«vner meb cos a cos b, er^olbeS<br />
sin a sin b<br />
^± T<br />
cos a cos a<br />
tS(a4:b) = . —<br />
sin a sin b<br />
1 4- -7<br />
cos a cos b<br />
gner<br />
ter a 4- tg b<br />
XI) tg(a + b) = ---^ T<br />
1 4-tgatgb<br />
©fftteg i benne germcl a ^= 45°, foo »c<br />
lE! 45° -j- te b<br />
jnen tg45° = i, oltfoo<br />
I +teb<br />
XII) ts(45° + b) = -^--^<br />
I —tgb<br />
Si3dcbe6<br />
xm).g(45''-b) = ^fj<br />
§.9. ©ffttcg a = b, foo er^olScS Sormlcrne for<br />
te bebbclte SSinfler, ellcr of I) felger<br />
XIV) sin 2 a =z= 2 sin a cos a<br />
of 11) fal3er<br />
XV) cos 2 a cos a' — sina*<br />
So sin a' = I —cos a', fnn, ^vii bette inbfofttcg iftebct<br />
for sin a', erf)olbeg<br />
cos 2 a =1: cos a' — 1 -j- cos a*<br />
= 2 cos a' — I<br />
StgelcbcS l^vig ber ftrtte?<br />
cos a' = I — sin a', ft<br />
«os2a = I —2sina»
43<br />
2(f biffe to (Ibfte gormler ubiebeg attcr, ^vi« sa f«tte« lige/<br />
fcor meb m,<br />
^vornf<br />
cos m 2 cos J- m' — i<br />
sin m z=: i ^ 2 sin j- m*<br />
XVI) sin^m<br />
XVII) cos^m<br />
___ » / I — cos ra<br />
= \fL±l<br />
3<br />
Snbffftteg t XI) osfna a = b, fno et<br />
XVIII) tg2a z=<br />
2 tg a<br />
§. 10. 2l'nvcnbeg nu be trt'gcnometrifTe gunctioner til<br />
^ttnnglcrg SBeregniiig, ba funne biffe vare enten t ct 'plon,<br />
fonlcbcg fcm be i 'pinnimctricn betrogtebe Sriongler, eller<br />
ogfnn, ^vig vi tffnfe og fro 'Joppunctet i et trefibet jjij^ne<br />
meb cn vtlfnnrlig Slabiug befPreven en ^uglc, vilbe be ^la;<br />
ncr, ber inbeflutte jjjernct, blive ©torcirfler, eg fonlcbcg vil<br />
en trcjibct gigur bnnncg pan .Suglcng Overflobe, inbefluttet<br />
nf Siuerne of be tre ©torcirfler, ^vilfet fvnrcr til bet tre;<br />
fibebe J^ijarne; benne gtgur fnlbcg et fp^trrifft Xrinn;<br />
gel, og onvenbeg 'Jrtgonometrien pnn biffe ^rinnglerg S&ei<br />
rcgning, ba fnlbcg ben fp^ceriff 2rigonometrie; ^vorimob<br />
?tigonometricn, onvenbt pnn be plone Sriongler, fnlbcg plon<br />
'itrtgonomctiic,<br />
%te ©ti;ffer tjcne olminbdigen til foovel at beftemme<br />
ft plant fom et fp^trrifFt ^rtonsd; bo3 er veb bet plane<br />
Srtangd tre SSinfler ingcn til(tr«ffdtg SBeftemmdfe, bo bifffe<br />
iffe ere of ^innnbcn unfl^fl'ngi3e, men flebfe tilfommen aR,
44<br />
Cr blonbt be opstvne ©ti;ffet tilli3e 6en 35eflemmclfe, «f<br />
ben ene givne SSinfd cr en ret, bo Ictteg 6eti;beli3cn SSereg;<br />
«tn3en; berfor vil blive of^nnblct f^rft 6e plone retvinfiebe,<br />
bernffft be plone ffjtfvvinflebe 2;rton3ler, 03 lt3elcbel of ben<br />
fp^OfrifTe 5ri3onometcie ferfl be retvinfiebe, bernfffl be (Tjav;<br />
»inflebe fp^fsrifTe 5rian3ler.<br />
§. II. 93ete3ne vt i et retvinflet plont 'Jriongcl fyy,<br />
pot^cnufen meb h, Cot^eterne meb a 03 b, be over for bem<br />
liggcnbe SSinfler meb ^ eg B, foo inbc^olber felgenbe 'Jabel<br />
fllle mulige 5ilf«lbe meb bereg Oplflgning:<br />
h, a<br />
a, b<br />
h, A<br />
a, A<br />
h<br />
A<br />
(I<br />
b<br />
B<br />
a, B h 1 h<br />
b \b<br />
b = V(7i-}-fl)(^i —«)<br />
sin^ = —<br />
h<br />
i B = T- '"• ^ = 90"<br />
h = Ya' + b'<br />
a = Ti sin A<br />
b = h cos A<br />
B = go° — A<br />
a<br />
siu A<br />
a<br />
tg A<br />
a<br />
cos B<br />
cigB
45<br />
2lf bell pvt^agorifTe ©«tning (I. §. 73) ubicbcg gorms<br />
Icvne h, a\b 03 a, b\}i; i ben ferfle er blot ©tercelfctt<br />
unber Slobtcgnet /i' — a- opleft i goctorcrne {h -j- «) 03<br />
(h — a), for ot gjere ben bcqveni til logoritljmifT 9Iegning.<br />
A tiQ B ubfi;lbe l^inonbcn ftebfe til 90"; er ben cue oltfoa<br />
given, bn ^nveg ogfnn ben onben. Se evrige gormler felge<br />
of gorflnringen pan be trigonometrifFe gunctioner §. 2.<br />
21 n m. ©om eiempler poa SSeregninggnmabcn roetc givct<br />
Selgenbe:<br />
I) Scengben af en lobret ©tift KL = 15 ^ob 7<br />
Stem. Seng ©Epgge foraavfagct af ©olen paa en l;Dri=<br />
jontal glabe ware LM = 21 Sob gJ !£om. eretgg=<br />
maal, ^»or (lot er 2:_KML ellcr ©oleng Jjeibe ooer<br />
.giorijonten? Sette cr Silfcelbct, a, b.<br />
a = 15/5833; b = 21,7917<br />
log a =: 1,19266<br />
log b z= 1,33829<br />
tg"^ = 9^85437 ^ = 35° 34'7"<br />
gller / KML, bet cr ©oleng ^eibe er 35° 34'7".<br />
SSilbe oi begfornben beregne KM = 7i, faa er<br />
log a ==1 1,19266 log 6 = 1,33829<br />
-(2 (2<br />
2,38532 3,676g8<br />
a' = 242,84<br />
i' = 474,88<br />
717,72<br />
log {a- 4- &') 2,85595<br />
2)-<br />
1,42798<br />
h = 26,791 = 26 Sob 9,'- itom.<br />
II) sgeb goben of et lobret ftaaenbe 2;ttatB cr maalt<br />
en I;ori}ontal Orunblinie, flor 534,7 Job, og fra beng<br />
Cnbcpunct bcflemt 55inElen til Saavtigefitnfen, flor aji^<br />
17'24", l;vor l)»it er b« Saaniet?.<br />
^it et given
46<br />
a = 534'7<br />
B = 2i"i7'34"<br />
log rt = 2,72811 Iog« = 2,72811<br />
log cos B 9'969^3ip I°S tg -B = 9/5907i<br />
2,75881 2,31881<br />
log h = 573'86 log 6 = 208,36<br />
Slltfaa Xaarnetg .^eibe 208,36 gob, 03 Sinien neb til @t«nb«<br />
pnnctet 573,86 gob.<br />
§. 12. jpoveg ct (Tjccvvinflet ?riangd, ^vig tre SSinfler<br />
betegneg meb A, B, C, ^vig ©iber BC, AG eg AB ui<br />
ville for ^ert^ebg ©fi;lb betegne meb a, b, c, fao, i)wi<br />
^ert brogeg ^erpenbicuteren AD, bdeg 'Jrtonglet i to ret;<br />
vinflebe 5riangler.<br />
3(f A ABD felger AD = AB sin B = c sin B, of<br />
A ADC felgec AD =: AC sin C = b sin C, oltfoo c sin 5<br />
— b sin C, eller osfoo<br />
C : b sin C *. sin B, b. e.<br />
©iberne for^olbe (13 fom ©inug of be over for bem ligsente<br />
SSinfler.<br />
3ff bet retvinfiebe ^riongel ABD felger<br />
AD C sin B<br />
BD = c cos 5<br />
•Jogeg AD of A ADC, foo er<br />
AD' = AC'—DC<br />
= &= —(a —BD)'<br />
CHcr<br />
(csinB)' = t' —(a —ccosiS)*<br />
3(ltfoo<br />
c'sinJB' = 6' —a*-}-2accosj5 —c'cosB'<br />
J^vorof<br />
C= (sin £'4-cos5') —2 ac cos JS-j-rt' = 6'
SOicn, bo slaB*-^-cosB^ = I, foo er:<br />
6' z= a' — 2 ac cos B-j-c'<br />
47<br />
5ngeg 'Proporttonen a: b =z sin A: sin J?, fno er<br />
rt-j-6ta = sin ^-j-sin B : sin ^<br />
og<br />
a', a — b =: sin A: sin A — sin B<br />
^lltfoo<br />
a-\-b: a — 6 = sin A-\-SinB : sin A — sin B<br />
9Ken<br />
smA-\-smB =^ 2s!n^ (^-j-i)cos 5 (y4—J5)<br />
sin A — sin B = 2 sin ^ (^ — B) cos !r (^ -j- B}<br />
(§. 7, VII og VIII)<br />
2lltfan<br />
a + b-.a — b = sm y (^A-^ B) cos \ {A — B)<br />
: sin I- {A — B) cos ; (iA -j- £)<br />
Sivibereg meb cosi(^ — B) cosl(A-{-B), fno er<br />
sin ^(A+B) sin .', (^ — B)<br />
a-\-b : a — 6 =: cos >- {A-]-B) ' cos t(iA—B}<br />
3:<br />
a^b:a-b = tgi (^-j-B) : tg i(^-B)<br />
(§. 2. 6, 7).<br />
§. 13. spoo be §. 12 bevifte tre 3(nnlogier flatter (tg<br />
S&cregningen of be plane fijcrvvinflebe ^rinnglcr.<br />
I) Scr vare given tre ©iber, ^crof ffol feges en SSinfel.<br />
Se ^oveg<br />
a' = 6' — 2 6c cos A-\- c<br />
3lltfaa , .<br />
' ^ 6' -f- c' — a'<br />
cos A =<br />
26c
48<br />
Scnne gormcl liber tmi&Icrtib of cn bobbelt ll6c
6-j-c-f-rt 6-j-
50<br />
eg bo et;<br />
tgUB-O == ^ tgK5 + C)<br />
B = ^(B + 0 + i(B-C)<br />
C=i(B-HO-KB-C)<br />
Sen (t^rre of ©iberne betegneg meb 6, ben minbre meb &,<br />
SSore 6 og c iffe umibbclbovt givne, men tgjennem Sogorit^;<br />
mcr, lettebeg SSercgningcn of<br />
6 —c<br />
.- vcb Ot f«tte<br />
64-c<br />
c<br />
T<br />
= tgM, bn er<br />
b — c<br />
6 -j- c<br />
I — tg M<br />
=<br />
I -j- tg M<br />
tg(45°-M)<br />
(§. 8, XII),<br />
bet ^cte Ubtr^f fr«ver foolebeg tfl jln 9&ercgntng blot trigo;<br />
nometrijFc 'iovlcr.<br />
^et ec given «, b. A, ^vorof '<br />
oltfoa<br />
« : 6 = sin A : sin B,<br />
b<br />
.sin B = •— sin A,
51<br />
Set er ^er olbdcg ubefkmt, om B (Tol togeg over cller<br />
unbcr 90°, meb minbre forub vib«g, ^vorlcbeg ^rinnglet ffnl<br />
vccre bejTnffent, cller og om rt> 6 (3»fr. I- §. 52),<br />
jjoveg B, bo er C = iS,o° — {A-\-B)<br />
og<br />
rt sin C a sin (,-_/ -j- j9)<br />
sin A sin A<br />
IV) Cen ©ibe, cn ^ogliggenbe og en overfor ftooenbe SSinfel.<br />
ijer ere givne a, A, B,<br />
C = 180° —(.A+ B)<br />
a sin B<br />
h = sin A<br />
a sin C a sin (A -j- B)<br />
sin A sin A<br />
V) SSore een ©ibe eg to ^oglig3enbe SSinfler, eller a, B,<br />
C, givne, bo fanbteg let<br />
A = i8o° —(B-j-C)<br />
^vorveb oltfao ^ilftrlbet brogteg til bet foregooenbe.<br />
3lUe 'itlfaflbe inbeflutteg oltfoo beqvemt t felgenbe 5obd:
52<br />
a, b, c<br />
a, b, C<br />
a, 6, A<br />
a,A,B<br />
a,B, C<br />
A<br />
IB<br />
c<br />
B<br />
C<br />
e<br />
a<br />
c<br />
C<br />
A<br />
6<br />
c<br />
r(s-5)(s-c)<br />
I'sfs — a)<br />
s = 4-(rt-j-6-j-c)<br />
tg4:(^-5) = ^4 *§i = B<br />
a sin C<br />
sin ^<br />
6 sin ^<br />
sin B ==<br />
C =<br />
rt<br />
i8o° —(^ + 5)<br />
rt sin C rt sin (^ -j- B)<br />
sin ^ sin A<br />
asinB<br />
sin A<br />
a sin fA 4- B)<br />
C = —-7<br />
Sin ^<br />
180'—(^4-B)<br />
A = i8o°—(B-f C)<br />
a sin B<br />
sin(B-f-C')<br />
a sin C<br />
'^ sin (£ -j- Q
21 nm. €ot n
54<br />
a = 53'5833<br />
b •=• 44,7083<br />
rt-j-6 = 98,2916<br />
rt —6 := 8,8750<br />
v^-j-JB = 126° 42'6'^<br />
^iA+B) = 63 21 3<br />
log(a —6) = 0,94817<br />
Clog(rt-f-6) = 8,00748<br />
tg 4 (A-fB') = 0,29944<br />
ts\(.A — B) = 9*25509<br />
i-iA—B) = io°n'59"<br />
i i^+B) = 63 21 3<br />
A = 73° 33' 2"<br />
.S = 53 9 4<br />
9?(»re iftcbetfot rt 03 6 bereg gogarit^mcr givne, ncmlig:<br />
logrt = 1,72903<br />
log 6 = 1,65038<br />
6<br />
tgM = log— = 9,92135<br />
M 39° 50' 24'*<br />
45° —M = 5 9 36<br />
tg(45° —M) = 8,95571<br />
tg i(_A-{-B) = 0,29944<br />
9'255i5<br />
i(^ —B) = 10° 12' 4"<br />
HA + B) =: 63 21 3<br />
•^ = 73° 33' 7"<br />
B = 53 8 59<br />
gorfljellen of 5" Ijibr^rer ft« gcilcn \ b?n fjbfte ®e;<br />
(intal i SogarttOmernc,<br />
^Jcu fin,bcg let c<br />
log rt == 1,72903<br />
Csin^ = 0,01815<br />
sin C = 9,90404<br />
logc = 1,65122<br />
c = 44'794 == 44 If- 19 2:0m.
III)<br />
£a er<br />
a = 60735<br />
6 = 78468<br />
^ ^ 33° 45'37"<br />
log 6 = 4,89469<br />
C log rt = 5,21656<br />
sin A = 9,74486<br />
9,85611<br />
B — \ 45° 53'15"<br />
1134 6 45<br />
Sageg ben ferfle ssoerbie, ba et<br />
C z= 100' 21'<br />
^craf<br />
log rt = 4,78344<br />
Csin^ =: 0,25514<br />
sin C = 9,99288<br />
logc = 5,03146<br />
c = I 07512<br />
fCagcg ben anben SSurbie fer B, ia er<br />
C = 12° 7'38"<br />
oltfoo<br />
log a =<br />
C sin yl<br />
sin C =^<br />
4,78344<br />
0,25514<br />
9/32239<br />
55<br />
4-36097<br />
c := 22960<br />
®ct er albcleg ubeflcmt, f)vUUn sBwrbie vi ^ove at<br />
tage, meb minbre 6 •< a ellcr bet paa anben SJlaabe ct<br />
bcftcmt, om B er flump eller fpibg.<br />
§. 15. ©fol glnbe;3nb^olbet trigonometrifft beflem;<br />
meg, fnn ^vig vl onfee a for ©runblinte og falbe fro ^op?<br />
punctet A en "perpenbicultrr, foo er benne, ber et ijeibcn<br />
i 'Jrinnglct, liig<br />
b sin C
56<br />
oltfno globcinbl^olbet Z<br />
4" c^b sin C<br />
Sre nu onbre Sele enb biffe beftemtc, bo finbeg biffe<br />
let berof veb be for^en givne gormler. g. Sy. ere tre ©i<<br />
ber givne, bo ec<br />
.„ r Vs(s-rt)(s-6)(s-:;)<br />
sin O ^:zr „ .—<br />
4-rt6<br />
altfflfl 3nb^olbet<br />
Z = Ys (s — rt) (s — 6) (s — c)<br />
(3»>fc. I. §. 147).<br />
^pj)ctti\f Si'lgonomcfrie.<br />
§. 16. S^ctcgneg ©iberne t et fp^OfrifFt 3;riongel meb<br />
a, b, c, SStnflerne, ber ligge beroverfor, meb A, B, C,<br />
foo, ^vtg fro ben tilfvorenbe Sugleg Centrum O, brogeg 3va;<br />
bicrne OA, OB eg OC, og t ^pionet AOB brogeg Songem<br />
ten AD, inbtil ben (TjOfrer COB'g "pion t D, eg ligelebeg i<br />
planet AOC '^ongenten AE, fnn, nnor tillige DE brogeg,<br />
cr nf A ODE<br />
DE' = OD' -f- OE' — 2 OD X OE X cos DOE<br />
(§. 12).<br />
Sigclebeg er nf A ADE<br />
DE' = AD' + AE' —2AD X AE X cos DAE<br />
Qlltfno<br />
OD= -j- OE' — 2OD X OE X cos DOE<br />
= AD=-j-AE' —2AD X AE X cos DAE<br />
©fftteg AD^ eg AE' ever poo ben mebfotte ©tbe mc6 mob*<br />
fot 'Jegn, fon er<br />
00'^ AD' = OA', OE' —AE' =;= OA'^<br />
olffaa
57<br />
20A' —20D X OE X cos DOE = —2AD X AE<br />
X cos DAE; men DOE =: rt, DAE = A, felgeltgen,<br />
^vig ber bivibereg meb 2OA', cr<br />
OD OE AD AE<br />
I X —^ X cos rt = X — X cos .4<br />
OA OA OA ^ OA<br />
!Oiew<br />
OD —~ sec AOD = sec c<br />
OA<br />
3(ltfao<br />
OE -<br />
- -— sec AOE = sec 0<br />
OA<br />
AD<br />
= tg AOD = tg c<br />
OA<br />
AE<br />
° ^<br />
^- = tgAOE== tg&<br />
I — sec c sec 6 cos a ^r: — tg c tg 5 cos A<br />
!9iultiplicereg ollevegne meb cose cos6, foo, bo of en^vet<br />
SSinfel ©econtcn multipliceret meb Sofinus er ligcftor meb i,<br />
5nngentcn meb Sofinug ligcftor meb ©inug, foo cr:<br />
.^vorof<br />
cos c cos b — COS a '^zz — sin c sin 6 cos A<br />
COS a := COS 6 cos c -|- sin 6 sin c cos A<br />
:jlltfno funne famtligen ubvifleg<br />
A. l) cos a cos 6 cos c -j- sin 6 sin c cos A<br />
2) cos 6 ^^ cos rt cos c -j- sin rt sin c cos B<br />
3) cos c =^ cos rt cos 6 -j- sin rt sin 6 cos C<br />
§. 17. 5lf ben §. 16 beviifte 2fnnlogte mellem 3 ©i<<br />
ber og en SSinfel Inbe be ^vtige fig nu onoli;ti|! ubvifle,<br />
•Jogcg Signingcrne A. i) og A. 2):
58<br />
cos a —~ cos 6 cos c -j- sin 6 sin c cos A<br />
cos 6 —'— cos a cos c -j- sin a sin c cos B,<br />
eg multiplicercg of biffe ben ftbftc meb cos c og obbereg til<br />
ben ferfte, foo cr^olbeg felgenbe:<br />
eos rt (i — cos c') =: sin b sin c cos A<br />
-j- sin a sin c cos B cos C<br />
So I — cose' = sine', foo, ^vig everolt bivibcre*<br />
meb sin c, er^olbeg<br />
cos rt sin e sin 6 cos ^ -j- sin a cos C cos B (I)<br />
Sigclebeg fon er^olbeg<br />
cos c sin rt sin 6 cos C-j- sin c cos rt cos B (II)<br />
SOiUltiplicercg II meb cosB og obbereg til I, fno er<br />
eller<br />
cos a sin c (i — cos B'^ sin 6 cos y/<br />
-j- sin 6 cos C cos Br<br />
cos rt sin c sin B' ~~~ sin 6 cos ^ -j- sin 6 cos C cos j5 (III)<br />
Sigclebeg<br />
cos rt sin 6 sin C —"" sin c cos ^ -j- sin c cos B cos C (IV)<br />
^Diultipltccreg III meb sin c, IV meb sin 6, foo fommer Sige;<br />
(lort begge ©teber pon ^eire ©ibe of Sig^ebg;5egnet; felgdigcn<br />
cos rt sin c' sin £' ^= cos rt sin 6' sin C<br />
j^vorof<br />
sin c sin j5 =^ sin 6 sin C<br />
©oolebeg fV'embeleg;<br />
B. i) sin a sin B sin ^ sin 6<br />
2) sin rt sin C sin y^ sin c<br />
3) sin 6 sin C = sin 5 sin c.<br />
3nbfatteg i I<br />
sin B sin rt<br />
" sin, A
foo e»<br />
59<br />
sjn B sin rt j , . T,<br />
eos rt sin c = — cos A -J- sin a cos c cos B<br />
sin ,•/<br />
Sivibereg meb sin « eg erinbreg, ot Cofinug, blvlbe*<br />
vet meb ©inug, er ligcftor meb Sotongenten, bo er^elbeg<br />
cot rt sin e sin jS cot A -j- cos C cos B<br />
2tltfoo er iolt<br />
C. i) cot rt sin c sinB coty/-j-cos r cos B<br />
2) cot a sin b sin C cot ^ -j- cos 6 cos C<br />
3) cot 6 sin c :^=: sin ^ cot B -j- eos c cos A.<br />
3nbfffttcg i I<br />
sin C sin B . sin A sin &<br />
Sin c := , -=— sin a := ^;—,<br />
sin B sin B<br />
foo er<br />
COS rt sin C sin 6 sin ^ sin 6 Cos c cos B<br />
:—5, = Sin b coaA-i :„<br />
sin Ji sin B<br />
sin 6<br />
bivibereg meb —=, bo er<br />
sm iJ<br />
cos rt sin C = sin B cos ^ -j- sin A cos c cos B (V)<br />
Sigclebeg<br />
cos c sin ^ z= sin B cos C -j- sin C cos rt cos B (VI)<br />
SJiuItiplicereg VI meb cosB 03 obbereg til V, foo er<br />
cos a sin C(i — cos BO<br />
sin B cos ^ -j- sin B cos C cos B.<br />
©o:tteg I — cos B' = sin B", 03 bivibereg meb sin B,.<br />
foo er<br />
cos rt sin C sin B = cos ^ -|- cos C cos B,,<br />
oltfao<br />
cos A 5== —•- cos B cos C'-f- sin B sin C"cos ct
6o<br />
^ilfnmmctt cr oltfno:<br />
D. i) cos^= —cosBcos C-f-sI°BsinC'cosa<br />
2) cos B —cos ^cos C-j-sin ^sin Ccos 6<br />
3) cos C =^= — cos A cos B -j- sin ^ sin B cos c.<br />
§. 18. SScb Jjjfflp of biffe §. 16 03 17 ubviflcbe 3fna(<br />
logier. A, B, C, D, lobe fig nu olle 2tlf«lbe for be fp^ti;<br />
f?e ^rionglcr bercgne. ©impleft ere be, ^vort een of SSinf;<br />
lerne er 90", 03 begforuben to onbre ©ti)ffcr givne. ©aale;<br />
beg opftoner be retvinfiebe fpf;
cot c sin rt sin B cot C-|- cos rt cos B<br />
men, bo C = 90°, er cot C = o,<br />
felgcltgen<br />
oltfoo<br />
II) rt, 6.<br />
©00 er<br />
2ff C. 2)<br />
cot 7i siu rt = cos rt cos B<br />
cot h sin rt<br />
cos B = = cot A tg a<br />
cos rt<br />
tg^<br />
cos h cos rt cos 6<br />
cot rt sin 6 sin 90° cot ^ -j- cos 6 cos 90°<br />
bo sin 90° := I; cos 90° = o, fao er<br />
ellcr<br />
III) A, ^.<br />
©00 er<br />
cot rt sin 6 =r cot A<br />
t$A = -r-T<br />
sra o<br />
sin rt sin h sin .
62<br />
©0geg B, foo er D 3)<br />
oltfoo<br />
eUcr<br />
cos C —~ — cos A COS B ~\-sin A sin B cos c<br />
IV) a, A.<br />
S^ex er<br />
^tltfoo<br />
cos A cos B ~~~ sin ^ sin B cos h<br />
cot B tg A cos A^<br />
sin ct<br />
sin n = -: ^<br />
sm^<br />
enbvibere of C 2) fooeg<br />
3(f D I) felger<br />
cot rt sin 6 = col A<br />
, y coty^ tgrt<br />
cot a tg A<br />
cos A = — COS B COS C-j- sin B sin C cos a<br />
oltfoo, bo C = 90°,<br />
COS A = sin A cos rt,<br />
er<br />
. _, cos ^<br />
sin B ——•<br />
V) rt, B.<br />
.^er er<br />
tg h = -—cos<br />
.0<br />
cos a<br />
tg 6 = sin rt tg B<br />
cos ^ =: cos rt sin B<br />
^vilfet ublebcg of be foregooenbe ^ilf
ijer er<br />
7 tot B T^ 4<br />
SOS h / := cot B cot A<br />
CHS A<br />
SOS n T = —<br />
siu B<br />
63<br />
Sn be trigonometrifTe gunctioner ftebfe ^ere til to for*<br />
(Tjellige SSinfler, fnn cr bet ubeflcmt, l)vilfen nf biffe ffol tn<<br />
gcg; fom ofteft er ben 55eftemmclfe gjort, at ingcn of ©t/<br />
bcrnc eller SSinflerne t et fp^trrifft ^rinngcl bar overfTribe<br />
i8o°; bn fan iffuu 5vivl opftonc, l)Vor vt ^nve ben fegte<br />
©terrelfe bcftcmt igjennem en ©inug, bo benne fvorer ftebfe<br />
til to SSinfler, ber ubfwlbe f)inanbcn til i8o°.<br />
3miblertib vibe vi flebfe, nt tgrt = sln6tg^,- bo<br />
nu unbcr ben gjortc 3lntngelfe 6 < i8o°, er sin 6 pofitiv,<br />
nitfnn faner tgrt fnmme 'Jegn fom tg^, eller Sot^eten eg<br />
ben ovecforliggenbc ©tbe ere enten begge minbre eller ftarre<br />
enb 90°, faalebeg bliver bet enefle tvtvlfomme 'Jilffflbe «, A.<br />
SSi funne altfno inbbefotte oHe 'Jilftrlbe i felgenbe %abe\:
64<br />
I) h, a<br />
II) a, b<br />
III) h, A<br />
IV) a, A<br />
V) rt, B<br />
VI) ^, B<br />
cos 6 ^1=<br />
sln^ =<br />
cos B =<br />
COS A =^<br />
tg^ =<br />
sin
65<br />
cos h = 9,45861 sin rt = 9/51747 'y « = 9/54238<br />
cos (t = 9,g7509 siu ]i = 9,98127 tg h = 0,52266<br />
cos 6 = 9,48352 slu^i = 9,53620 cosB = 9,01973<br />
6= 72° 16'29" ^=20° 6'12" B= 83° 59'36"<br />
,-/ maa I;cr ta%ii < 90°, bo « < 90".<br />
2) rt = 132° 15'23"<br />
6 = 57 19 28<br />
cos rt — 9,82766 n tg rt = 0,04165 n tg 6 = 0,19288<br />
cos 6 = 9,73230 sin b = 9,92518 sin a = 9,86931<br />
cos h = 9,5599611 tgA= 0,11643n tgB = 0,32357<br />
7t=iii°i7'i5" ^=127" 24'37" B= 64° 36'20"<br />
3) rt = 16° 33' 29"<br />
^ = 23 27 56<br />
sin rt = 9,45482 tg rt =: 9,47322 cos^ = 9,96251<br />
sin^= 9,60010 tg^ = 9,63759 cos rt = 9,98161<br />
sin/i = 9,85472 sin 6 = 9,83563 sin B = 9,98090<br />
ft^i 45°4i'55" ^,^1 43°i3'42" ^ ^ j 73° 8'o"<br />
(134 18 5 (136 46 18 (10642 o<br />
^er er bet albcleg ubeflcmt, I;t)ilfen fSccrbie ber f!af<br />
ta^eo; imiblertib tageg ben fwfte 25arbie af 6, faa foa=<br />
ter bertil ben ferfle af 7t, ba rt < 90", 09 cos h<br />
cos a cos 6; felgcligen sprobuctet i bet Silfojlbc<br />
pofitiot; altfaa /i
66<br />
cos A = 9,4536636<br />
sin B = 9,962177:^<br />
cos rt = 9,4914863<br />
rt = 71° 56'7" 47<br />
cos B = 9,6018619<br />
sin A =9,9817087<br />
cos b = 9,6201532<br />
6 = 65° 21'13''09<br />
NB. J?er ftnaer alleoegne for ^ortljebg ©Eplb be trigono;<br />
metrifPc gunctioner iftebct for bereg 2ogaritt)mer, f. Cr.<br />
sin a for log sin a. Sigt'Icbeg bettjbcr n feiet bag til £0=<br />
garitljmcn, at ben frarer til en negatio etorrclfc.<br />
§. 19. Jjvtg ccn nf ©iberne t bet fp^crrifTe ^rtnngd<br />
vnr 90°, ba lobe lignenbe 2lffortninger, fom veb be retvinf;<br />
lebe fp^trriffe ^rtongler, fig forctnge, og fnnlebeg ligelebeg<br />
let nf to ©ti;ffer foruben benne givne ©ibe, ber v.ir 90°,<br />
be ^vrtge Sele fig beregne.<br />
§. 20. SScb be fFjttvvinflebe 'Srtnnglerg Seregntng,<br />
^vig vi vilbe onvcnbe 8ognritf)mer, vilbe, formcbclft be veb<br />
2(nologierne A, C, D forefommenbe 3(bbitioner og ©ubtrac;<br />
tioner, cn Ubeqvcm^eb opftnae, fom ttlbeelg nf^jcrlpcg paa<br />
felgenbe 9]tnnbe.<br />
jpnvbeg et Ubtri;f nf bm goritt<br />
X = rt sin IM -j- 6 cos M<br />
til ^vig SBeregntng ffulbe nnvcnbeg Sognrit^mer, fnn funbe<br />
vi ftebfe nntnge, ^vnb enb rt og 6 vnr,<br />
rt = 1- cos X<br />
6 = r sin X<br />
^vor r er cn cnbnu ubcfjcnbt ©tovrclfe, og X li^,flo^cg cn<br />
ubcfjenbt SSinfel, men begge bog givne vcb be to ovcuitnncnbc<br />
3@
altf'nn X bcftcmt, og ^ernf ntter<br />
rt 6<br />
cos X sin X<br />
3nbffftteg nu SSarbierne for « oj 6, fnn ec:<br />
x 1- cos X sin M -j- r sin X cos M<br />
= rsin(M-(-X)<br />
6?<br />
et Ubtri;f, ^vori X, funben igjennem tgX, og r, veb fin<br />
S(?qvntion, inbf«ttcg; bet Jjele Inbcr fig nu beregne veb So;<br />
gnrit^mer. 9icgningen fereg nu bcqvemmeft fnnlebeg. jjvig<br />
f. (£v. M = 63° 17'<br />
logrt = 9,87036; log 6 = 9,73097n<br />
3?u fTriveg log 6 og log «, fno nt berimellem bliver een<br />
Sinie. Siffcrentfen er log ty X; X togeg i 7llminbclig^cb faa«<br />
lebeg, ot r ftebfe bliver pofitiv; altfnn, ^vig 6 er pofitiv, i<br />
ferfte ijnivcivfd, er 6 negntiv, i nnben; imellem logrt og<br />
log 6 ffrivcg enten log sin X cller log cos X, eftevfom ^vilfcn<br />
of bem er fterft, bn ben ffnrpeft og lettefl Inbcr fig intcrpo;<br />
lere, og nu bercgneg ^ernf r veb at trtrffe benne mdlcmfntte<br />
ftebfe frn ben fterfte of Sognrit^merne logrt og log 6; bet<br />
evrtgc finbeg nu let. 3fltfnn:<br />
log 6 = 9,7309711<br />
log cos X = 9,88434<br />
log rt = 9,80736<br />
logtgX = 9,92361 n<br />
X == 320° o'48"<br />
M = 63 17 o<br />
X-j-M = 23° 17'48'<br />
r == 9,92302<br />
log sin (M-j-X) = 9'597i4<br />
logx = 9,52016
^8<br />
2t tt m. 3If ©itimucn X -f- M er bortfaftet 360".<br />
en Itanenbe goranbring l;aobe funnet fleet veb «<br />
(Rtte a = r sin X, b =: r cos X, og bo tr«£Ee fant:<br />
men til r cos (M — X).<br />
§. 21. 2(nvenbeg nu bcelg bet §. so fremfntte >Prini<br />
eip, bcelg onbre gorfortninger veb be jTjffvvtnflebe fp^arifle<br />
5rionglerg, bo lobe ligelebeg nlle 2ilf
fao c<<br />
69<br />
S sin ; (rt -j- 6 -f- 0 sin ', (6 -j- C — rt)<br />
2cos 4 A^ = ^ .^~^ .<br />
3(ltfflO<br />
jjvorof<br />
sin b sm r<br />
sin 6 sin c v<br />
betegneg ^er 4(rt-j-6-j-o) meb s, fao er:<br />
sin 4- ^ = %/"="•" («-fe)^;"0-g<br />
sin 6 sin C<br />
cos •<br />
4-^-= V -<br />
V /sin sin s sin (s — rt)<br />
siu 6 sin c<br />
. 2 Y sin s sin (s — a) sin (s — 6) sin (s — c)<br />
sin A 3= . , .<br />
sm 6 sin C<br />
t , .£ __ y^sln (s — 6) sin (s — c)<br />
siu s sin (s — o)<br />
2lf ^vilfe gormler cfter Omftffnbig^eber ben nnvcnbeg,<br />
fottt fParpeft beftemmer SSinflcn; ncmlig ben ferfte, noor<br />
SSinflcn er unber 90°, ben onben, noor ben er over, gorm;<br />
len for tg4;^ er flebfe n^eie, men nogct vibtljeftigerc enb<br />
be onbre.<br />
II) rt, 6, C.<br />
SSi ^nve<br />
f'na ^ovcg<br />
cos c : = cos rt cos 6 -j- sin rt sin 6 cos G<br />
©ffttcg ^er<br />
cos rt r cos IM<br />
sin a cos C = r sin M
3(ltfno<br />
70<br />
sin rt cos C<br />
te M = : z= tg a cos C<br />
cos rt<br />
cos a sin rt cos C<br />
cos -M sin M<br />
cos rt<br />
cos f : ^ — cos (b — M")<br />
cos M ^ ^<br />
gor Ot finbe yj, fjnvcg ifelge C. 2)<br />
cot rt sin 6 : = sin C cot ^V -|- cos 6 cos C<br />
cot rt sin 6 — cos b cos C<br />
cot A = .——<br />
sin C<br />
gor ot bruge ben for^en funbne Jjjttipe* SSinfel, Inbcr<br />
eg multiplicere meb sin rt i Strllcr og 31«vncr, fan cr, ba<br />
cot rt sin rt = cos rt<br />
foo cr<br />
CJCer<br />
col A =<br />
cos rt sin 6 — cos 6 sin a cos C<br />
sin rt sin C<br />
©ffttcg ^cri M eg r, erbolbeg:<br />
cot^ =<br />
r cos M sin 6 — r cos 6 sin M<br />
r sin (6 — M)<br />
sin rt sin C<br />
sin rt sin C<br />
SSfffgeg ben (ibfte SSffrbie for r, ncmlig<br />
sin rt cos C<br />
sin M<br />
sin rt cos C sin (6 — M)<br />
sin M sin a sin C<br />
sin (6 — M)<br />
sin M tg C
sin M tg C<br />
tg^ =<br />
sin (6 — M)<br />
71<br />
ipno fnmme 'DJJnnbe vor B blevcn bcftcott, l;oig ben<br />
fywbe vffret ben omfpurgtc.<br />
Ill) rt, 6, A.<br />
Sjev f;nvcg<br />
sin 6 sin A<br />
sinB = — . tfelgc B. l).<br />
Sin rt<br />
©fnl C fegeg, fnn er:<br />
cot a sin 6 z:=: sin C cot A -j- Cos 6 cos C<br />
firttog ^er cot^ — rcosM<br />
cos 6 r sin M<br />
3tltfno<br />
Jlltfno<br />
cos 6<br />
cot rt sin 6 -— r sin (C -j- M)<br />
cos 6<br />
= -T-rjsin(C-hM)<br />
sm M<br />
sin M<br />
siH (C-j- Rl) cot rt sin b<br />
.^crnf fan nu C finbeg.<br />
©egcg c, fan er:<br />
cos 0<br />
sin M cot rt tg 6<br />
sin !\I tir 6<br />
tg rt<br />
cos rt cos 6 cos c -j- sin 6 sin c ctfs -/<br />
fffttcg ^er cos 6 r COS M<br />
sin 6 cos yf r sin .M<br />
(C. 2).
72<br />
foo r)ove«<br />
tg M = tg 6 COS A<br />
cos 6<br />
COS rt == cos (c — ]VR<br />
cos M ^ ^<br />
cos rt cos M<br />
^Vorof COS (e — ISI) = —<br />
cos 0<br />
IV) rt, B, C.<br />
©«gcg ^, foo cr<br />
cos A = — cos B cos C-\- sin B sin C cos rt<br />
fffttcg ^er<br />
3(ltfa(»<br />
cps B r cos JM<br />
sin B cos rt := r sin M<br />
tg M = tg B cos a<br />
cos B _,<br />
cos^ = cos(C4-M)<br />
cosM<br />
©0geg 6, foo cr, ^vig i G. 2) rt eitibijtteg meb b,<br />
cot 6 sin a sin C cot B -j^ cos a cos C<br />
flltfOO<br />
sin C cot B -j- cos fl cos C<br />
cot 6 = : •<br />
sm rt<br />
sin C cos B -j- cos rt cos C sin B<br />
sin rt sin B<br />
3nbffftteg ^crt r eg M, foo cr<br />
cot 6<br />
rsin(C-j-M)<br />
sin a sin B<br />
sin B cos rt<br />
tfien r =<br />
sin M<br />
flltfOfl
nitfnn<br />
eoer<br />
sin (C-j->n<br />
cot b = —.- ,;<br />
sin M tg rt<br />
sin M tg a<br />
'°^ ^^ sla(C^M)<br />
V) a. A, B.<br />
bo et<br />
tJtltfno<br />
©ffttcl<br />
.Jjcr er<br />
©egeg c, fan cr<br />
sin a sin B<br />
sin yl<br />
cot a sin (• sin B cot ^ -j- cos c cos B<br />
sin B cot yl —— cot a sill c — cos c cos B<br />
©ffttcg<br />
cot rt r cos M<br />
cos B r sin M<br />
cos B<br />
ts >I •—• COS B tg rt<br />
cot rt<br />
COS B<br />
sin B cot A = -.—- sin (c — M)<br />
sin M<br />
sin M<br />
?iq (c — M) =T= -—= sin B cot ^<br />
cos x><br />
©ijgcs C, fnn er<br />
sin M tg B<br />
tg^<br />
CCS A —— .— cos B cos C-j- sir* B siu Ccos rt<br />
COS B •*— r cos M<br />
sin B cos rt r sin M<br />
73
74<br />
©na er<br />
2fltfna<br />
tg M tg B cos a<br />
B<br />
cos A=^ yl<br />
~- cos (C-f- M)<br />
cos<br />
cos M -- I /<br />
_, , cos M<br />
cos (C-{- M) = cos A<br />
cos B<br />
V) A, B, C.<br />
©egeg rt, fnn cr<br />
cos^ i^ —• cos B cos C-^ sin B sia C cos a<br />
"Nltfan<br />
cos A -j- cos B cos C<br />
cos rt ^<br />
sin B sin C<br />
?OJcn, vcb nt trffffc frn i, ^oveg<br />
cos B cos C — sin B sin C -j- cos A<br />
1 — cos rt = r-^ . ^,<br />
sin x> sm C<br />
cos (B -j- O + cos ./<br />
sin B sin C<br />
eacr<br />
2 cos 4-(B 4-C-f-^ cos J-(B 4-C—^)<br />
2 sin ', rt" -:<br />
sm B sin C<br />
. , . f cos 4 (^-1- 7i -(- o cos,',- (B -j- C—.4)<br />
sai ] (I =1 Y ; -: 1<br />
sin B sin C<br />
f'na cr<br />
. / cos S cos (S — A)<br />
Sin 4 ci — y 1<br />
sin B sin C<br />
Jjnvbc vi tngct
75<br />
COS yl-\-cos B cos C-f- si" J5 sin C<br />
1 -j- cos rt : =<br />
sin B sin ('<br />
So var<br />
2 COS 4^ rt"<br />
3ntfnn<br />
cos . /-f- cos (/) — C)<br />
sin B sin C<br />
2 COS K •/ + -S — C) COS,; (7 —B-f Cj<br />
,.^Sfl<br />
ipvornf ba ntter fan ubicbcg<br />
sin B sin C<br />
cos S — B) cos (S — O<br />
sin B sin C<br />
cos S COS (S y4)<br />
tg4a= V —<br />
cos (S — B) COS (S — C)<br />
en 'Jnbel, fom inbe^olbcr nlle "Silffflbc, blcv felgenbe:<br />
rt, 6, c<br />
rt, 6. C<br />
A<br />
c<br />
yl<br />
( sin (s — 6) sin (s — c)<br />
sin 4 A = A ^-y—- "<br />
N sin b sin c<br />
. 1 sin s sin (s — rt,)<br />
N sin b sin c<br />
1 sin (s — 5) sin fs — c)<br />
•g M = J — . -'-•'•-J — —<br />
^ Sill s sm (s — aj<br />
s = 4(„-f-6-j-..)<br />
tg -il Z= tg rt COS C<br />
cos rt<br />
cos c COS (b — M)<br />
cos M<br />
tg IM := tg rt COS C<br />
sin (6 — M)
76<br />
#, 6, A<br />
«, B,<br />
a, A, B<br />
J.B,<br />
—<br />
C<br />
C<br />
B<br />
C<br />
c<br />
y/<br />
6<br />
6<br />
e<br />
C<br />
a<br />
sin 6 sin A<br />
sin B = '<br />
sin a<br />
tg M •=: cos b t^ A<br />
sin AI tg 6<br />
siu(C-j-5I) = — - 2 -<br />
tgrt<br />
tg M tg 6 cos A<br />
cos rt cos M<br />
cos b<br />
tg M =1= tg B cos rt<br />
cos B<br />
cos^ = : cos (C-j-M)<br />
cos M<br />
tg M = tg B cos rt<br />
sin M tg a<br />
*^^ sin(C-j-M)<br />
sin B sin rt<br />
sin^<br />
tg M == cos B tg rt,<br />
siu M tg B<br />
sin (c — M) = —-—,—<br />
tg.'i<br />
tg M ::= tg B cos a<br />
cos M<br />
cos XJ<br />
S^=i{A + B + C)<br />
( cos S cos (S ^)<br />
tm 4 u —.— J • T> • n<br />
N sin ij sm C<br />
f cos (S — B) cos (S — Q<br />
cos 4- c* —^ \i • • T> • ri<br />
N sm B sm C<br />
[ cos S cos (S — ^<br />
•g 2 « >| cos(S-B)cos(S-()
77<br />
gevfnavitJt fom bet ©i)gte beftemmcg gjentiem 'int!,o,cn;<br />
ter cUcr Sofinuffcr, ictn ingcn 'Svivl opjtnsf, i ^vtlfcu Civai<br />
bront btt fTal tngcg, nnnr vt nntnge nt ©iber og a^iuflcr<br />
(Tulle vffre miubce enb i8o"; ligelebeg nfgive gormlernc for<br />
be f)nlve SJtnfler ftffre $5cftcinmdfcr. J?vor iffe felve 23inf;<br />
len, men gorffjdlen mdlcm ben og jjjfflpcSSinflen, finbeg,<br />
bo bliver benne ftunboin negntiv; nnnr ben nitfnn givcg gjcu;<br />
ncm cn Scfinug, cr bet ntter tvivlfomt, enten gotfpjdicn fTal<br />
Vffre negntiv ellcr pofitiv J: enten bet ©egte er minbre clicr<br />
fterr* cub J?jfflpcviuflen. 3 f[«i'« "Silffflbc vil SSnlget nicl;<br />
Icm Opl,e»ningcrnc letteg veb folgeubc bet fpl)cfifTe ^rinngcU<br />
6"gcn|Tn6cr:<br />
i) ©ummen of to ©iber er ftcbf'e ftevre enb ben tre<<br />
bie (3^fr. ©tcvcotn. §. 26).<br />
2) ^'llc tre ©iber ere tilfnmmcn minbre enb 360"<br />
(©teveom. §. 27).<br />
3) Zo SSinfler tilfnmmcn cr flebfe minbre enb ben tw;<br />
Me -j- 180°.<br />
Svnnc ©fftning bcvifeg fnnlebeg nnnli;ttfrt.<br />
cos yl = — COS B cos C -j- sin B sin C cos a<br />
Stltfnn, bn cos (A-\- 180^) = —cos A, fnn er<br />
cos (^-|-180') = : cos B cos C—sinB sin Ccos «<br />
oltfno<br />
cos (B -j- C) = : cos B cos C — sin B sin C<br />
6os(B-j-0 —cos(^-|-l8o°) = — sinB sin C(l —COS rt)<br />
So siuB, sin C, I — cosrt ftebfe cre pofitive, foo er<br />
COS (A-{- ISO"-) > cos (B-j-O; men A-{-180' ligger imd;<br />
Icm 180° og 360°. 3meaem biffe ©tffubfer tiltagct ecjinug<br />
(tebfe fro — i til -j- i, bo tiUige B + C< 360°, men neb;<br />
venbigvtig B -j- C< .i^+180°.
78<br />
4) ©ummen nf oHe SSinfler er ftorre enb i8o°, miiv<br />
bre enb 540°.<br />
SSi ^nve<br />
cos 4- (^-|- B -I- C) cos \(B-{-C — y4)<br />
sin 4rt= == — • ~r3 • (^<br />
sin ti sin C<br />
jjer maae nebvenbigcn cos \ (^-j-B-j-O vffre negatto;<br />
tl)i sinB og sin C cic pofitivc B-\-C — yl
4 B = 66° 14' 30"<br />
B := 132 29 O<br />
ascrcsncg C af gcrinlen for tg ! (', f'" cr<br />
tin (s — rt) = 9,76660<br />
sin (s — 6) := 8,/'8M79<br />
C sin s =i:r 0,02683<br />
C sin (s — c) = 0,29091<br />
2)S,SNi3<br />
ly ' C z= 9,43706,5<br />
4C = 15° 17'59"<br />
C = 30 35 58<br />
II) a = 107° 19'34" 35<br />
6 = 86 27 28, 87<br />
(' = 112 19 13, 68<br />
Sa er<br />
tg rt = 0,50589111<br />
cos C =: 9,5795397"<br />
tg -M = 0,0854308<br />
M == 50° 35' r?" 77<br />
b = 86 27 28, 87<br />
6 —M z= 35 51 31, JO<br />
cos rt zzzz 9,47394inn<br />
C cos :M 1^= 0,1974049<br />
cos (6 — M) = 9,9087341<br />
cose =: 9,5800806n<br />
c = 112° 20'59" 23<br />
siu M = 9,8880259<br />
tgC = 0,386636811<br />
C siu (6 — M) 0,2322599<br />
tgA = 0,506922'in<br />
A = 107° 17'15" 20<br />
in) a = 44° 19' 36"<br />
6 = 52 29 4<br />
^ = 57 51 II<br />
sin 6 == 9'89938<br />
siu yl 9,92773<br />
C siu rt zzz: 0,1-568<br />
sin B = 9,982:-8<br />
79
80<br />
B = 1 73° 58'15'''<br />
'io6 I 45<br />
cos 6 •=. 9,78460<br />
ig^ = 0,20173<br />
tg M = 9,98633<br />
M = 44° 5' 55"<br />
sin M = 9,84254<br />
tg6 = 0,11478<br />
C tg rt = 0,01021<br />
..iu(C-j-M) = 9,96753<br />
C-j-M = 68''7" 12" efler 111° 52'48"<br />
C nzz 24 I 17 67 46 53<br />
ty 6 = o,iT4:"8<br />
cos A =: 9,72598<br />
tgM = 9,84076<br />
M =: 34° 43' 24^'<br />
cos rt = 9,85453<br />
cos M =m 9,91483<br />
C cos 6 = 0,21540<br />
cos(c —M) = 9,9847?<br />
c —M = + 15' 5'40"<br />
^ __ (19" 3"'44"<br />
149 49 4<br />
.^cr fearer C = 67''46'53" til c =: 49° 49'4",<br />
03 ligelebeg be to onbre ^BffivDicr for C eg c, ba<br />
sin yl siu C<br />
sin a sin e<br />
SJojfseg sSfltrbien 7^° "8'15" for B, ba man 67°46'<br />
53" tciii for C; r[,u cllcrg var ^-j-B-f-C < 180°.<br />
IV) rt = 39° 21'45"<br />
5 = 53 19 51<br />
C = 92 51 14<br />
tgB = 0,12811<br />
cos rt = 9,88826,5<br />
t« ^l = 0,01637,5
M = 46° 4'47"<br />
C = 1)2 51 14<br />
C-j-M = 138° 56' 1"<br />
— cosB = 9,776 12 n<br />
CcosM = 0,15885<br />
cosC+M = 9,87734"<br />
cos yl := 9,81231<br />
./ = 49° 31'36"<br />
sinM = 9,83751<br />
tgrt :=: 9,91398<br />
C sin (C-j-M) = 0,18248<br />
tg 6 = 9,95397<br />
b = 41° 58' 10"<br />
Y) rt = 44° 19' 36" o<br />
J = 57 51 II, o<br />
B = 73 58 15, o<br />
sinB = 9,9827782<br />
sin rt = 9,8443208<br />
C sin A = 0,0722775<br />
sin 6 = 9,8993765<br />
7, j 52° 29' 4" 19<br />
" (127 30 55 8r<br />
cosB == 9,4411083<br />
tg rt = 9,9897915<br />
tgM = 9,4308998<br />
M = 15° 5'39" 05<br />
siuM = 9,4156517<br />
tgB = 9,5416699<br />
Ctg^ = 9,7982646<br />
sin (c — M) = 9,7555862<br />
II.<br />
c_HI __ j 34° 43'25" 74<br />
(145 16 34' 26<br />
M = 15 5 39, 05<br />
__. j 49 49 4' 79<br />
(160 22 13, 31<br />
SI
82<br />
tgB = 0,5416699<br />
cos rt = 9,8545293<br />
tgM = 0,3961992<br />
M = 68° 7' 9" 41<br />
— cosM =: 9,5713309n<br />
CcosB = 0,5588917<br />
cos A = 9^25987£<br />
cos (C-j-M) = 9,8562097n<br />
C-j-M = 1135° 54' 4" 35<br />
' (224 5 56, 65<br />
M = 68 7 9' 41<br />
C = i ^7° 46' 54" 94<br />
(155 58 46, 14<br />
.^cr ftjare nu alter be to ferfle Sjoerbicr af c 09 C<br />
til Ijinanben, eg ligelebeg be to fibftc; tageg ben fer|](<br />
SSarbie af e, ia ma« ogfaa ben ferfte tageg of 6, h<br />
ellerg<br />
a-j-c< 6<br />
VI) A = 139° 27'35" 6<br />
B == 106 29 II, 3<br />
C == 80 37 39' 7<br />
S)et er<br />
A-\- B -j- C = 326° 34' 26" 6<br />
4-(.i-j-B-HO ^: S = 163 17_13^<br />
S — A = 23° 49' 37" 7<br />
S —B = 56 48 2, o<br />
S — C = 82 39 33, 6<br />
cos(S — B) = 9,7384278<br />
cos (S — C) = 9,1064241<br />
sin 7i = 0,0182327<br />
siu C = 0,0058364<br />
2)8,8689210<br />
cos 4 rt =r 9,4344605<br />
4rt = 74° 13' 14" 62<br />
« = 148 26 29, 24
— cos S = 9,9,812555<br />
COs(S /;'•) =Z= 9,7,^^4278<br />
C cos (N — . /) = 0,0386888<br />
Ccosi^S — C) = 0,8i)3.'",^59<br />
2)0,65194^^0<br />
tg ', 6 = 0,32,39740<br />
- 4 6 = 64- 43' 42" 28<br />
6 =z 129 27 24, 56<br />
— cosS 1= 9,9812555<br />
cos (S — C) = : 9,1064241<br />
C sin yl =: o, 1870998<br />
C sin B = 0,0182327<br />
2) 9,2930121<br />
siu 4 c z=^ 9,6465060,5<br />
4 c = 26° 18' 7" 64<br />
c = 52 36 15, 36<br />
8,j<br />
§. 22. gorfaavibt fom ofte veb cvcnftancnbc gormler<br />
^cftcmmclfcr ere gjortc gjcnnem ©inug og Sofinug, l^vilfe<br />
give SSinflcn ftunbom minbre ftffert, blive be iffe ftebfe nn;<br />
venbclige. 3 ft fanbnnt ^ilffflbe vil mnn let igjennem een<br />
cller nnben 'DD^ct^obe fomme til et vel bcftcmt 9tc|"ultnt.<br />
g. Sr. SSnr ber given<br />
rt = 23° 27' 50"<br />
6 = 25 2 58<br />
C = o 57 I<br />
bo vil c, fom bliver liben, igjennem Sofinug fun uftffert labe<br />
(ig beftemme; mca tngcg nf 'Jrionglct 5
84<br />
fffttcg ^er<br />
bo cr<br />
cot 6 r cos M<br />
cos C r sin M<br />
cos C<br />
-—- = tgM =: cosCtgfe<br />
cot 6 °<br />
sin C cot B = r sin {a — M)<br />
ligelebeg veb fomme ©ubftitution<br />
cos e zi=:i sin 6 (cos a cot 6 -j- sin n cos C)<br />
tillige cr<br />
.^crof<br />
ellcr<br />
sin c<br />
cotB<br />
= r sin b cos (jci — M)<br />
sin 6 sin C<br />
sinB<br />
cos C<br />
sm L sin M<br />
cot C<br />
= sin (rt — M)<br />
sin M<br />
sin M tg C<br />
*^ ^ {a —^:\I)<br />
enbvibere ^oveg<br />
sin c sin b sin C'<br />
tg e . -=:— : r sin 6 cos (rt — M)<br />
cose sin if<br />
sin C<br />
r sin B cos (rt — M)<br />
men<br />
nitfno<br />
sin CcosB<br />
Sin L cot ZJ = —„—<br />
sm B<br />
•=z r sin {a — M)
85<br />
tg {a — M)<br />
tg C = - ,r—<br />
cos li<br />
5Seregncg ^er nitfno Jjjffipe; SSinflcn og bcrnffft fmft B, fno<br />
Inbcr c. pg gobt beftemme igjennem fin ?;nngcnt.<br />
Snbvibcrc wfTcr mnn ofte nt i/ate en
86<br />
§. ?3- golgenbe gormler give i etf)vcrt ijilffflbe fiffw<br />
9?efultnter, fom ogfin Sontrole, eg tjcne ofte, ^vor be fort;<br />
gnocnbe gormler vilbe give minbre fiffre .^Beftcmmclfer,<br />
cos rt cos 6 cos e -j- sin b sin c cos yl<br />
TfltfOO<br />
cos rt COS 6 cos C — sin 6 sin e -j- sin b sin c -j- sin i<br />
Ctgdebeg<br />
sin (• COS A<br />
COS (6 -j- c) -j- sin 6 sin c (l -j- cos A)<br />
cos rt COS 6 COS C -j- sin 6 sin c — siu b sin e -j- sin (i<br />
So nu<br />
fofl ^nveg<br />
sin c COS A<br />
cos (6 — c) — sin 6 sin c (l — cos ^^<br />
I — cos (6 4^ '-O ^^^^ 2 sin V (6 +^ c)-<br />
I -j- cos (6 _+ c) = 2 cos 1 (6 i c)-<br />
i) I -j- cos rt 2cos 4 (6-|-c)' "f* ^'1^ '^ sine (i -j-cos^<br />
2) I -j- cos a r = 2 cos ] (6 — c)- — sin 6 sin e (i — cos.i)<br />
3) I — cos rt ^=z 2 sin 1 (6 -|- c)- — sin 6 sin C (l -j- cos J)<br />
4) I — cos rt ^^ 2 sin 4 (6 — r)- -j- sin 6 sin c (l — cos^<br />
Se^nnbleg pnn fnmme 93Jnobe<br />
cos A zzzz — cos B COS C -j- sin B sin Ccos a<br />
foo cr<br />
cos A = : — COS B cos C — sin B sin C -j- sin B sin C<br />
eflcr<br />
-j- sin B sin Ccos rt<br />
=:^ — cos (B — O ~f" si** ^ sin ^"(14- cos rt)<br />
COS A = — COS B COS C-j- slu .B sin C— sin B sin C<br />
-j- sin B sin Ccos a
87<br />
—- — cos (B -j- C) — sin B sin C (l — cos rt)<br />
nltfan<br />
I) I ^ cos A = 2 sin ; (B — C)- + S'" B sin C<br />
(l -j-COS rt)<br />
II) I -j- COS yl = 2sln 4- (B -j- O' — «'" B sin C<br />
(l — cos rt)<br />
III) I — cos yl = 2 COS 4- (B — O' — S'" B sin C<br />
(l -j- cos rt)<br />
IV) 1 _ cos ^ = 2 COS 4 (B -j- 0= -j- sin B sin C<br />
(l COS rt)<br />
5ngeg i) og multiplicercg meb i — cos A , fna er<br />
(l -j- cos rt) (i — cos yl)<br />
^= 2cos 4(6 + e)^ (i — cos^-j-s'" ^ sluc(i —cosy^^)<br />
=. 4cos 4 (6 + c)- sin 4- A' -j- sin 6 sin c sin A'<br />
multtpUccrcg IV) meb i -j- cos«, fnn er<br />
(l -j- cos rt) (l cos yl)<br />
= 2 COS 4 (B + O^ (l + cos rt) + sin B sin C (l - cos rt^)<br />
=: 4 cos i(^B -^C)'' COS 4 rt^ -f- sin B sin Csiu rt^<br />
nitfno<br />
4COS 4- (6 -j- c)' sin 4- A^ -j- sin 6 sin c sin A"^<br />
= 4C0S 4- (B -j- C)^ cos 4 "^^ -j- sin B sin C sin «'<br />
sin B sin C sin rt^ :E= sin B sin rt X ^in C sin rt<br />
Stgdebeg<br />
sin 6 sin c sin A^ ~~~ sin 6 sin ^ X sin e sin ^<br />
3tItfao ere biffe to ©tfiirrdfcr ligeftore ifelge §. 17 3.<br />
felgdigcn ogfoo<br />
4cos4(6-j-c)2sm4.^' = 4cos4 (B-J-Q'cos S-rt'<br />
oltfao<br />
CCS 4 (6 -j- t-O sin i A = cos 4 (B -j- C) CO? 4^ «
88<br />
"Poo fomme 5)Joflbe, ^vig 2) forbiubeg meb ll), ct;-<br />
folbeg '<br />
cos 4- (6 — c) cos V yl = sin 4- (B -j- C) cos V a<br />
3) meb in)<br />
sin 4- (6 -j- c) sin 4- A = cos ! (B — C) sin 4 rt<br />
4) meb II)<br />
sin 1 (6 — c) cos 4- A sin 4 (B — C) sin -J rt<br />
ellcr tilfommen<br />
I) sin .J (b -^ e) sin 4- yl cos 4- (B — C) sin 4- rt<br />
II) cos 4 (6 -j- c) sin 4 ^7 = cos i (B -f- C) cos 4 rt<br />
III) sin 4- (6 — c) cos 4- yl = sin 4 (B — C) sin 4 a<br />
IV) COS 4 (6 — c) cos 4- ^-i = sin Y (B -j- C) cos 4 rt<br />
Src nu 6, c, A givne, ba cr 2(lt poo f)eirc ©tbe nf<br />
Stg^ebg;5egnet befjcnbt, pnn venftre ©ibe ubcfjenbt, om;<br />
venbt ^vtg B, C, a,- olle Sele finbeg fnolcbeg poo eengnng.<br />
2t It nj.
89<br />
1) sin \ (6 -j- c) = 9,61 jf'i.-, 3) sin ', (6 — c) = 8,14103<br />
5) siu 4^'/ = 7,9 u'.ro 6) COS,; ./ = 9,99999<br />
2) COS \ (6-j-c) = 9,Q,TI;S6 4) COS 4(6 — c) = 9,9999^<br />
6. 4. IV. 9,9-;no3 3- 6. 1. 8,14101<br />
9,09c;vg 9,9t^7-'3<br />
5. 2. 11. 7,8.-636 I. 5- M- 7,333.^5<br />
tg ; (B -j- O = 2,72T39 tg 4 (B — C) = 0,60866<br />
sln4-rt = 8^79 '.(B+C)= 89" .34' o" 5<br />
COS 4rt = 9,99996 4(B —C)= 71J 10 2<br />
8,15383<br />
Sin Vrt = 8,15379<br />
4 rt = o 48 59' 4<br />
B = 165 44 2, 5<br />
c= 13 23 58, 5<br />
cos V rt = 9/99996 a= i 37 58, 8<br />
gor t>:t 5ti;^cf.<br />
B = 107" 17'15"<br />
C — 93 20 30<br />
rt := 112 20 59<br />
B -i- r = 200" 37' 45"<br />
B — C = 13 56 45<br />
4(B-j-O == 100° 18'52" 5<br />
4 (B — C) = 6 58 22, 5<br />
4 rt = 56 10 29, 5<br />
])sln4(B4-0= 9,992924 3)6!n4(B —C)= 9,084219<br />
5)cos4rt =9,745590 6)sin4rt = 9,91946.^;<br />
2)cos4(B-(-C)=9^25298in 4) cos 4(B — C)= 9,996776<br />
4. 6. I. 9,916241 3. 6. III. 9,003684<br />
9,996850 9'992758<br />
5. 2. II. 8^8571^ 1-5- IV. 9,738514<br />
tg i- (6 4- c) = o,9i7670n tg ; (6 — e) z= 9,265170<br />
sin 4^= 9,919391 4(7,4-0= 96° 53'31" 5<br />
cos 4^= 9 745756 4(6_r)= 1026 2,7<br />
tg4^=^i736^ -/= 5
90<br />
3cummcrnc, ber ftaae foran, tilfjenbegioe, i ^oilfen<br />
Otben Dicgningen flal forctagcg.<br />
DBcrccngftcmmclfen mellem gstsrbierne t ferfte ereiti;<br />
pel eg 93(srbierne funbne §. 22 oife iReiagtigbeben, fom<br />
igjennem paffcnbe gormler meb 5 Secimaler Ean fil^ob<br />
beg. Sn neiere aseregning meb 7 ®ecimalcr gioer<br />
B = 165° 44' 2" 45<br />
c = I 37 58, 96<br />
Senne faalebeg albcleg neie Doerecngficmmelfe er Ml<br />
et St)fEctr«f ber, bog ril gotffjctlen iffe let beWe fij<br />
tit meet enb faa ©ecunber.
§. I. vDfuOe 'Potcnfer of famine Slob multiplicercg,<br />
bo (Tecr bette, naar Srpo"«»terne obbereg; t^i f (£r. a"" er<br />
egentlig a X a X a... a D: a fat m ©ntrge fom gnctor; a'^<br />
cr a fat u ©anij.e fom gactor, oltfao a'" X a" er a fot m4-u<br />
fom gactor, ellcr a + ''-<br />
§. 2. ©futle fpotenfer of famme 3\ob bivibereg, bn<br />
tubtra^ereg (Srponenterne, f.Sr. a^ ec a X a X a X a X a,<br />
a^ aXaXaXaXa<br />
a' cr a X a X a, oltfoo — = = aa'<br />
a Xa X a<br />
cller t ^Uminbclig^cb er — z= a'"—"<br />
Sill. I. Set tnbfeeg nu, ot, noor n er fterre cub m,<br />
en negativ Srponent fremfommer, l)vilfet iffe bcti;bcr anbct,<br />
enb Sen^ebcn, bivtberet meb fnmme 'poteng, men meb pofi;<br />
a^ I<br />
tiv Srponcrt, fnnlebeg er — = a' — * ^= a—* z= —<br />
a* a^<br />
I<br />
eg a—p = —<br />
^ ap<br />
Sill. 2. Sre Sivtfor og Sivibenbug fnmme
92<br />
= a" = I; eller ^vtlfcnfomr^clfl ©tm'clfe op^ciet til $oi<br />
tcnfcn o er ligcftor meb i.<br />
§. 3, ©fnl en *Poteng otter op^eieg til en ^otenS,<br />
ba multiplicercg beng Srponent meb ben nt;e *petenfeg Srponent,<br />
f.(£r. 0'"")'^ = a'""; t^i (a'")" er a"" X a'" X a'".....a"",<br />
beftanenbe nf ngocto.-cr, olle ligcjtore meb a ellcr a'""<br />
S; i 11. I. ©fal ct 'Probitct nf v''otcng;©terrclfer o|)i<br />
^eicg til en ^otcng, bo ep^eieg ^ver gnctor for fig til "Po;<br />
tcnfei^.<br />
St If. 2. ©f'll cn Cvotient af 'Poteng;©t0rrclfet<br />
eller en SBr^f, ^vig ^ffller og 3iffvncr ere 'p>orcng;©t0rrelfe<br />
op^uieg t
93<br />
ben fnn ubbrngcg, og cn nnben, lyocvaf bet iffe fan fFcc, og<br />
ubbrngeg Jiiobcn af ben fuvftc; I;cvvcb ubtn;ffcfi S'lODftirvri-ifcn<br />
ftmpleve. g.ti.v. VTi = 7^9X2^= ^9X^2 = 3^2<br />
Sill- 2. 3lltfan Eu:;nc j^OLftarrdfcr of fammc 9?eb<br />
multiplicercg ellcr bivibereg meb f)inanben, naar ©tstrclfcrne<br />
unbcr Diobtcguet multiplicercg dice bivibereg og bevnfffc givcg<br />
bet ffftkbg 31ottojn.<br />
'Jilt. 3. ©fulle nltfan 9\obft0rrcll"er multiplicercg<br />
ellcr bivibereg meb ^innnben, fom iffe ere nf fnmme 9tob,<br />
fnn mane be bringeg bertil ellcr bringeg til eeng SScno'V;<br />
jiing. Scttc fTcer, nnnr for 9vob;(£-rponcntcrne fogco bet<br />
fffllcbg beldige "Snl, ^vcr cnfelt 9Iob;£rponent bivibereg l)eri,<br />
og meb bet fom ubfomuer, multiplicercg fnnvcl 9Iob;(£rpo;<br />
ncntcn, fom 'Potcng;Srponcnten nf pallet unbcr Slobtegnct.<br />
_ 3 _ 6 6 6 6<br />
g.£r. V^3 og Vs ere V3' og Y5- eller y27 og Y^25;<br />
felgdigcn multiplicercbe V^675, bivibercbe Y^l<br />
§. 6. ©fill en 9tob ubbrngeg af en 3iob;©t0rrclfc, ba<br />
multiplicercg 9Iob;(£rponentcn meb ben ni;e SHobg (Srponent.<br />
Slobfierrclfcn, fom l)crveb fremfommer, vilbe ncmlig, op;<br />
l)eict til fnmme
94<br />
§. 7. Ubbrngeg en lige 9Iob of en pofitiv ©terrclfe,<br />
bo fnn ben fnnvcl vffre pofitiv, fom negntiv; t^i fnnvcl cn<br />
pofitiv fom negntiv ©tKrclfe, epf)eict til cn lige 'potcng,<br />
frcmbringcr en pofitiv ©terrdj'e, fnnlebeg cr Y^i6 = +3<br />
Sn lige 3lob berimob of en negativ ©torrdfe cr ftebfe<br />
cn uinultg ©t,errelfc (I. §. 115), ^vig olmiubclige govra bW,<br />
2n<br />
ver Y— a. Sn foobon ©torrdfe lober fig ftebfe bringe til<br />
a n_ 211<br />
Ya X V^—1/ ^tjorvcb ben (TiL'cg t te gactorer, een mulij<br />
eg een umultg.<br />
S i t f. I. Y^ X Y^ = (^~iy: = -I,<br />
bet inbfecg nu, ot Y— a X Y— b = — VaL, bn Y—i<br />
=z: YaX V— I eg V— b A'^b X V— i.
2/5 —v^Ti<br />
95<br />
^ev cr nu ferft V'lS = V^9 X 2 = 3Y'2 (§. 5<br />
5ill. i). 5.ltultiplicereg i 'Sffllcr og 37ffvncr meb 2Y^5<br />
-f-3Y^2 o: meb 37ffvncren meb olle 'Jcgn, foranbrcbe, bet<br />
ferfte unbtogcn, fnn cr<br />
3Y'5-2\^2<br />
2>^5 + 3>^2<br />
30 —4^10<br />
4-97^10 — 12<br />
3o4-5V^io—12 = i8H-5V^io<br />
Sigclebeg Vffre given:<br />
2V^6 4-3-/T^<br />
2Y~2 -Yl-j-Ys<br />
53Jultipltccrcg i Sffllcr og 3?ffvncr meb 3V^2 -j- V3<br />
— Y5, bliver 5ffUcrcn 6V12 -j- 9Y^2D -j- 2V^78 4- 2,Y^<br />
— 2Y'^-^YTo z= i2Y^+i8Yl + 6Y2-\-Y^<br />
— 15Y2 = i2V^i4-i8V5 —9V"2 4-'f35<br />
S^ffvneren er<br />
(zY'2-Yl-\.Yl)i'iY2-^Yl-Yl,)z=:z 18-3<br />
4-2^^15 — 5 = io4-2Y^i5<br />
3tltfnn 95refen ligcftor meb<br />
12 V^3 -j- 18 V^5 — 9 V2 4- V30<br />
I0-f-2V^l5
96<br />
9]tUltip!tccreg nu ntter i ^fftler 05 37ffvner meb 10<br />
— 2V^i5, fnn er 'JffUcrcn:<br />
120V3-j-1 SoV 5 — 9oV^2 4-loV 30 — 24V^45 — S6V75<br />
-j-18V^30 —27^450 z= i2oV^3 4-180V5 —9oV^2<br />
4-ioV^30 — 72Y5 — iSoV^S 4" 18^30 — 3oV^2 =<br />
— 6oV^3 4-28 V30 — 120^^24- 108 V^S-<br />
3flffvnerctt (10-j-21/^15) (10 — 2V^i5) = 100—60<br />
= 40. 3(ltfofl cr f)cle S5r,pfcn rcbuceret.<br />
•ruY^ — TY'i — 3YZ+UY5<br />
'Pnn fnmme 93innbe forctngeo Sicbuciioiien nicb imngi;<br />
nnire ©teirrelfer, fom ere bivibercbe meb ^innnbcn.<br />
g.Sr.<br />
5 Zl^GzZ - (5 - '^^^) (I — '^^^) ^ 3-6V^^<br />
i4-^^^ (i4-'V^^)(i —V^) 3<br />
= I —2Y'^<br />
jjervcb erinbreg, ot V'— i X Y— i = — i, nit*<br />
fan f Sr. t SHffvnercn Y— 2 X — V^— 2 = — (/—2<br />
xY^^2) = -(-2) = 4-2<br />
S?nr 3?ffvncren cn trelebbct ©torrdfe, ba i)avbe in<br />
Vffret nebvenbigt, enb eetignng ot forctogc O^iultiplication i<br />
Iffller og 97ffvner, ^vorvcb bet ^moginoire olbdcg var fov;<br />
fvunben of ben (ibfte.<br />
§. 9. ^nve vi cn tolcbbet ©tar.clfe, bcftnaenbe nf cn<br />
rntionnl og cn gvnbrntifT trrntionnl ©tin-rclfe, eg nf benne<br />
a.vnbrntrobcn fTulbc iitb-u.-icS, ba vnr bet ftunbom muligt
97<br />
bcrveb nt forctnge cn StebHctien, fom (ctrbtliycii Ictu-ie ^U'v)-<br />
uingcn.<br />
Sen olmiubclige gorm for et faabant r.btn;f var<br />
•f (A + Yh)<br />
Seclte vt ClvabratjCEttvactioucn i to Sele, og fattc nit;<br />
fnn ltbtri;ffct<br />
= Yx + Yj<br />
fnn, ^vig ter gvnbrevebcg paa he^?,e ©i^cr, cv[;cIi.tco<br />
A±"V^B = x + ^y^-l-y<br />
Sa nu pan beggc ©iter en rntionnl og cn itfnttonnl<br />
Seel finbeg, fnn ^nve vi<br />
A =1= x-l-y YB = 2Y^<br />
nf ^vilfe 2(S(|vntioncr >i og y bcftcmiueg.<br />
Sen fibfle giver<br />
B =<br />
Sinbfffttcg ^ert<br />
4xy<br />
y =<br />
fnn er:<br />
A —X<br />
4Ax —4x= = B<br />
Qlltfnn<br />
x= — Ax = — iB<br />
gor at gjere benne qvabrntifTe ?(Sqvntion fulbftffnbin,<br />
obbereg pnn beggc ©iber 4A-, nltf'ao<br />
x'—Ax-j-iA= = i(A^--B)<br />
ipvoraf<br />
X —^A = +IYA^—B<br />
X = KA + VA'^ — B)<br />
ijeraf ubicbcg<br />
y = 4 (A + y AJ^^O<br />
II.
98<br />
Smiblcrtib, bo bet er vilfnorllgt, ^vab vi falbe x og ^vob y,<br />
ville vi ftebfe bc^olbe be fl^verfte 'Segn. Jlltfnn cr:<br />
y(A + yB) = VKA4-VA^-B) + Y'4(A-yA^-B)<br />
Senne gormel giver ftebfe 3lffortncng, noor V^A-—B<br />
er rntionnl.<br />
%nm. ©oiu €remplcr vtsre gione:<br />
I) v"a4-'v^2)<br />
.^cr er VAT^^ = Yi — 2 = Yi = h<br />
ailtfao<br />
^(44-^2) = ^i(^4-i) + v^a-^)<br />
= i4-"V4<br />
II) V(28 4-5V^) _<br />
j^er cr A = 28, B = (5^12)' = 300,<br />
altfaa A=—B = 484, bvoraf aoflbratroben cr 22,<br />
altfaa Ubtri)lfet ligcitort meb<br />
^^4-^3 = 54-Vi<br />
III) 7^(87 — 12-^42)<br />
^cr cr YA"" — B = 39<br />
SMltfaa bliver Ubtrpffet<br />
^63 — ^^ = 3^7 — 2^6<br />
IV) y(VT8-4) _ _<br />
X?cr maae vi f«tte VB = 4; A = V^iS, bi<br />
ctferg yA- — B btco iinaginair; r.u cr ben ligeitor ntei)<br />
Y2. gelgcligcn bliocc Ubtrpflet<br />
V(!.- iYTs 4- V2)) — ^(4 (YTs — Y2))<br />
SKcn, ia Yl^ = 3^2, erl)olbcg<br />
Y2Y2 — YY2 =:Y8 — YZ
99<br />
§. 10. (Sn li;3nenbe ,^oi;r.l (•^er fig ubvifle, l)via<br />
0.vatvaticB;Srtractioncn ffulbe forctagcg of et 9?inomium,<br />
fivig ene Scd var i m fl g i n n i r, lunfor blcv ben niminbc;<br />
lige gorm<br />
Y(\ ± y^B)<br />
©ffttcg bette Ubtrijf ligeftort meb Ys. ± V—y, fna var<br />
X —y = A<br />
2Y—XY = Y^^^<br />
ellcr<br />
4 xy = B.<br />
Snbfffttcg l;cii x = A -j- y, fnn er<br />
B = 4Ay4-4y^<br />
^votaf<br />
- y^-j-Ay = iJ^<br />
oplefcg benne qvnbvntift'e vcqvattou, fnn cr<br />
y = — 4 A + Y'A=4-B<br />
X = 4A+ yAr="4^<br />
jpcr funne vi ntter tnge bet evcrfle Scgn, ba cv:<br />
Y(A+Y^) = Y -\(_A+YAX^) + YliA~YA}'^)<br />
51 nm. ©om Crcmplcr v«vc girnc:<br />
I) ^(7 + 6^-"^)<br />
jjier cr A^-j-B = 494-72 = 121, I)rovaf Gva-bratroben<br />
er n; altfaa Ubtvi)ffet cr 34-V—2<br />
©aalebeg er<br />
II) Y(-2-2Y^T5) = Yz-Y^<br />
III) Y"—"64 = ^(0 4-^—64) = 24-2"/"^<br />
IV) Y(- y —7) =1 Y(p—"f-7) = Yi -\- Y^s<br />
§. II. goruben be (I. §, 102-121) opleftc S^qvatio;<br />
ncr, Inbe cnbnu olle ^eicre rcne Q^qvntioncr fig opl^fe. i^mvcg
fno cr<br />
oltfno<br />
100<br />
ax .n-j-l"^" = c-j-dx"<br />
(a-j-b — d) x-i = c<br />
a -j- b — d<br />
n<br />
a-f-b —d<br />
§. 12. OPS. >f?wlfct 5nl cr bet, ^vig i?olvpait,<br />
^rebicpnrt, gjerbepnrt multiplicercbe meb l)vcranbre og 'Pwi<br />
buctet foreget meb 32 giver 4640.<br />
•Snllet Vffre x, fna cr<br />
4xXixX^x4-32 = 4640<br />
^x^4-32 =: 4640<br />
z:Vx' = 460s<br />
x^ = 110592<br />
3<br />
X ^= Yii05
lOI<br />
§. 14. Op3. ffliflii fsgcr to Zal, ^vig 'Probuct er<br />
3(;o, bereg (£ubcrg ©um cv 17199, ^vilfe ere 5;nllenc?<br />
xy = 360 x' -f-y' := 17199<br />
360 , , /'36o^^'<br />
y = —• X' 4- ( — J = 17199<br />
Jlitfnn<br />
x^ 4-46656000<br />
-1 = 17199<br />
ft<br />
..•Her<br />
93Jultipliccrcg meb x% fnn ^nvcg<br />
x'^ 4-46656000 = 17199X*<br />
x'^ — 17199X' =:= —46656000<br />
©ffttcg nu x^ = z, fno ^nveg ben urene qvnbvntijTe<br />
J@qvntion<br />
z^ — 17199Z =^ —46656000<br />
)enne gjercg fulbftffnbig veb bertil nt feie<br />
'jvornf<br />
(<br />
3?u er otter<br />
^erf it fvorer omvenbt<br />
( 17199^' 295805601<br />
2 J ^<br />
^_I7I99'\^ ^ 09181601<br />
4<br />
17199 + V109181601<br />
3<br />
X = Y'z<br />
(13824<br />
( 3375<br />
(24<br />
{15<br />
(24<br />
2
102<br />
§• 15' Opg. S>er er gtvct ct retvinflet '5:riongcl,<br />
betg glnbe;3inb^olb cr 30 Clvnbrntfob og Jpi;potenufen er 13<br />
gob Inng, f)Vor ftore cre Sot^ctevne.<br />
€nt^ctcrue Vffre x og y, fnn er glnbc;3inb^olbct ligc;<br />
flor meb 4 xy (I. ©com. §. 144 5tll.), Jjt;potenufen =<br />
Vx^-j-y-, oltfnn:<br />
^^ i^y =^ 30 H) x^4-y^ z= 13^<br />
xy = 60 = 169<br />
60<br />
y<br />
5inbfffttcg benne SSffrbie t H), fnn er:<br />
GUcr<br />
J^ernf<br />
2fltfao er<br />
y^<br />
(l°)*+y' = .6,<br />
3600-j-y = 169 y'<br />
y^-i69y^ := • — 3600<br />
169 _j_ V1416<br />
2 3<br />
(M4<br />
^' == 25<br />
2856X<br />
4<br />
i= + 119<br />
2<br />
Set cr: for y finbeg felgenbe fire SJffrbier: 4-12, —12,<br />
4-5^ — 5-<br />
Sinbfffttcg biffe i Ubtri;ffet for x, ubiebet of I), faa<br />
er x lilfvorcnbe bertil: 4-5, —5, -j-12, —12.
103<br />
Sn bet fommer an pnn cn gcomctviff ©terrclfe, vil<br />
^cr orbentltgviig iffuu tngcg be pofitive Dpiegniuger, ellcr<br />
©vnrct bliver: ben cue Cnt^ctc cr 12 gob, ben onben 5 gob.<br />
§. 16. .Jjnvcg (Srponentinl;2eqvottoner, bet<br />
er fonbnnnc, l)voci ben ubcfjenbte ©terrclfe forefommer fom<br />
^rponent; bn Inbe biffe fig oplefc vcb Sognvit^iucr. Sen<br />
nlminbdige gorm, ^vortil be Inbe fig bringe, cr:<br />
Stltfno<br />
^vorof<br />
a^ = b<br />
X log a = log b (I. §. 126)<br />
. log a<br />
logb<br />
€rempel ^crpoo er Oplegningen of n (I. §. 129).<br />
§. 17. OPQ- 3 cn Solonie formercr golfetotlct (Ig<br />
onrligt -^, ^vorlffngc vnrcr bet, inben Snbb^ggcrneg 5lntfll<br />
er forbobblet.<br />
/jer cr S^qvntioncn<br />
©" =<br />
x log — == log 2<br />
^10 =•<br />
x.0,04139 = 0,30103<br />
ijcrnf<br />
0,30103<br />
X = = 7,273<br />
0,04139<br />
eacr 2l'utallet vil vffre forbobblet omtrent c 7 2(ar 14 Uger.<br />
§. 18. Set er oUcrebe for^en bemffrfet (I. §. 114),<br />
ot, nanr en Opgnve afgiver et minbre 3tntnl Signingcr, enb<br />
ber finbeg Ubcfjenbte, benne er bn ubeflcmt (indetcrmi-<br />
natum). ^miblcrtib funne ^nbffrffnfningcr vcb Opgnven
104<br />
finbe ©teb, fom gj^re, ot nf be mnnge Oplagning^r, fom<br />
egentligen givcg, fung fnne, eller en enefle, eller vel cnbog<br />
albcleg ingcn tilfccbgfliller Opgnven. Sremplcr ^crpnn, font<br />
og "K'anbcn nt oplefc faobnnnc Opgnver og nnvenbe be til<br />
benne Siegning pnffcubc ^unftgreb, ville felgenbe Opgnvct<br />
nfgive.<br />
§. 19. (in 5Sonbcfone ^nr ^jemmefro mebbrngt 200<br />
SSblcr, unbervcig ffflger ^un nogle, inen bog iffe Jpnlvpav;<br />
ten; bo ^un fommer til 5Si;en, veeb ^un iffe, em ^un f!al<br />
fixlge bcm i ©nefe; eller i Seufinviig; t^i t ferfte 'Jilffflbe<br />
bef)olber t)Urt 14, t onbet 10 ©tfr. til Sveft; ^vormnnge<br />
^nvbe f;un ?<br />
Sjibftc vt enten, ^vormonge ©nefc eller ^vormnnge<br />
Soufin ^un ^nvbe, bn var 'iintnllet let ot beregne; vi falbe<br />
oltfna ©nefeneg "Untal x, Soufincneg y, fno ec Sublet;<br />
neg lal<br />
20X-J- 14<br />
ellcr<br />
i2y4-io<br />
nitfno<br />
20 x-j- 14 12 y 4- 10<br />
Jpcrnf<br />
5x —3y = —I<br />
Sn X og y nu tfi'lge fin S'lntur ere ^cle og pofitive 'Sal,<br />
fnn, ^vig vi oplofe 3(*qvntioncn, fom om beri y vnr ben<br />
enefle Ubcfjenbte, fnnbteg<br />
5^-t-i .2 x-j- I<br />
i o<br />
2x4-1<br />
jjvor bo ntter -— er et ^oelt Hal, fom vi viHe betegne<br />
meb z, oltfao
dice<br />
X<br />
2x4-1 = 3^<br />
3z—I z—I<br />
J " ^ I ;<br />
105<br />
2 T<br />
nu cr igjcn ct t)cclt Sal, fom vi ville betegne meb -a,<br />
2<br />
l)vovnf<br />
Z Z= 2 U 4" I<br />
X = 3 ll -+- I<br />
y = 5 » -1- 2<br />
a^ilbc vi alifaa bcftcmme SSblcrneg 3lntn!, blcv bette i<br />
Sonfinviiu<br />
Sigclebeg eftcv ©ncfe<br />
©ffttcg nu<br />
evt)olbcg ^Intnttct<br />
12 y 4" 10 = 6o u 4- 34<br />
20 X -j- 14 == 60 U -j- 34<br />
= 34' = 94' = 154/ = 214<br />
Sc to ferfte 5Scittcv ere for fmnne, bn ^un ^nr mccr enb<br />
jjnlvpnrten tilbngc o: 100, ben fjcrbe og be felgenbe for<br />
flove, ba ^un ^nr unber 200; vi funne oltfao ene outage<br />
fom Oplegning 154.<br />
§. 20. Opg. 30 'Perfoncr, tOiffnb, .Soner og<br />
S&ern, fortffvc tilfninmcn 50 Stbblr., en 3)tnnb betnler 3<br />
9?bblr., cn ^one 2 9Ibblv., et SSncn i 3vbblr.; ^vormnnge<br />
^cvfoner vnre nf ^vcrt ©lagg?<br />
Jper cr, nnnr SlJffnbcneg 3fntnl er x, ,^oncrncg y,<br />
Serncneg z:<br />
x4-y-fz = 30 3x4-2y-fz = 50
io6<br />
veb nt fubtrn^ere ?@qvotionertte frn ^innnben, cr^olbcg<br />
2 x-j-y = 20<br />
oltfnn<br />
20 — y<br />
Sn y iffe fnn vffre negntiv, fnn fnn x iffe Vffte ft^tte<br />
enb 10, og y ligelebeg iffe fterre enb 20, nnor x ffnl VOTC<br />
pofitiv; men man forreften vffre et ligc ^nl, for at x iffe<br />
(To! blive SBref; nnor oltfao y cr valgt, er .?5ernencg 3tntal<br />
be|temt; eller vi fane<br />
tOiffub: 10, 9, 8, 7r 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, I, 0<br />
^oncr: o, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20<br />
aSern: 20, 19, 18, 17/ 16, 15/ i4/ i3/ 12, 11, 10<br />
Sen ferfte og ben (ibfte Oplegning funne egentligen<br />
itfc brugcg; men be evrtgc cre olle lige ontogclige.<br />
§.21. Op9. ^'^ tiebex 100 ©tfr. Clvffg for 400<br />
9?bblr.; for en 0;:e betoler ^on 40 3ibblr., for en ^ee 20<br />
Svbblr., for cn ^alv 8 Sibblr., for ct Som 2 SKbblr. jjvov;<br />
monge of ^vert ©logg?<br />
Jjcr ere S^qvattonerne<br />
I) x-j-y-j-z-j-u = 100<br />
II) 40 X -j- 20 y 4- 8 z 4- 2 u ::= 400<br />
eller<br />
20x4-ioy4-4z4"ii =^= 200<br />
nitfnn<br />
i9^x 4-9 y 4-3 z = 100<br />
X I<br />
z=33 — 6x—3y -^—<br />
5DJen, bo z er et ^eelt "Zal, mnne vt funne ffftte<br />
X — I<br />
• = V, fom otter er ct onbet hecit ^nl.<br />
3<br />
2
3iltfnn<br />
X = 3 V 4-1<br />
^nbffftteg benne 23ffrbie, faa er<br />
z = 33— i8v — 6 — 3y — V<br />
= 27 — 19 V — 3 y<br />
107<br />
V og y funne togeg vtlfnnvligt, bog fnnlebeg, nt z bliver<br />
pofitiv, nitfnn I9v4-3y iffe flerve enb 27; ci fjcllcr mnn<br />
V vffve negntiv, ba ellcvg x ogfaa blcv negativ. ©nalcbcg<br />
fnn fun v vffvc o ellcr i. dlu or:<br />
V O V = I<br />
z = 27 —3y z = 8 —sy<br />
u = 72 -j- 2 y u =z: 88 -j- 2 y<br />
SSffvbicn for u er ubiebet nf 2@qvntioncn I).<br />
X<br />
y<br />
z<br />
u<br />
X<br />
y<br />
z<br />
3(ltfan ere fun felgenbe Oplegningcr mulige;<br />
gor V = 0<br />
I, I, I, I, I, I, I,<br />
0, I, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,<br />
07, 24, 21, 18, 15/ 12, 9,<br />
72, 74/ 76/ 78/ 80, 82, 84/<br />
4/ 4/ 4<br />
0, 1, 2<br />
8, 5/ 3<br />
u I 88/ 90/ 92<br />
gor V =; I<br />
1/ I, I<br />
7/ 8, 9<br />
6, 3/ 0<br />
86, 88, 90<br />
55ortfnfle vi be Oplegninger, ^vori forefommer o, blive fnn<br />
lebeg i 3llt 10, fom tilfvebgftille Opgnven.<br />
§. 21. 3ff ct €ompngnie, fom er onfnt til 200 93innb,<br />
fnvneg cn Sec! efter en SJatoiHc; Sompngnte;£f)efcn bliver
108<br />
nbfpurgt, eftcrnt Sompnguict ftben vnr Mcven opleft, f)vot;<br />
mnnge 93Jnnb, ber vnre blcvne tilbngc, men fnn iffe erinbre<br />
fig bet; Ijan f)ufTer berimob, ot, ftror cfter SBotoillcn, gjotbe<br />
f)nn et gorfeg ot Inbe bcm ftille ftg i ©elebber, men ftebfe<br />
forgjffvcg; t^t ftillebe ^nn 2, 4, 8, 10 'iStnnb i ©debbct,<br />
^nvbe ^an ftebfe i 5[)fnnb tiloverg, ftillebe ^nn berimob 6<br />
cller 12 5]Ionb, ^ovbe ^an ftebfe 5 SJonb tiloverg; ^vot<br />
(tort vnr Eompngnict?<br />
Opf. Snb ©ciebberneg 3(ntal vffre p, (j, r, s, t,<br />
u, Sompagntctg x, fao ^nveg:<br />
I) 2 p 4- I = X<br />
II) 4 q 4- I = X<br />
III) 8 r -j- I = X<br />
IV) 10 s 4- I = X<br />
V) 6 t 4- I = X<br />
VI) i2u4-5 = X<br />
gorcneg IV) eg VI), f)nvcg<br />
12114-5 — 10 s-j-1<br />
12 u-j- 4 ZZZZ 10 s<br />
6 u4-2 = 5 s<br />
U-^-l<br />
u4-2<br />
^er mon vffre et ^eelt lal, fom vt viKe betegne meb<br />
5<br />
A, bernf felgcr<br />
u = 5 A —2<br />
Sinbfffttcg benne SSffrbie i \I), fnn cr<br />
Jjvornf otter<br />
X =: 60 A — 19
p == 30 A — 10<br />
]iOU ba r cr ct l;celt "Sal, inan ogfan vffre<br />
ct ^edt 5al, fom vi ville betegne meb B, nltf'no<br />
A = 2B4-1<br />
X := i2oB-j-4r<br />
3nbfctic5 nu for B cfter 0^::nin aSffvbierne o og i,<br />
fan cr x enten 41 eller 161, fom eve be enefle mulige 2Sffr;<br />
bier, ba X cv unbcr 200.<br />
§. 22. Op9. So ^elc og pofitive 'Snlg ©um og<br />
'Pvobuct er tilf'nmmcn 79; ^vilfe cie 5;nHcne?<br />
Opt. 'Snllcne vffre x og y, fnn cr<br />
xy-fx4-y = 79<br />
:jfltfnn<br />
^ 79 —y _ . 80<br />
"" y-H-i ^ y-fi<br />
Scr frffveg altfnn, nt y -j- i ffnl riffre ct 5]innl for 80.<br />
Sn, nanr vi oplefe 80 i fine eufclte gnctorer, vi ^nve<br />
2X2X2X2X5, fnn cre nlle iOinnlene for 80:<br />
jjvortil bn fvnve<br />
y<br />
X<br />
i|2J4|5|8|io|i6|2o|4o|8o<br />
0 1 I<br />
79139<br />
3<br />
19<br />
4<br />
15<br />
7<br />
9<br />
???cn bn be fibfle Oplegninger blive overeengftenimenbc meb<br />
be fi.uf:c, givcg egentligen fun felgenbe 5 Oplegninger<br />
o I<br />
791S^)<br />
9<br />
7<br />
15<br />
4<br />
19<br />
3<br />
39<br />
I<br />
79<br />
o
no<br />
Sill, ©fjenbt 5
Ill<br />
gor nt gjere benne rational, ville vi ffftte ben<br />
= x4-p<br />
Sn cr<br />
I-j-X" =^ X- 4" 2 Xp-j-p'^<br />
/;vornf<br />
X = ^ ~ r'<br />
2p<br />
©fal X Vffre pofitiv, bn man for p tagco en egentlig<br />
5:n-ef, vi ville altfaa ffftte<br />
m<br />
fan er<br />
n- n-—m^<br />
2 m 2 mn<br />
11<br />
= J I 4- (<br />
^ V 2 mn<br />
)<br />
y<br />
= n^ 4- m^<br />
^vor nu ^vilfefoni^dft 'Snl funne fffttcg for m og n.<br />
Sill. 2}i funne til benne Opgnve ^cnferc felgenbe:<br />
nt fege to Ovabrntcr, ^vig Sifferentg ntter cr et Ovnbrat;<br />
eller<br />
x=—y^ = z-<br />
^voraf<br />
— CO"--CD' I<br />
vi ville for .^ort^cbg ©fi;lb ffftte<br />
ba er<br />
X<br />
z<br />
n- -<br />
z<br />
"— I •—'— I<br />
u = "V^i 4-1<br />
t, fan er
112<br />
5tltfao ffftte vl<br />
foo er<br />
bo ec<br />
So nu t<br />
u<br />
n^<br />
n'^-j-m'<br />
2mn<br />
y X<br />
: -, u = -, foo funne vt ffftte<br />
z z<br />
X := n= -j-m^<br />
2 mu<br />
x^ — y^ = z^<br />
SSi funbe egfoo poo fomme 9)Zaobe ^nve fegt<br />
x = y^-l-z^<br />
Set cr to Q,vnbrntcr, ^vtg ©ummer vnr nner et O.vobr«t.<br />
Snbfffttcg for m eg u forfTjcllige SSffrbier, fao fan<br />
berof X, y, z beftemmcg. g. Sy.<br />
m<br />
n<br />
X<br />
y<br />
z<br />
I<br />
2<br />
5<br />
3<br />
4<br />
I<br />
3<br />
10<br />
8<br />
6<br />
2<br />
3<br />
13<br />
5<br />
12<br />
I<br />
4<br />
17<br />
15<br />
8<br />
3<br />
4<br />
I<br />
5<br />
25 26<br />
7 1,24<br />
24 10<br />
2<br />
5<br />
29<br />
21<br />
20<br />
3<br />
5<br />
34<br />
16<br />
30<br />
4<br />
5<br />
41<br />
9<br />
2(nm. I. 5i5«tbicrne x, j, z afgirc ifelge ben p^tljtfgC;<br />
rifle ©cetning ©iberne i ct rctoinflet Sriangel.<br />
21 nm. 2. Set Dvenanferte (§. 18-23) maa tjcne fom<br />
spreoc paa be gjfetbobcr, man anuenber i ben ubeilcmte<br />
SInalDtif cller biopbantiffe 9lnal«fig. SJibtleftigere Unbet:<br />
vetning l)ercm baoeg if«v i Sulerg algebra, l)ril><br />
fet cIcinentCBve Ssoerf, i govbinbclfe meb Sag range's<br />
Silfffitninger, tjener fom cn Ovcrgang til be vanflclijiere<br />
asoirf i benne ffltatevie.<br />
goruben ben franfle Ubgave tjaveg cnbnu of SiilcrJ<br />
saigebra et Ubtog, fom bog egentligen cr en 0»erf«ttelfe<br />
paa arbfl, Ijuovtil ftben cr feict Sagrange'g lillisg. Zitelen<br />
l;erpatt cr:<br />
40
«., e;jit8 a«g Snlcrg Sllaetfa ton 3. 3. Sbcrt. 2 ai)cile,<br />
Gulcfg ocllflanbige 9lnldtnng jut Sllgcbra, 3ter Xlicil,<br />
»on Acnplcr.<br />
$. 24. 9Si ^nvc feet ovenfor (I. §. 116 og 118), at<br />
«n qvnbrntifT SCqvntion ^nr flebfe to Oplegninger; ligelebeg<br />
f ac vi (§. 15), ot SSqvntionen for y, ber vnr nf 4be ©rnb,<br />
i)avbe 4 Oplegninger. 3llminbcligvitg vil en^ver ?(5qvntion<br />
^nve fnnmnngc Oplegninger, ^vilfe falbcg Svebbcr, fom<br />
Crabcn ben cr af.<br />
^albe vi Opiegningernc p eg q, og fatte SGqvationcr.<br />
(I. §. 118) unber ben gorm<br />
x' -j- Ax — B = o,<br />
fan, ^vtg vi bcrmeb fammenltgne<br />
(x — p) (x — q) = x^ — (p 4- q) x 4-pq<br />
(,ibi'ccg, Ot bn<br />
p =: —iA-^YB^T^<br />
q=zz-iA-YB^iA^<br />
er<br />
p 4- q =1= — A<br />
pq = -B<br />
gelgcligcn, nnnr enten x == p cller x = q, cr<br />
(x — p) (x — q) = x' -j- Ax — B = o.<br />
SSi funne nitfno fremftillc be qvnbrntifFc ?(SqvntiDnct5<br />
Oplegning fom cn !9Jct^obe, f)vorveb vi oplefte et ^robuct<br />
of ben gorm x^-j-Ax — B i to gnctorer.<br />
Sigclebeg betrngte vt ferft ben rene cubifTc 3@qvntion:<br />
x' = a<br />
eller<br />
x' — a = o<br />
^vor vi ville ffftte a = p', fnn cr een Oplegning<br />
X = p.<br />
II. 8
114<br />
SBctrngte vt benne Opl0§ning, fom een, ber voc gonen<br />
Mb poo, ot finbe en goctor of bet cubiffe 'Probuct x» —p%<br />
bo vor benne x —p, og bivibereg x'—p^ meb x —p,<br />
Hev Clvoticnten x^-j-p^^ + P^^/'
115<br />
Jjovbeg cn Sffiqvntion nf 4be, stc ®rab JC, bo lob<br />
ben fig ligelebeg fammenligne meb et ^robuct of 4, 5 !C. goc;<br />
torer; og pao fomme 'DDJoobe vilbe fibfle Secb vffre ^robuc;<br />
tct of olle Slebbcrne, anbct Secbg €ocfficient ©ummen of<br />
olle Slebbcrnc tagne negative.<br />
§. 25. Sn^vcr fulbftffnbig 5@qvatton o: ^vori olle "Po;<br />
tcnfer of x, fro ben ^eiefte til ben lovefte, bcfinbcg, lober<br />
(tg omforme til en onben, i ^vilfen ben nffft.yiefle QJotcng<br />
fottcg.<br />
Ser Vffre og given f.^r- ben cubiffe 3@qvation<br />
X' +Ax=4-Bx-j-C = o<br />
foo, ^vig vi ffftte x 4- i A = y, cller x = y — | A,<br />
bo cr 2@qvationen<br />
y._Ay'-|-^A=y —^A''<br />
4-Ay^-iA'y -j-^ A^<br />
4-By-iAB(<br />
4-c)<br />
©ffttcg ^er nu<br />
B —iA^ = D, ^VA^—iAB4-C = E,<br />
fao cr ben ombonnebe 3@qvotion<br />
y3 4-Dy4-E = o<br />
Om 3©qvfltioncn ^ovbe Vffret of ^vilfenfom^dfl ®rob,<br />
^avbe vt Vffret iftonb til ot bc^onble ben poo fomme 5)Joobe,<br />
veb, noor ©roben vor m, ot ffftte<br />
X = y —^A<br />
SBi be^evebc blot ot gobtgjere, ot<br />
(x —isA)'" = X'" —Ax"-' .^<br />
nogct, fom fibcn ftrffngt bcvifeg; men for bet gerflc fan inb;<br />
fccg veb virfdigen nt op^eie (x ^ s A) til ben mte >Potfn«.
1x6<br />
§. 26. SJefinbcr pg i cn orbnct 3
117<br />
oltfao cr -j- 3 en 9Iob for SSqvotionen; ligelebeg ere 4-1<br />
og 4-2 Siebbcrne. ©oalebcg cre be olle funbne.<br />
jjavbe vi fom onbet Srempel ^avt<br />
X' —i3X"4-49x —45 = o<br />
foo ere for bet fibftc Secb, 45, SDJonlene i, 3, 5, 9, 15/ 4;;<br />
of biffe er iffun 5 en Slob. Se to nnbre Stebber ftnbe«<br />
«eb ot bivibcre meb x — 5<br />
x^ — 8 X -j- 9<br />
5 — 5) ^' ' — 13 X-<br />
_x' 5x^<br />
' +<br />
—<br />
+<br />
25i jTuflc oltfao oplefe ben ubfomne 2@q vntion:<br />
x=--8x<br />
:-^9 0<br />
X- — •8x<br />
8x'-<br />
8x=<br />
: z=<br />
4"<br />
4-49X. — 45<br />
+ 40X<br />
9x<br />
— 9x + 45<br />
— 9<br />
16<br />
(x-4)^ = 7<br />
X —4 = ±Y7<br />
X = 4 + ^7<br />
SSqvotioneng tre fUebbet ere oltfao<br />
5/ 44-^7/ 4 —V7<br />
©om trebie Srcmpel v«re given SSqvationen<br />
x'4" 2x^4-3 x-j-44 = o.<br />
?ageg 'DSaolene of 44, ncmlig i, 2, 4, 11, 22, 44,<br />
eg meb biffe gjercg gorfeg, fon vii ?
118<br />
•gotiv 3lob —4, Se to onbre finbeg of ben qvobratijTe<br />
3@qvntion, fottt opftnoer veb ot bivibcre meb x-j-4:<br />
X^ — 2X-|- II = O<br />
Serof ere 9l0bberne i -j- Y— 10, i — V—10<br />
§. 28. goc ot beftemme, ^vorvibt Subifroben lober<br />
fig ubbroge of et Ubtryf of ben germ A +V'B, lige meb<br />
bet, ^vorof ovenfor (§. 9) O.vabrotrobcn cr ubbrogen, ville<br />
vi bc^onble bet poo en lignenbe 9)toobe, fom bee er viifl.<br />
©fftte vi:<br />
V^A + v^B = X + Vy<br />
So er omvenbt<br />
A +VB = X'±3x^V^y4-3xy+ y/'y<br />
©ommcnltgneg ^ct be rotionole og irrnttonote Sele,<br />
foo cr:<br />
I) A = x'4-3xy II) V^B = (3x^4-y)V"y<br />
Cvobrercg begge 3®qvntioner, bo ct<br />
A* = x^-J-dx-y-j-gx'^y^<br />
B = 9x^y4-6x^y-4-y^<br />
A' —B = x« —3x^y 4-3x2 y^-y*<br />
= (x" —y)'<br />
Saber €ubtfroben (ig nu nete ubbroge of A^ — B, og<br />
bliver f. Sr. c, foo er<br />
x' —y = c<br />
3nbffftteg SCffrbien of y = x'^ — c^ ubbrogen of<br />
beitne 5(2qvotion i I), foo cr<br />
A = 4x^ — 3XC, cller ogfoo<br />
4x' — 3 ex — A = o,<br />
^vorof nu x lober (ig beftemme, ibet ben ncmlig bliver ratio;<br />
nnl, foofrcmt bet givne Ubtrpf vtrfelig fon mobtoge gormctt<br />
x± Vy") cr X funben, bo finbeg let y = x^ —c.
119<br />
g.Sr. -5^(7 4-5^2) = V"(7 4-V'5^)<br />
.^cr cr A= — B = — I, ^vorof (Subifrobcn er — i = e;<br />
nltfoo<br />
4x'4-3x —7 = o<br />
X^ 4"TX T = o<br />
©ffttcg z = 2x, foo er^olbeg<br />
iz' + iz —i = o<br />
z^-j- 3z — 14 = o<br />
^erof er ccn 9iob 2, oltfoo z = 2, x = i, y = x*<br />
— c = 2. gelgcligcn er Ubtn;ffet i-j-Va.<br />
Sill. 2}« ber (tebfe forfege om Subifroben lober ftg<br />
ubbroge of A^ —B. (Sr bette iffe 2ilffflbet, vil bet ofte<br />
Vffre muligt ot bringe benne ©terrdfe til et fulbfomment<br />
€ubiftal vcb ot multiplicere meb en vilfoorlig gnctor, f; ba<br />
cr, ^vig vi ffftte<br />
•Itfoo<br />
^vorof<br />
V(A^ —B)f = fm<br />
A' —B = f^m' ^ (x2_y)»<br />
x' — y = mf ^ z^ c<br />
4x' — 3mPx — A = o<br />
1<br />
ellcr, fffttcg X = uf^, foo er SSqvotioncii<br />
4fu' — 3mfx — A = o<br />
^vorof u fan finbeg, og bernf ntter x = f^u,<br />
fSin cr y = x^ — c = x' — mf ^ = u» f ^<br />
— mf^ = f* (u^ — m), oltfno<br />
Yj z= f T Yn'^ — m
120<br />
g.Sj;. f(8 4-4V^5)<br />
^er er A" —B = —16; for of gjarc benne ©terrdfe til<br />
et fulbfomment dubiftol, lober og multiplicere meb f = 4,<br />
fao cr fm = — 4, m = — I, og Seqvottoncn for u<br />
i6u3-j-i2u — 8 = o<br />
u-'4-TU—i<br />
= 0<br />
©ffttcg u = ^z, bo er<br />
J-z ^4-iz-i- = 0<br />
z '-|-3z —4 = 0<br />
.rjvorof z = I, u<br />
Vy<br />
3(ltfao ^ele Ubtri;ffct<br />
= ^v X = 1- V^4<br />
= V4Vi+T<br />
..^.-^ + V5<br />
Y2<br />
§. 29. Sigdcbeg, ^vtg vt ^ovbe ^ovt Y(,A±Y—B)<br />
= X + V— y, vnr<br />
A ± Y^—B = x' + 3x' V—7 — 3xy + y V ^<br />
Jjvornf<br />
I)A=x'-3xy II) V-Brr sx'V'-y-yV-y<br />
m\a«<br />
A^ = x« —6x*y4-9x'y2<br />
03<br />
+ B = T9^*y±6x-y'HFy^<br />
A^4-B == x« + 3x^y4-3x'y^4-y-<br />
= (x' + y)'<br />
95etegneg nu otter Cubifroben of A^ -j-^ "i«^ c, eller ffft;<br />
teg x' -|-y = c, f.^ a-<br />
y = c —X'<br />
i'-i ex 4-3:
i\l :'.'.n<br />
121<br />
-. ^-' — 3 f X — A —: o<br />
3lf benne X^v'ation labcr x fig l.jLuime, og fr.'nf<br />
«u>'r y = c — x-<br />
3ntfan<br />
g.Sr. ^"(9 4-25^^<br />
jjcr er A = 9<br />
B = 2 X 25- = 1250<br />
A^-J-B = 1331<br />
c = II<br />
4x3 —33X —9 = o.<br />
©attcg X = l-z, fnn cr<br />
•^ z' — V z — 9 — o<br />
z' — 33Z —18 = o<br />
Jjvorof cn 9vob er z =: 6, nitfnn x = 3, y = 2, og<br />
f;ele Ubtn;ffet bliver<br />
Z + Y~2<br />
Sill, ©civ om A^-J-B intet £u6tftal fidvh- vip;;.<br />
^ovbc vi bog funnel bringe bet bertil, veb ligcfo;. iiiijcu<br />
(§. 28 5ill.) ot multiplicere meb cn gactor f; b^ fatte v«<br />
.^vornf<br />
altfao<br />
V^(A» 4-6)7 = fra<br />
c = f*m<br />
4x' — sf^mx — A = o<br />
fffttcg nu x = f^u, fnn er<br />
4fii' — 3mfu — A o<br />
SRaor nu ^crof u er funben, fao cr<br />
X = Fu; Y^ = f^yiT^^i;
122<br />
g.S):.<br />
J?er et<br />
VC-9-V-175)<br />
A = -9<br />
B = 175<br />
A^ 4- B = 256<br />
Scttc er intet Subiftol; men fffttcg f = 2, foo ec<br />
Y512 = 8 = fm<br />
«Itfflfl m = 4, og 2@qvottone«<br />
8 u' — 24u-j-9 = o<br />
(©ffttcg z = 2u, foo er ben<br />
z' — i2z4-9 = o<br />
^vorof z = 3, u = i, oltfoo<br />
X = f V^2; Y^ = Vs X'<br />
ellec ^elc Ubtri;ffet ec<br />
Y2U-i^~7)=^'~<br />
Y4<br />
§. 30. SSi funne (tebfe bcftcmt eplafe en^vcc cubif!<br />
SiSgvotion poo felgenbe, nfSnrbnnug ferft bcvtfte ?Olaabc;<br />
gormlen, fom tjenec ^ectil, fooec eftec ^om IHovn of bett<br />
corboniffc.<br />
garft inbrctteg 2@qvationett fnnlebeg, nt berof x* ec<br />
borte (§, 25); bett er^olber oltfao felgenbe olminbeligc<br />
©fiffclfe:<br />
x'-j-px-j-q o<br />
?(ntoge vi nu, nt x = u-j-t, fno ec<br />
x' = u'4-3u=t4-3ut'4-t*<br />
= u- 4-1^ 4- 3 ut (II4-1)
123<br />
^vornf ntter fan bnnncg 2@qvntionen<br />
x' — 3 utx — (ll' -f-1') =r o<br />
©nmmcnltgncg bette Ubtri)f meb<br />
x'4-px4-q = o,<br />
bo er<br />
ut z=: —ip u'-j-t' = —q<br />
3tu Iflber u og t fig finbe ifelge §. 14. 9Si ^flve<br />
ncmlig<br />
« P^<br />
" 3t<br />
^vilfet inbfat giver<br />
—-^4-t' = ~q<br />
271'^ ^<br />
ts4-qt' = TVP'<br />
(^:q)' =:^q^<br />
(t'4-^q)2 =:iq-4-^p«<br />
t'4-iq= ±Viq=4-^7<br />
t^ = - i q + riq^4-j^p3<br />
U' ^ -^-q + Y'iq'^4-^Vp*<br />
SScb ot ubbroge Subifrobcn cr^olbcg u og t; 6e^olbe§<br />
blot bet evcrfle 2egn, foo cr<br />
X z:=z u-j-t =<br />
V'(- 4 q + Viq^+^p') + Y(r' H - ^i¥+^y<br />
©om Srempler vffre givne:<br />
I) X'—21 x-j-344 = O<br />
^er cr p == — 21; q = 344, oltfna<br />
iq'-|-^P' = 29241<br />
+ •\r29241 = + 171<br />
— jfj = —172<br />
X = VCI^ 4-^-343
Co'gcg "••-•? -•; to v.'ire Slebber veb nt bivibcre meb,<br />
x-f-8 pon • n forr;: .'.jle QKnnbe, ba cre biffe<br />
— 4 4-Y'—27, —4 — Y—27<br />
11) X'—6x — 40 = 0<br />
Sjet ex p = — 6, q = — .;o<br />
3fltfOfl<br />
Tq--f-^p' = 392<br />
+ Viq^TTvp = ± V392<br />
X = ^"(20 4- Y^) 4- f (20 — YJ^)<br />
2tnvenbe vl pnn lilfc cubiffe Stcotionol; ©t.errclfer gormlcit<br />
§. 29/ r«« cc<br />
A- — 400<br />
B = 392<br />
.Jjierof er Subifroben 2, oltfoo c =<br />
^qvntion er<br />
2, og ben ber funbne<br />
4x' — 6x — 20 =: o<br />
fom oplefl giver Sloben x = 2, nitfnn y = x* — e.<br />
r= 2, cQer vert Ubtrijf Inber fig foranbre til<br />
2 -j- V^2 -j- 2 — V^2<br />
•Itfoo cr 3\obcn for ben opgtvne ^©qvotion 4.<br />
Ill) X' — 12 X — 28 = O<br />
So er p = —12, q = —28, «Itfoo<br />
X = •\r(i4 4-r^)4-V"(r4-r:^)<br />
Jtnvenbe vi ^crpon gormlen §. 28, bn er beri<br />
A' — B = 196 — 132 = 64 = 4^<br />
gelgcligcn ^nve vi 2(Sqvnttoncn ber<br />
4x' — 12 X — 14 = o<br />
©ffttcg X = 4-z, foo er
^z' —6z— T4 = o<br />
T.' 13 Z 28 = O<br />
125<br />
?8i fomme fonlcbcg tilbngc pnn vor oprinbcligc 5GFqvo;<br />
tion, og unberfege vi benne, veb ot toge ^Dioolcne for 28,<br />
ncmlig i, 2, 4, 7, 14, 28/ bo finbeg, ot ingen of bcm op.<br />
lefcg, men ot altfnn 3ioben bliver irrntionnl. Sen bcftem;<br />
meg Icttcft veb Sognvit^mer<br />
log 132 == 2,12057<br />
logV^i32 = 1,06028,5<br />
+ 7^132 •=: + 11,489<br />
25,489<br />
2,511<br />
Ubbrngeg of biffe to ©terrelfcr ntter €ubifrobcn, fan et:<br />
log 25,489 1*40635 log 2,511 0,39985<br />
3) 3) - -"<br />
0,46878 0,1332s<br />
jjertil fvorer Sollcne<br />
2/94293<br />
n 1/35919<br />
Nltfoo i 4,30313<br />
14<br />
IV) x' —i2x'4-36x —7 = o<br />
Jjec mnn ferft nnbct Sceb bortflnffcg; fffttcg berfor<br />
(§. 25) X — 4 = y, fnn ^nveg<br />
y._j_i3y2-j_48y4- 64 = X'<br />
— i2y^ — 96y—192 = —i2x*<br />
36y4-i44 = 36X<br />
y" * —i2y-j- 9 = o
126<br />
S^ex er p = —12, q = 9, oltfoo<br />
V^iq'4-^P^ =<br />
g.elgeligen<br />
V^V ^ ^<br />
V^-175<br />
=<br />
y = vA-9 4-V^^i75 4- v/"-9-y"-i75<br />
2 2<br />
3fnvenbcg ^crpoo gormlen §. 29, foo inbfecg of bet (§. 29<br />
'5ill.) onferte S;;cmpd, ot<br />
2 2<br />
3tltfao<br />
X = y-j-4 = 7<br />
§. 31. (Snbnu er en egen 5)Ioabe ot opleife be cubiffe<br />
3(5qvotioncr poo, fom grunbcr (ig pon be trigonomettijie<br />
gunctionerg SRotur.<br />
?oge vi gormlen (Srig. §, 6 n.)<br />
cos (a 4" b) cos a cos b — »In a sin b<br />
og ffftte beri a = 2 b, foo er<br />
cos 3 b =<br />
men bo<br />
cos 2 b cos b — sin 2 b sin b<br />
cos 2 b = 2 cos b^ — I (Xrig. §. 9 XV)<br />
sin 2 b =<br />
foo cr<br />
2 sin b cos b CJrig. §. 9 XIV)<br />
cos 3 b = 2 cos b' — cos b — 2 sin b'^ cos b<br />
©ffttcg sin b^ = I — cos b^, foo ^ooeg<br />
cos 3 b ::= 4 cos b' — 3 cos b<br />
Jpvorof otter<br />
cos b-" — I- cos b — i cos 3 b o<br />
©ommenligncg bette Ubtn;f meb en cubifT ?@qvnti«it<br />
of ben gorm
eg beri fffttcg<br />
x' —px — q := O<br />
X =r= r cos b<br />
127<br />
q =: i r' cos 3 b<br />
foo bliver<br />
r' cos b' — -J r^ cos b — i r' cos 3 b = o<br />
3tf be to befjcnbte ©terrelfcr p, q lobe r eg cos 31*<br />
fig bcftcmme, ncmlig:<br />
r = V^p; C05 3b = -^-<br />
jjvornf bo otter fnn finbeg<br />
X ^^ r cos b.<br />
So cos 3 b = cos (360° 4" 3 !•) = •^os (720'<br />
-j- 3 b), fnn finbe ogfoo felgenbe 3@qvotioncr ©teb:<br />
r^ cos.(i20''4'l*)' —|r'cos(i20°4-b) —Tr'cos3b = o<br />
r' cos(240°4"^)^—Ir^ cos(240°-j-b)—•|-r'cos3b = o<br />
jpvorof inbfeeg, ot t bet jjde f)flveg, of be funbne SSfftbicc<br />
for r og cos 3 b, felgenbe 3 Slabber fee x<br />
X == r cos b<br />
X = rcos (i20°4-l')<br />
X =: r cos (240° -j- b)<br />
So cos 3 b (tebfe moo vffre minbre enb i, fan fan<br />
4q<br />
i<strong>ttu</strong>tt benne Opl0gningg;!DiOobe onvcnieg, noor -^ ex en<br />
egentlig SSref b. e. r' >4q, ellec<br />
r« > 16 q^<br />
(fp)'>i6q^<br />
t^P^>i6 q^<br />
^P'>4-1'
128<br />
.A^ct cr oltfna bet Silffflbe, ^vor ben corbonjTe gormel giver<br />
tn umulig ©t.errclfe; bo, ^vig man fommcnligncbc ?£>et\)bi<br />
r.ingen of p og q meb 93eti;bntngen of bem (§. 30)<br />
P = — P<br />
?i!tf'a<br />
q =<br />
T q T^ TT 1' 4 q TT P'<br />
b. c. cn negativ ©t^tcclu', l/^^ig Cvabrnt; 3{ob cr tmoginair.<br />
©om Grcmpd vix'ci giinn Gjremplct §. 30 IV, fom<br />
fornnbrct er<br />
y3 —i2y-j-9 = 0<br />
jjer er p = 12, q == —9<br />
3lltfnn<br />
r = V^ip = 4<br />
cos 3 b = — ^ == — .^%<br />
log cos 3 b = log — .j\ = 9,<br />
3b = 124° 13'42"<br />
b = 41 24 34<br />
120°-J-1* =^^^= 161 24 34<br />
240 4~^ = 281 24 34<br />
^•.•rnf cre £ofinufferne<br />
9,87506 9*9767- n<br />
log 4 = 0,60206 0,60206<br />
0,47712 o,57878n<br />
3,0000 —3-7913<br />
•' Itfaa SSffrbictne of x ere<br />
4-7/ 4-0'2087/ -|-4*7913<br />
."5012 a<br />
9 29627<br />
0,60206<br />
9*89833<br />
0,7913<br />
i^"'i onbet Srempel ville vi tnge SSqvotionetl<br />
X' — 18 X — II = o<br />
4 • tV p = 18, q = II, r r= "^^24
3tuvenbe vt nu til Svcgningen Sog.uit^mcr, fnn cr<br />
log 24 =nz 1,380211<br />
log V"24 :=. 0,690106 =: r<br />
]og4q = 1,643453<br />
log r^ = 2,070318<br />
log cos 3 b = 9'573i35<br />
3b = 68° i'24"4<br />
b =: 22 40 28, I<br />
i;o4-l> = 143 40 28, I<br />
240 4-b = 262 40 28, I<br />
log cos b =:= 9,965065<br />
logcos (i2o4-b) = 9,900478n<br />
log cos (240 4" 1>) = 9*10553411<br />
log r = 0,690106<br />
3fl£faa ere 3v0bbetne<br />
4- 4*52034<br />
— 3'89569'<br />
— 0,62466<br />
129<br />
21 nut. goruben be cutiffe ?ffq»ationcr, Orig fnlbfltsnbtge<br />
Oplegning cr l.xvt i 5- 30 eg 31, labe ^ggBationcrne<br />
af 4bc ®rab fig in^lafe oeb en HiictI;obe, cmtreiit liig ben<br />
cavbanffe gormel (5. 30). S-^sfexe «!gqrationer bcviraob<br />
labe fig iEfe ainitnbcligen cplsfe.<br />
9Jaar 9i»bbeviie eve rationale, oil man ofteft reb got:<br />
feg Ennne finbe biffe, og ber labe fig f^ere SKeglev gioe,<br />
Ipovoeb btiTe lettcg; ere be irrationale betimob, faa funne<br />
vi anociibe forfTjcllige ailn«rmelfeg=aJletI)ober. gnlbflKn:<br />
bigeve Unbervetning berom, enb I)cr fan gioeg, finbeg i<br />
be ubfovligeve iaxehtiet ooer QJlgebra, f." er, gnlevg anj<br />
f«rte 5S«rf (§. 23), og fccgubcn i<br />
Lacroix Eleinens d'Algcbre.<br />
§. 32. gortfnttcg en nritfimctijT fnmmcn^ffugenbc
130<br />
umtbbelbnrt foregooenbe govf)olbg eftcrlceb, fan bonnebe otte<br />
be forfFjcUige ©t.evrclfcr, fom fom inb i biffe gor^olb, eftec<br />
bereg Orben, en oritfymctifT iprogregfion.<br />
©onlcbeg bonne f. Sr. 5oIlenc i bereg noturlige Orbeit<br />
en QJrogregfion, bo<br />
I — 2 = 2 — 3 = 3 — 4 = 4 — 5 JC'<br />
Sigdcbeg ville i, 3, 5, 7 cller olle ultge tal bonne<br />
en oritl)mctiff
ftnnc unbernebcn, nngive Sebbctg ^piobg i sprogrcgfioncn, og<br />
folbeg SSiferc (Indices).<br />
laqe vi et Secb, ^vig SSifer vi ville betegne meb n,<br />
lob bet fig beftemme veb folgcnbe Ubtn;f<br />
a4-(u — i)d<br />
Sctte Secb ville vi fnlbc bet nlminbdige Secb, og be;<br />
tcgne meb t; fnttcg ncmlig n = i, = 2, = 3, := 4 - _<br />
fan vilbe bcvveb nlle Scbbene i 'Progregftonen efter Orbnen<br />
fremfomme.<br />
$. 34. ©egte vi ©ummen of aUc Sebbene i en fnn;<br />
bnn nrit^mcttfT
132<br />
Sni. Snbffftteg i bette Ubtri;f cftcrfinnnbcn n = i,<br />
n = 2, n = 3 ;c., foo cr^olbcg: bet ferfte Secb, ©um;<br />
men nf be to ferfte, of be tre ferfte e. f v. Sctte ^ar gi;<br />
vet 2tnlebning til nt fnlbe Ubtri;ffet ^rogrcgfioncng fumnin;<br />
toriffe Sceb, cftcrfom bet ubtri;ffer olmtttbdigcn ©ummen<br />
of olle Secb fro bet ferfte til bet nte ellcr olmiubclige<br />
inclusive.<br />
§• 35' 3 be ubviflcbe Ubtn;f<br />
t = a4-(n—i)d<br />
s = A n (a -f-1)<br />
finbeg 5 focffjetlige ©terrelfcr: a, d, n, t, s. So »i<br />
^avc to 5@qvationer, funne to ©tevreif'er anfceg fom ube;<br />
fjenbte; cller, noor tre ere givne, lobe be evrige fig be,<br />
(temme; fonlcbcg opftnne 20 forffjcllige Opgnver, fom olle<br />
ere opbfte i felgenbe 5;abel<br />
1) a, d, n<br />
2) a, d, s<br />
3) a, n, s<br />
4) d, n, s<br />
5) a, d, u<br />
6) a, d, t<br />
7) a, n, t<br />
8) d, n, t<br />
t<br />
s<br />
t = a4-(u —i)d<br />
t = — 1- d + Y'2 ds 4- (a — Vd)-<br />
2S<br />
n<br />
u 2<br />
s =: \- n (2 a -j- (11 — i) d)<br />
a-f-t , (t4-a)(t —a)<br />
''"= 2 + 2d<br />
s = J.n(a4-t)<br />
s = 4-ii(2t —(n —i)d)
9) a, n, t<br />
lo) a, n, s<br />
li) a, t, s<br />
12) u, t, s<br />
13) a, d, t<br />
14) a, d, s<br />
15) a, t, s<br />
16) d, t, s<br />
17) d, n, t<br />
18) d, n, s<br />
19) d, t, s<br />
20) n, t, s<br />
n<br />
a<br />
d<br />
t —.«<br />
n — I<br />
2 s — 2 an<br />
u (n — i)<br />
(t4-a)(t- -a)<br />
2 S — t — a<br />
2 nt — 2 s<br />
n (n — i)<br />
t —a<br />
n = i4-<br />
133<br />
d —2a ^28 /'2a—d\s<br />
~~ 2d<br />
-NT + V^-^dV<br />
2S<br />
a-j-t<br />
2t4-d r/^2t-|-d\-_2s<br />
7d~~ - \ \J~^d~J ~~d<br />
a = t — (n — i) d<br />
s (n — i) d<br />
n 2<br />
a == ^ d + Y(t-j-h d)'' — 2 ds<br />
2S<br />
n<br />
?ilffflbcne: a, d, s|t; a, d, s[n; d, t, s[n; d, t, s|a<br />
opiefcg vcb qvnbrntiffe 3i@qvnttoncr; begnnrfng finbeg bet bob;<br />
bclte 2cgn og Omftffnbig^cbcrne maae ofgjere, ^vilfcn Op;<br />
legning ber togeg.<br />
21 n m. ©om erempler paa Slnrcnbctfen af biffe gormler<br />
»«re gione:<br />
i) S?Mb et ©ummen af be ti fwfle %al, ellcr i,<br />
2, 3 -----IQ,
134<br />
.^er er a = i* t = lo, n =: lo; oltfna<br />
s z=L ^-n (a-j-t) = 55.<br />
2) (Sen, brig ©age fra SBcgnnbelfen nf var 100<br />
Oibblr., erl)0lbcr ?lar for aiar flebfe 20 Slibblr. Sillag,<br />
Ijror flor er ba bang ©age i bet iite Slar, og Ijoormc;<br />
get l)ar l)an oppebaaret i alle biffe 3lar?<br />
.^er er a = 100, d = 20, n = 11, flltfrto<br />
I = a4-(n—i)d zzn: 300 OiOblr.<br />
s z=z (2 a 4- (n — i) d) ~ = 2200 3ibblr.<br />
2<br />
3) 2>cr er og given cn sprogregfion, I;oig ferfte Sceb<br />
cr 13, ©iffercntg cr —2, ©umma cr 40.<br />
J?ec cr a = 13, d ^ —2, s = 40, altfaa<br />
(a —id)^ = 14^ = 196<br />
2ds = — 160<br />
V^2ds4-(a —-id)- = V^36 = ±6<br />
Slltfao<br />
t=i±6=j_^^<br />
gor n(«tmere at beftemme $R(sEfen, villc vt tilmeb af<br />
famme givne ©terrclfe f^ge n. 3)a cr<br />
/'2 a —d\2<br />
2S , f2TL — d\*<br />
2S<br />
-j- = -40<br />
"d+v-^d-J) = ^<br />
llW)rageg Ocraf 9ioben, ba er benne i 3*<br />
5lltfao<br />
9ioben, b<br />
• 10<br />
4<br />
Sagcg oltfao n = for t 7±3 ben forfle 93a!rbie 7, fao footer ^cr:<br />
til n := 4, 03 SiojEEen cr<br />
13* II' 9« 7«<br />
aageg berimob for i ben onben SStsrbic —5, ba er<br />
M = 10, og OioeEEcn<br />
13* 11/ 9' 7' 5* 3/ i» —If —3/ —5»
135<br />
SSegge 3i0!tfcrg ©nmiua cr 40, eg faalebeg cr bet<br />
olbdcg nbeftemt, l^oilfen oi finllc tage.<br />
§. 36. SBctrogtc vi bet fummatorifTc Sceb af ben axitl)t<br />
metiffc 'Progregfion<br />
s z=^ Vn(2a-j-(n — 1) d)<br />
fom nlminbeligt Secb i cn Slffffc, bn blcv benne, ^vig n fnt;<br />
teg efterl)nnubcn = o, = i, = 2, = 3<br />
o, a, 2a-j-d, 3a4-3d, 4a4-6d, -|<br />
of ^vilfcn Dvffffe vi funne toge Sifferentfcrne, fom bleve<br />
a, a-j-d, a4-2d, a-j-3d<br />
SSi f)a\>be faalebeg of ben ferfte SSffffe en Slffffe of Siffe;<br />
rentfer, fom blev en orit^metifT ^rogrcgfion, ^vig Sifferentg<br />
blcv ben beftanbige ©terrdfe d.<br />
©dv om til olle Sebbene i SIffffen vnr feict cn com<br />
ftnnt ©terrclfe b, bleve Sifferentfcrne bog be fnmme, ellcr<br />
fnmme Sifferentg; iKffffc fremfom; vi ville begnnrfng give<br />
3iffffeng nlminbdige Sceb ben germ<br />
b-j-4n(2a4-(n—i)d)<br />
og felve Slffffcn er^olber ligelebeg ben nlminbdige gorm<br />
b, a-j-b, 2a4-b-j-d, 3a4-b-j-3d,<br />
ncmlig for SSffrbierne n = o, n =z i, n = 2, n = 3--<br />
men ville vi, ot n, fom fovf)en, ffol beti;bc SSiferen, fno nt<br />
benne for bet ferfte Sceb bliver i, for bet nnbct 2 !C., fno<br />
mootte bet i gormlen for bet olminbdige Sceb fig befinbenbe'<br />
n foranbreg til n —i, foo ot bet olminbdige Sceb bliver<br />
b4-^(n —i)(2a4-(n-2)d)<br />
Sn foobon Siffffe, fom ben fremfatte, folbeg cn orit^;<br />
tncttfF atffffe of on bett Orben, ligefom ben fffbvonligt<br />
fltit^mctijTe ^rogregfton fnlbcg nf ferfte Orben.
136<br />
§. 37* ©Wteg b = o, ^vorveb ba bet ferfte Secb<br />
forfvinber og n bel)olber fin ferfle 55eti;bning (§. 36), faa<br />
opftooer en ortt^mctifT SIffffe nf nnben Orben nf felgenbe<br />
gorm<br />
a, 2a-f-d, 3a4-3d, 4a4-6d<br />
©jereg f;er nu a = i, fan er for d =. i Stffffert<br />
n (n 4- i)<br />
J, 3, 6, 10<br />
2<br />
for d = 2<br />
I, 4, 9, 16 n*<br />
for d = 3<br />
n(3n —i)<br />
I, 5/ 12/ 22 —<br />
2<br />
for d = 4<br />
I, 6, 15, 28 n(2n —i)<br />
0. f V.<br />
25etrngteg biffe Slffffer neiere, fno Inber, nnnr Snllcne btt<br />
tegneg meb ^uncter, ben ferfte Slffffc for d = i ftg<br />
fnnlebeg frcmftille<br />
ie fnne begnnrfng 3?nvn of '5 r t g 0 n 01; 5:01.<br />
Sen onben Svffffe for d = 2 bliver<br />
* f * * t • • • * • • • •<br />
Jiffc fnlbcg 0,vobrogonfll;'5ollcnc.<br />
©aalebeg fcembelcg falbcg nlle %al, fom cre bnnnebe<br />
pno fnmme ^DJnobe, ncmlig for b = o, a = i, og d<br />
ligcftor meb et f)edt 5al, ^oli;gonfll; 5oI.
137<br />
Set bliver let nt beftemme 'Polt;gonn!;5nllcncg niminb'e;<br />
liac Secb. Sab m vffve ©ibe;^allct i ben *Poli;gon, ber vcb<br />
ct 'Polt;gonnl;'5al fTal frcmftilleg, fnn er d = m — 2. ^nbi<br />
fntica benne SSffvbie i goviulen<br />
s = ! n [j a 4- (u — i) d]<br />
livornf *Poliigoit;'5nllene veb nt faitc a = i cre opftanebe,<br />
fna ^nveg<br />
s = ! II [2 a -j- (n — i) (m — 2)]<br />
(m — 2) n- — (m — 4) n<br />
2<br />
fom cr 'PoIt;gonal;2nllcneg nlminbdige Sceb.<br />
3nbffftteg i benne gormel m = 3, fnn ^nvcg for<br />
Svigonnl; 'Jnllcne<br />
n' -j-11 n (n-j- i)<br />
2 2<br />
for O.vnbrngonal; 5:allenc<br />
n^<br />
for pentagonal; 'Jallene<br />
3"'—" n(3n — i)<br />
2 2<br />
for .^eragonnl;'Jnllcne<br />
4n^ — 2n z= 2n'—n = 2n(n — i)<br />
2<br />
0. f V.<br />
n fnner t 3llminbelig^eb 3tnvn of ©iben i Q3olt;gonal;<br />
Sollct. ©aalebeg ftgcg f. Sy. 3 ot vffre ©ibcn c 'pentago;<br />
nnl;5:nllct 12.<br />
§. 38. ©egte vi ©ummen of alle 'Poli;gonol;'5allene,<br />
fao inbfee vi let, ot olminbcligt bet ferfte *Poli;gonnl; 2nl er
138<br />
Set onbet<br />
Set treble<br />
(m — 2) i' — (m — 4) I<br />
(m — •2)2''<br />
(m- •2)3'<br />
2<br />
2<br />
2<br />
• ( m - -4)2<br />
• ( m -<br />
-4)3<br />
oltfno ©ummen of olle polygonal ;5nl inbtil bet nte<br />
(m-2)(i' + 2'-|-3----u--)-(m-4)(i-j-2-j-3 —n)<br />
Slier betegne vi meb<br />
2<br />
/n' og/n<br />
©ummen of olle 0-vabrat;'5ol fro 1 til n^ og ©ummen of<br />
olle noturlige ^ol fro i til n, foo et 'poli;gonol; •^oUcncg<br />
©umnio<br />
m — 2„ m — 4„<br />
2 •' 2 •'<br />
SSi ^ove nltfoo blot ot fege /n og /n-.<br />
Ubvifle vi vcb Jjjfflp of 2?tnomial;gormlen (a-j-b)'<br />
felgcBbe O,vobroter<br />
i^ = I<br />
2- = 14-2. i-j-i^<br />
3'^ = I 4-2. 2-j-2'^<br />
4' = I-F2. 34-3-<br />
n' == I -j- 2 (n — 1) -f- (n — 1)'<br />
(n4-i)^ = i4-2n4-n»<br />
eg obbereg biffe, foo ^nveg<br />
/(n 4- i)^ == n 4- I 4- 2/n 4-/11^<br />
eller
./(n -j- 1)=^ -/n^ = n + I 4- 2/n<br />
139<br />
©'errdfcn fornn Sig^cbg;5egn cv ©ummen of olle O.va;<br />
bvatev fro 1 til (n-j-i)S minbre enb ©ummen of nlle<br />
0.vabvatcr fra i til n^ D: cue (n-j-i)', nltfao<br />
(n4-i)^ = n4-i-j-2/n<br />
Jjvoraf<br />
/ll _ (n-i-iy-("-fO __ n(n4-i)<br />
J 2 2<br />
Si^ckbcg, ^vtg vt ubvifle Su&cvne, bo cr<br />
2^=i4-3« i-f3« 1^4-1*<br />
3' = 1-J-3. 24-3. 2--i-2'<br />
4' = I-I-3- 3-1-3- 3'-1-3'<br />
n' = I -I- 3 (n — 0 -I- 3 (n — i)' -h (n — i)*<br />
(n-j-i)' = i4-3n4-3n»-j-n^<br />
3tbbcvcg biffe, foo cr<br />
/(n 4- i)^ = (n 4- I) 4- 3/n 4- 3/n^ 4-/n'<br />
ijvoraf<br />
/(n 4- I)' -/n^ = (n 4- I) 4- 3/n 4- 3/n*<br />
0: (n -^- I)' = (n 4- I) 4- 3/n 4- 3/n^<br />
Ttltfao<br />
/n^= A<br />
(n4-i)3—(n-f-i) n(n-^I><br />
3 2<br />
(n -j- i)(n'-j-2n) n (n -j- i)<br />
^3 2<br />
(n4-i)(2n'4-n) n(n4-i)(2n4-i)<br />
2. 3 2. 3
140<br />
2(nvenbcg nu biffe gctmler for fa." eg fn til at finbe<br />
^oli;genal;'5allcncg ©um, fan cr benne<br />
m — 2 n(n4-i) (2n4"i) "^ — 4 n("-|-i)<br />
X X •<br />
2 2. 3 2 2<br />
Sen Ocftaaer nltfan of to Sele; cen nfi}ffngig of m, cn an;<br />
ben, f)vor m iffe forefommer, eller er liig<br />
/^n (n 4- i) (2n4-i) _ n (n -\- i)"N<br />
V 2. 2. 3 2. 2 J<br />
__ ^n(n+i)(2U-f 0 _ 2n(n4-i)\<br />
V 2. 3 2 y<br />
n (n 4- l) (n — i) n(n-|-i)(2n —5)<br />
2. 3 2. 3<br />
©oolebeg bliver bet fummotorifPc Sceb for ^rigonol;<br />
5:otlcne<br />
n (n -h i) (n — i) ^ nOH" i) (2 n — 5}<br />
X 3<br />
2. 3 2. 3<br />
n (n -t- i) (n 4- 2)<br />
2. 3<br />
for O.vobrogonal; 5otlene cller 0.vabrat;Sollene<br />
ii(n-}-i)(2n-j-i)<br />
2- 3<br />
fom vi f)nvc funbet ovenfor, ncmlig ^n*<br />
for ^cntngonol; 2^ollcne<br />
n- (n 4- i)<br />
2<br />
for Jpcrogonol; Sotlcne<br />
P(n4-i)(4"—i)<br />
2- 3<br />
0. f V.
141<br />
§. ",q. I53etrn9te vi bet fummntorifFe Sceb nf *poli;go;<br />
nnl;'5ai;u.o attov fcm niminbdigt Sceb for cn ni;e SJtffffe,<br />
far. opflcb nf ^vigonnl-'Snllene<br />
felgenbe SIffffe<br />
I, 3, 6, 10, 15<br />
of O-vabv.iijcnal; "Sallcne<br />
Kffffen<br />
I, 4, 10, 20, 35<br />
I, 4, 9, 16, 25<br />
1/ 5' 14/ 30/ 55<br />
of 'Pentagonal ;5a![one<br />
SIffffen<br />
I, 5, 12, 22, 35<br />
I, 6, 18, 40/ 75<br />
0. f. V.<br />
gvcmftillebc vi Sen^ebcrne i biffe Zal meb bugler, ba<br />
lobe be fig opflable i 'Pi;ramiber; faalebeg vilbe af ben fev;<br />
fte SIffffe trefibebe 'P>t;rnmibcr labe ftg opftnble, nf ben nu;<br />
ben prefibebe e.f v., begnnrfng falbcg bif\e Zc.l "Pijrnmi;<br />
b n I; 5 n I.<br />
Q3i;rnmibnl;'5nllenc ubgjere en nrit^metiff Slffffe nf<br />
treble Orben, vi funne nf bem ntter bgnne cn SJlffffc af<br />
fjevbe Orben 0. f v.<br />
3tlle biffe Zal, bnnnebe pnn ovenftnaenbc 9?inabe, fal<br />
bcg figurlige Zal, jTjenbt SScnffvnelfen bog iffun meb<br />
Sicttc tilfommcr 'Poli;gonal; og ^i)rflmibnl;'5;nllene.<br />
§. 40. Sigefom ben fortfntte fnmmen^ffngenbe ntit^;<br />
metifFe proportion giver ben nrit^metiffe ^rogrcgfion, fnnle;<br />
beg giver og cn fortfnt gcomctriff proportion en geomctriff<br />
^vogregfion (I. §, 122). (£r en fanbnn "Pvogregfton given
J 42<br />
a, b, c, d, f t<br />
I 2 3 4 5 n<br />
^vor ntter 'Snllenc unbernebcn cre SS i f e r n e og t bef a 1;<br />
minbclige Seeb, foo vibe vi, ot felgenbe gor^olb finbe<br />
©teb: a: b = b : c = c: d = d: f. 3(ntogeg gp<br />
ponenten i biffe gor^olb nt vare m, fno ec<br />
a :z=z b m.<br />
b = c m<br />
c = d m<br />
0. f V.<br />
ijvorof felgcr<br />
a<br />
ni<br />
b<br />
m<br />
a<br />
2 m<br />
ni m^<br />
0. f. V.<br />
Siffe Ubtryf cr^olbe imiblertib en ffmplerc ©fiffclfe,<br />
peb ot ffftte<br />
bo cc<br />
I<br />
m<br />
b = ae<br />
c = ae*<br />
d ~—: ae'<br />
0. \. V.<br />
e fnlbcg t 3flminbeligl)eb 'Pcogregftoneng Sjtrponent,<br />
eg vi funne nu veb .fjjfflp of ben, bet ferfte Secb og aSif»t<br />
ren ubtri;ffe bet olminbdige Secb, cller<br />
t = ac»-»
143<br />
31 nm. etponcntcn forcEomincv faalebeg I)cr i cn mobfat<br />
q3eti>bning afbcn, l)oori bet cr brngt veb be geonietri=<br />
ffe sprevortioner (I. §. 78), ba bet ber ubtroEicr ben<br />
©terrdfe, l)worincb bet fovegaacnbe £eeb tnnltiplicercg<br />
ft>r at frembringe bet cftcvfi'Igcnbe. berfor Ijaue enfelte<br />
govfattevc fin'anJvct Cvponcnteng 2?et«bning oeb gorljoU<br />
bene, eg falbct (Jvponent ogfaa ber ben ©terrdfe, brov:<br />
nicb gorlebbet fTal inultiplicereg for at frembringe efter=<br />
lebbt't, bog bette ftribev albcleg mob ben alminbelige ©EtE<br />
og IH'ug, foiu obcvnievc finbeg bjctulet beroeb, at man<br />
t)ax M'ugt T't»ifiong:2cgnet : til at ubtroEEe ict geome=<br />
trifle gDvI)olb.<br />
§. 41. ©ege vi ©ummen s of ben geomctriffe 'Pro;<br />
grcofion, foo cr<br />
s zzzz a -}-ae-j-ae= -j |-ae"—^ -j-ae""'<br />
Sltultipliccveg meb e, bo er<br />
es = ae -j- ae^ -j- ae^ -j ae"— • -j- ae"<br />
©ubtro^creg evevfte Sinie fvn ncberflc, fno er<br />
ellcr<br />
es — s =: ae" — a<br />
altfnn<br />
s (e — i) = a (e" — i)<br />
e" — I<br />
e— I<br />
lif biffe to Ubtri;f for bet nlminbdige Secb t (§. 40)<br />
og for bet fummntovifTe s, lobe fig nu ligefom fov^en (§. 35)<br />
en 5nbel forfottc, ber inbe^olbt olle Oplegninger, nnnr tre<br />
of ©terrelfernc a, e, n, t, s vare givne, bn nt finbe cn<br />
fjcrbe; imiblertib vilbe vi bcelg ^er ^i;ppigt trffffc pnn ^eiere<br />
2©qvationcr, bcelg poo Srponential
144<br />
bette faalebeg frcmbelcg tiltagcr, ^vor flcsrf er ajefolfs<br />
ningcn cfter loo 2farg gorlob. S^ex er<br />
a looooo, e = -|i, n = loo,<br />
beraf fogeg<br />
t = ae"—'<br />
= 100000 (;i-i)<br />
Slnvenbcg til Ubtn>EEetg ajcvegning Sogaritl^mcr, ba et<br />
log 51 = 1,7075702<br />
log 50 =z 1,6989700<br />
log-ii = 0,0086002<br />
100<br />
0,8600200<br />
log looooo — 5,0000000<br />
logt = 5,8600200<br />
t ==: 724469<br />
2) Smcllcm I eg 3 ffal inbf«ttcg 10 ieeb, faa at<br />
Ijele Jprogvegfionen Eommer til at bcflaae nf 12 Secb;<br />
l;vab cv ba grponentcn ?<br />
a '<br />
t :z::z<br />
0 ^3^3<br />
11<br />
Y3 =<br />
I*<br />
ae"<br />
e>><br />
n =: 12,<br />
— 1<br />
t =<br />
= e<br />
©egeg • benne oeb 2ogaritl;incv, faa er<br />
lo §3 = 0,4771 213<br />
II)<br />
0,0433747<br />
e = 1,1050.32<br />
®a c nu er funben, labcr OireEfcn fig banne.<br />
3) €en l;ar inbfat i l.'otterict, ia Ijan I'lVnmbtc it<br />
fpille, 4 ©Eilf., eg, ba [)an tabtc, fat IcMu'lt nceftc<br />
©ang, eller 8 ©fill., 3bie ©ang attcr bobbcit, diet<br />
1 9JIE., og freinbcU'ci bobbelt; l)an beflager, at l)an<br />
til beni'.e ^vKEning ci tan gjevc bet ©ammc, ba til<br />
benne 3iibf'ttfni ril bclsbe fig til 682 3ibblr. 4 S)tf.<br />
9cn U'cvgeg; I)»ig I;an inbfoitter t'iiTe sponge og tabor, i<br />
I)oormange S;ri):fningcr tiar l;an fpili.'t, eg Dvormcgct Ijiif<br />
J;an i 3llt tabt ?<br />
3
^cr fegcg<br />
t<br />
logt<br />
=<br />
u<br />
t =<br />
a<br />
68<br />
n, »i Ijaue<br />
ae"—'<br />
log a-f-(ll —<br />
log t — log a<br />
log c<br />
2 Oibblr. 4 m.<br />
4, e = 2<br />
1) log e<br />
1 T<br />
1 I<br />
logt = 4,816480<br />
log a izzr 0,602060<br />
= 65, 65536 ©f.<br />
145<br />
4,214420<br />
Sioibcrcg bette nicb logo = 0,301030, ia crljolbcg<br />
14, altfaa<br />
n = 144-1 = 15.<br />
gor bet anbct ffulbe vi fege s; onti-n fan ben finbeg<br />
of 'Sonnlcn oeb .f^jffllv af bet nu funbne n, ctler ot oille<br />
let Ennne faac s a'f;cmt, uaf!;«ngigt af n. S&i Ijavi<br />
e" — I et — a<br />
e — I e — I<br />
•Slltfaa er l»er<br />
s = 2 X 65536 — 4 == 131068<br />
= 1365 Oibblr. I SRL 12 ©f.<br />
$. 42. 2if
146<br />
men, bo en^vcr egentlig ^xeU ^siexe ^otcnfer cre minbre<br />
enb be lovcre (I. §. 68), foo vil en egentlig .QJref, op^.eict<br />
til 'Potenfen 00, blive minbre enb ^ver ongivelig ©t.errelfc<br />
ellcr blive o, nltfoo er<br />
b<br />
— I<br />
1<br />
c<br />
ac<br />
c —b<br />
eller foranbre vt 'Jegnct til bet mebfotte i 9?ffvneren, bliver<br />
fem faolebeg blcv ©ummen nf Stffffett<br />
ab ab^ ab^<br />
a-l \ 1<br />
~ c ^ c^ ~ c^ ~<br />
©ffttcg ac == f, fan fif Svffffcn felgenbe ©fiffclfe:<br />
f fb fb^ fb^<br />
c ~c= ~ c^ ~ c* ~<br />
Set vnr juft ben gorm, vi fom til (I. §. 65 5ill. 2) vci<br />
Ubviflingen of SBogftnvbrDfcn, nf bcu gorm<br />
f<br />
3(fvc)det»e Sebbenc i Siffffen, fon lob ben fig enten 6c;<br />
trngte fom Siffcrentfen mellem to geomctrifTc 'Progregfioncr,<br />
^vilfe ba lobe fig fummcre fffrfFilbt, eller og funbe S);ponem<br />
ten bn-i fcctrngreg fom negativ. So blev ©ummen<br />
— a ac<br />
_b^_ " b4-c<br />
c
©ntte vi otter ^er ac = f, fnn vnr<br />
147<br />
i74-c c "^ c- c^ "*" c* '<br />
Set omvcnttc Ijcrnf er nllevebe ovenfor viifl (I. §. 65 5111. 2).<br />
21 nm. gov at anrenbe biffe gormler for ©ummen af<br />
uenbdige OiceEEcr, labcr og funiineve DiOjEEcn<br />
1 , 1 , 1 , 1<br />
l^er cr a = }, b z= 1, c = 3, altfaa ac z= i,<br />
c — b ^= 2, og folgcligcn<br />
s i<br />
S ^<br />
OitsEfen fremfommer ogfaa veb at f«tte<br />
1^ 1<br />
•2 3 — 1<br />
£abcr og fummcre SKoeEEcn<br />
I — T 4- ITS" ~ TTT H 1<br />
Sa er a := i, b = i, c = 5, altfaa cr<br />
5 _5<br />
5 + 1 6<br />
I;»oraf WtsEEcn cgfaa attcr tan fvembringeg.<br />
931 I;aobe ogfaa fnnnet fummcre ben cfter ben f#v(le<br />
gormel oeb at fcette ben liig<br />
-a+-xi^+TiW+—)<br />
gor ben ferfle Sect var<br />
a = I, b = I, c = 25, altfaa<br />
for ben anben S>ecl berimob rar<br />
a = ^, b = I, c = 25, aU{M<br />
gelgcligcn cr Ijcle atceEfen govfTjelleR mdlcm biffe ©ummer<br />
^0 r,<br />
•Zi o'<br />
§. 43. Sigefom vi faalebeg ollcrcbc ^avbe 'Pv^ve pao<br />
cct ©Ingg Stffffcr, ber lebe fort i bet Uenbdige, og font<br />
^avbc felgenbe ©fiffclfe<br />
10*
148<br />
a, ax, ax^, ax^, ax'<br />
^vor vi meb x betegnebe ben geometciffe Stffffcg (5j:poiicnt,<br />
foalcbcg funne vi ^ove mnnge onbre, ^vor bog be forfTjellige<br />
Soefficienter of x'g spotenfer ci vor ben fnmme, men fom<br />
^nvbe felgenbe ©fiffclfe<br />
a, bx, cx^, dx^, ex*<br />
jjnr i cn fnnbnn Slffffe Seefficienterne a,b, c,d,e<br />
(a fnn og onfeeg nt vffre €oeffi«ent, ncmlig for x'' = i)<br />
beftcmte og enbeligc 25ffrbier, fno inbfecg, ot vi ftebfe funuc<br />
give X, fom vi outage ot Vffre feronbcrltg, foo liben cn SSffc;<br />
bie, nonr vi ffftte ben liig en liben ffgte Sref, ot, ibet beng<br />
^0ierc
149<br />
ter ere ligeftore, i)Vab SOffrbier vi enb give x, fnn Inbcr bet<br />
fig bcvifc, ot a = A, b = B, c = C o. f V., eOcr<br />
ot famme ^otenfer of x ^nve i beggc ?i(rffcr ligeftore QLocffi;<br />
cicutcr. ''<br />
Sn<br />
a -j- bx 4- ex- -j = A -j- Bx -|- Cx= -j •<br />
for cnl)ver 23ffrbie of x, nltfan og for x =z o, fnn, ^vig<br />
bette inbfffttcg, forfvinbe beggc Siffffcvne, pan a og A uffr;<br />
nltfao<br />
a =1 A<br />
Jjevaf felgcr ba nu, ot for ct^vcit x cr<br />
bx-j-cx'-j-dx^-j = Bx-j-Cx=-j-Dx^4<br />
eller veb at bivibcre meb x, ot<br />
b 4- ex 4- dx' -j =: B -j- Cx 4- Dx= -j<br />
3tu finbe vi otter, veb ot ffftte x = o,<br />
b = B<br />
og fnnlebeg er og frembdeg c = C, d == D, cller fnmme<br />
^>ctcnfer nf x ^nvc i beggc 3lffffcr ligeflorc Socfficienter.<br />
Sfnvcnbdfen of benne ©fftning fnlbcg be ubcftemte Socf;<br />
ficicnterg 5)Jet^obe.<br />
§. 45. 3tf olle 3lffffer er ben vigtigfte og ben ^i;ppigfl<br />
anvenbcligc ben, ber fremfommer xieb Ubviflingen nf ct 5£>i;<br />
nomiumg
150<br />
Me biffe Ubtrijf funne frcmftilleg vcb felgcn&c gormel<br />
(a4-b)" =<br />
ai4--a"-'b-f-" a"-'b-4-<br />
' I 1. 2<br />
n(n-i)(n-^^_3^ _<br />
I. 2. 3<br />
vcb ncmlig ot ffftte cftcr^nanbcn<br />
Set er let ot overfee ben alminbelige Sov, biffe Secb<br />
felgc; betcgner ncmlig p SSiferen for et olminbcligt Sceb,<br />
fno er bette<br />
n(n-i)(n-2)—-(n-(p-2))_^^_^^_,^^^_^<br />
I. 2. 3 (p —i)<br />
Set umibbclbor foregooenbe Sceb er<br />
n (n — i) (n — 2)<br />
1. 2. 3<br />
(n — (p — 3))<br />
an—Cp —s)bp—'<br />
(p—2)<br />
a^ctegneg bette meb N og bet pbe Sceb meb P, foo er<br />
p— I a<br />
©fjenbt vi for be ferfte ^otenfer funne overbcvife eg<br />
om benne Sovg 9ligtig^eb vcb 3»buction, ibet vi virfc;<br />
ligen ubviflcbe, foruben ovennnferte, ogfno ben 6te, 7be.,,<br />
^oteng of a-j-b/ fna ««c Seven bog ferft beviift, noor vi<br />
gobtgjortc, ot, foofrcmt ben gjfflttc for een ^oteng, ben bo<br />
ogfoo gjfflbcr for ben felgenbe.<br />
SSi ville oltfoo outage gormlen gjfflbcnbe for ben nte<br />
^oteng, og bcrnffft bevife, ot, cr bette ^ilffflbet, vil bcii<br />
egfoo gjfflbe for ben (n 4- i)te ^etcng.
+<br />
I<br />
fO<br />
ID<br />
I<br />
13<br />
II II II<br />
1 ^<br />
to<br />
v.*<br />
I I<br />
I I<br />
I I<br />
I I<br />
tr' 1<br />
ty<br />
+<br />
4-<br />
i_<br />
+<br />
I ;<br />
+<br />
H I »<br />
I<br />
I<br />
I<br />
+<br />
O + +<br />
+<br />
ty<br />
+<br />
1<br />
•f<br />
ty<br />
+ +<br />
I<br />
-I-<br />
+<br />
I<br />
I<br />
I<br />
151<br />
S<br />
-H
152<br />
2l'ltfno er Pa-j-Kb<br />
'ir^'^-^m+m = Cl:z(v-^+A m. = ^Kb<br />
P-i ^ V p-i y p-i<br />
^ (n4-i)n(n-i) (»-(P - 3)) .^„,^^_,,,^p_.<br />
I. 2. 3 p—I<br />
Sctte er i ben ni)e STffffc bet pbe Sceb, fom vt ville<br />
betegne meb 5p; fatteg nu n-j-i = n, fan er S)} =<br />
n(n-i)(»-2) (n-(p-2)) ^„_^^_,^-^^_,<br />
I. 2. 3 p — I<br />
felgdigcn n^ingtigt bet fnmme Secb i Siffffcu (a4-b)", fom<br />
P vnr i Svffffen (a-j-b)"<br />
ajetegne vi ligelebeg bet (p-j-i)be Seeb meb 0, fno cr<br />
0 = Qa4-Pb = ^Siz2)pb+pb = M:_Lpi,<br />
p P<br />
^ (n-fi)n(n-i) (n - (p - .)) ^,_(p_,,j^^<br />
I. 2. 3 p<br />
,. nOi-i)(n-2) (t.-(p-i)) ^^_^^^<br />
I. 2. 3 p<br />
nltfan bnnnet neingtigt pnn famme 5)ioabe, fom for^cn Q.<br />
. ipvig Seven nltfoo gjfflbcr for 'Pctenfen n, vil ben og<br />
gjclbc for n -j- I •> nu inbfee vi oltfnn ot ben cr olminbclig,<br />
tt)t vi bevifte ben for be ferfte ^etenfer 2, 3, 4, 5, og<br />
fluttc: gjelber ben for ben ste, bo gjelbcr ben og for ben<br />
6te, gjelbcr ben for ben 6tc, ba gjdber ben og for ben 7be<br />
:c. SSort 3nbuctiong; SScviig cr fonlcbcg olminbcligt.<br />
©nnlcbcg er nitfno SSinominl; gormlen beviift for f)e\e<br />
og pofitive Srponcnter; vi inbfee let, ot « bcttc ^ilffflbc of;<br />
brpbeg ben, og vil fun i bet J?ele inbe^olbe n -j-1 Secb. Z^<br />
fffttcg i Ubtvt;ffet for P, p = n4-2, bn bliver ben fibfle<br />
gnctor i SfflSeren n —n = o, nitfno fcrfoinier Scbbct;
eg ligelebeg villc olle fol.icnbe Sceb ^ave famme gnctor og,<br />
pnn (Svunb bcvaf, fovfvinbe.<br />
$. 46. SJilbe vi olminbdigen ubvifle 5Mrtomial;gormlen,<br />
^vig n cntcn var en SBref ellcr ct ncgntivt Zal, fan funne<br />
vi gjere Opcvntioncn ffmplevc vcb nt ffftte<br />
(a-l-b)" = a"(^i-l-^y<br />
b<br />
SBetcgne vi nu — meb x, fnn fommer bet cue on pan i ct;<br />
a<br />
^oert '^ilffflbe nt ubvifle (i -j- x)".<br />
aSnr aSinominl; gormlen nlmecngjfflbenbe, fan ^nvbc vi<br />
n (11 — i)<br />
(l -j- x)" = I -j- nx -j x= -j-<br />
Snb eg betegne benne Siffffe meb [n], fnn vibe vi t<br />
bet ^Diinbfte, nonr n er et ^eelt Zal, nt<br />
[n] = (i-l-x)"<br />
Sigclebeg ville vi betegne<br />
meb [p], og vi vibe bn ogfnn, ot, nnnr p er ct ^celt ?nl, er<br />
[p]== (i4-x)p<br />
Snnne vi 'prcbuctet [n]. [p] og orbne bet cfter be<br />
fvcmfTvibenbe ^Potcnfcr nf x, ibet vi ffftte<br />
[n].[p] = i-j-Ax4-Bx^-|-Cx'4<br />
ftltfnn<br />
= I-j-ii]x4-n(n —])'^x^ 4"<br />
1 ^* ^<br />
p) 4-p(p^^J<br />
J.* ^<br />
np
I 54<br />
A =: n-j-p<br />
n(n —i) p(p—i)<br />
B = --j ~ ^np<br />
I. 2 I. 2<br />
Se 0vrige Soefficicnter funne vi vel ligelebeg ubvifle, bog<br />
vilbe benne Ubvifling vffrc forbunben meb beftnnbig tiltngenbe<br />
JSefvffvlig^cb. gordebigen inbfee vi imiblertib ollcrebc: i) ot<br />
be olle vore fommenfattc of n og p; 2) at gorbtnbelfcn ellcr<br />
®ommenfffttelfcg;'i)]tflObcn vor ben fomme, ^vob cnbog u og<br />
p vor. aSi be^eve nltfao blot i eet '2;ilffflbe ot unberfege<br />
ben, eg funne bernf flutte ot ben gjfflbcr olminbcligt. SSi<br />
villc berfor unberfege, ^vob A, B, C, D --- blive, ^vi*<br />
n og p ere ^elc og pofitive 'Jot.<br />
So i bette ^ilffflbc<br />
fno ec<br />
[n] = (i4-x)-<br />
[p] = (i4-x)i?<br />
[n].[pj = (i4-x)"+P =<br />
.4-(„4_p).4_(^P)^PJZi),.4.__<br />
Senne Siffffc villc vt i 2(nalogie meb be forrige SSetcgndfet<br />
ffftte ligcftor meb [n-j-p], og bo bet for gormeng ©fijlb<br />
er ligegylbtgt ^vnb n og p bctyber, fon er ftebfe<br />
[ii].[p] = [n4-p]<br />
3tf benne fnnlebeg bevifte gorbtnbelfc er bet nu let al;<br />
minbdigt ot bevife SBinomioUgormen. ©fftte vi n = p,<br />
bo cr<br />
Sigclebeg<br />
og nlminbeligt<br />
[n]^ = [2n]<br />
W = [30]<br />
[n]'. — [bn]
fnn cr<br />
155<br />
g-r nu bn et ^cclt 5nl, fom vi ville betegne meb k,<br />
1.<br />
[n]h = (i-Hx)<br />
3tltfna, bn n = y-, er, veb nt ubbrnge ben bte 9»ob,<br />
Kt-0<br />
(i4-x)i^ = [n] = i4-^x4<br />
I. 2. 3<br />
.x'4---.<br />
SSnr Srponcntcn negntiv, ba gjfflbte Soven ogfaa. 95c;<br />
tcgncbe vi ncmlig Slffffcn, ^vovt vnv inbfnt ben negntivc<br />
©tevvdfe —n, meb [—n], fnn vnr<br />
[-n][n] = [-n4-n] = [o] = (i-j-x)» ^ i<br />
2l'ltfnn<br />
^-"^ = [^ = (7+^ = ^^ + ^)-"<br />
ellcr<br />
, IN n (— n — i)<br />
(i 4- x)-" = I — nx ^ X"<br />
I. 2<br />
gelgcligcn blcv gormlen ben fnmme, vnr cnbog .?&inomictg<br />
(Srponent en Sjref ellcr negntiv. SSi funbe ncmlig nu<br />
inbffftte ntter x =<br />
b<br />
— og multiplicerc meb a"<br />
a<br />
Silt. I. ©dv vilbe vi vffre iftnnb til, ^vig n var<br />
irrational, ot gobtgjere gormlen; vi funbe ncmlig i bette<br />
Silffflbe flebfe finbe to ©Vffnbfer, p og q, fom vare ratio;<br />
nale, imellem ^vilfe n laae, og oltfaa ligdcbcg gobtgjere, at<br />
(i-j-x)" laae imellem (t-j-x)p og (i4-x)i. S^ffvmcbc
156<br />
vi nu biffe ©rffnbfer fan meget vt viHe i}inanben, fnn inb;<br />
fane vi, ot nobvenbigviig (i-j-x)" maatte fynve fnmme gorm,<br />
for ot forblive berimellem. ©dv l)vig u vnr tmoginnir,<br />
gjfflbte gormlen; bog 2(nvenbelfen ^crnf, ligefom .Qjcvifct,<br />
fremfffttcg ferft i ben ^eicre 2(ritl)mcti6.<br />
Zili. 2. 3fnvcnbclfcn nf S5inominl;govmlen cr foare<br />
^i;ppig; meb en riiige gornnbring ville vt let vffTC i ©tnnb<br />
til nt ubvifle vcb ben forfPjelligc 3iffffcr. SSi ville ^ervcb<br />
Iffggc SDIffrfe til, at faafnort iSinemictg ^Poteng er en S5ref<br />
eller negativ, cr Stffffen uenbelig.<br />
ipove vi fnolcbeg givet<br />
c C I c /• b"\~"'<br />
I)--7-r=-X - = -(i4--) z=<br />
a-|-b a b<br />
i-l-T<br />
a V a 7<br />
c<br />
a V a ^ a* a^ ~ J<br />
bcrt famme Slffffc vt ubviflcbe for^en (I. §. 65 ?ilt. 2).<br />
II) ©fulbe vi uffrmere beftemme felgenbe ^rrotional;<br />
©teivrdfc<br />
m<br />
YA<br />
fan ville vt ffftte<br />
A = a-j-x<br />
bet vil figc bele A i to Sele, ^vornf ben ene, a, cr en<br />
fulbfonimcn 'Peteng.<br />
?lu er<br />
A = a-j-x<br />
X<br />
Vt Villc ffftte — = y, bn cr<br />
0+0
lu J m 2. •<br />
YA = A'" = -V^a (I -j- y)'" =<br />
K m 2 m yn y y<br />
157<br />
'"/- /^ 1 ^ 1 '^-^'^ "^' I (i-m)(i—2n0 x' \<br />
= ^\^+^+7m^ -7^+ 6~m^ 13+-^<br />
2invcnbcg bcnuc govmcl f (£r. til (Srtroctionen of Subifro;<br />
ben, fan cr m 3, nitfnn<br />
^A=farx4----44-^-—)<br />
y ' 3a 9 a- ' 81 a^ J<br />
gnn Sceb ville nllercbe give cn f)uvtig 21'ppvorimntion:<br />
3<br />
f St. ville vt ubbrnge V^70, bn ffftte vi a = 64, x = 6,<br />
nitfnn ^aveg<br />
4f,4-i._-^4.-5 ^<br />
\ 32 1024 98304 /<br />
2981 2981<br />
= 4 X 1 = 4<br />
98304 24576<br />
:= 4,1212972<br />
Sen fanbc Sffrbic tli-ccr<br />
4,1212853<br />
atffrmcre ^avbe vi cnbnu funbet (lubifrobcn veb ferft<br />
flt beflemme nogle Slaffec paa ben fffbvnnlige 93inabe, ©aa;,<br />
lebeg finbe vi let vcb ot tilfeie to Slnffcr SJJullcr<br />
y7o = 4,12<br />
SJicften bliver 65472, eller egentligen 0,065472. SSi fotte<br />
nltfao<br />
a = 69,934528<br />
X = 0,065472
158<br />
SnbfTrffufe vi og til be tre ferfte Secb of Svffffcn,<br />
foo r)nve vt<br />
J^cr cr oltfoo, f;vig til .53refcng .^eregning onvenbeg<br />
£ognrit^mcr,<br />
log 0,065472 = 8,816056<br />
Clog 69,9345 = 8,155308<br />
Clog 3 = 9,522879<br />
X<br />
log— = 6,494243<br />
S5refen felv 0,000312064<br />
I,<br />
X<br />
I = 0,999688<br />
3-1<br />
log = 9*999864<br />
X<br />
log— = 6,494243<br />
3a<br />
6,494107<br />
^nllct 0,000311966<br />
+ 1<br />
9)Iultipliceveg meb 4,12<br />
1,000311966<br />
4,001247864<br />
100031197<br />
20006239<br />
V'70 = 4*121285300<br />
Ct Stefultnt, fom cnbog i bet fibfle SccimnI er rigtigt.
159<br />
21 lint. a?incniial:gcvmlen faacv i ailminbcligljcb sRaon af<br />
tlicorcma Ntiitoiilaniini CftCr 3- 92 C 11) t 0 U , bcr OUgioCg<br />
fcm beng Cpfinbcv; bog bar ben allcrcbe tibligerc ootret<br />
^afcal og s:. SSviggg befjcnbt, ®et anfortc a3e:<br />
oiig cr af Cnler. S:ibligere og Icttcre er ben bleocu<br />
fnlbfloenbigcn bcoiifl i differential:Dicgningen.<br />
§. 47. SSi funbe nu ubvifle 'P>otcnfen of ct 'Jvino;<br />
mium, ^vor vi bog villc ontoge ot Grponenten er ct l)cdt<br />
og po|itiot ^nl.<br />
(a-j-b4-e)" := (a 4-(b-j-c))" =<br />
a"4-na"-i (b -j- c) -j-" a"-' (b -j- c)^4<br />
n(n-i)(n-2) —(n-(p-i)) „ . , , , ,<br />
-H ~ a"—P(b4-c)pH<br />
I. 2. 3 -- p ^ 1 ^ 1<br />
^vor bet nlminbdige Sceb er bet (p -j- i)te i Stffffen.<br />
Ubvifle vi frembdeg (b4-c)p, bo f)a'i>e vi<br />
(b4-c)p = bp4-pbP-' c4-P'-P~'-'bp-^c'4- —<br />
, P Cp — i) (p — (s — 1)),<br />
-j i ip — S gS<br />
I. 2 S<br />
Set alminbelige Seeb er i (a4-b-f-c)p<br />
n(n-i)---(n-(p-i))Xp(p-i)—-(p-(s-i))<br />
1. 2 p X I. 2 s<br />
X a" — P bp — s cs<br />
©fftte Vt nu n —p =<br />
felgcr, ot<br />
(J, p —s = r, ^vorof<br />
n = q-j-J'-f-s<br />
fnn ^nve vi fom nlminbeligt Secb<br />
n (n - I) --- (cf 4- i) X p (p — 1) —- (1-4-1) ,<br />
—— • — aib^c'<br />
I. 2 p X I. 2 s<br />
^icn nu vil nlle gactorevne p til r-|-i fovfvinbe, bn<br />
be fiubcg baobc i Sffllcr og S^ffvner, og bn cr Scbbct
i6o<br />
n(n—i) (q-f-i)<br />
_i i hiJ—i aq b' c»<br />
I. 2 -- r X I. 2 -- s<br />
©ffttcg cnbnu til for mere ©i;mmetvieg ©fi;lb i ^iffllet<br />
og 97ffvner gnctorcrne i. 2 q, fan ^nve vi<br />
n(n —i) 3- 2. I<br />
al b' c*<br />
i.2--qXi.2--rXi.2--s<br />
5(ltfnn vil (a 4- b -j- c)" beftnne of fnnmnnge Secb of oven;<br />
ftnncnbc gorm, fom vi funbe give q, r og s forffjcllige<br />
SSffrbter, bog unbcr ben SSetingclfe, nt be cre ^ele og pofi;<br />
tive %al og tilfnmmcn ubgjere n.<br />
Silt, giftmlen vil gjfflbe nlminbeligt for Invert 'Po;<br />
li;nomium; t^i vi funbe f. Sr. tnge nf (a -j- b -j- c -j- d)'=<br />
bet nlminbdige Seeb<br />
k(k-i) --- (k-(n-i)) . „^, , , ,^<br />
— at —n (b -I- c 4- d)"<br />
I. 2 3<br />
So nu bet olminbdige Seeb of (b -j- c -J- d)" er fiin;<br />
ben ovenfor, fno cr bet olminbdige Secb of ^ele Ubviflingen,<br />
f)vig vi tillige ffftte k — n = 1,<br />
k(k-i)(k-2)--(14-i)Xn(n —i)--i ,,<br />
• — — al bi C d><br />
i.2--nXl-2--qXi.2--rXi.2--s<br />
eOcr, Inbe vi gnctorcrne 1.2 u gnoc ub t 2ffl;<br />
ler og SJ^ffvncr, og berimob' tilfa'tte 1(1 —i) i, [flo<br />
^nve vt<br />
k(k-l)(k-2) 3. 2. I , ^<br />
1 ^ 3 r: al bl c"- d»<br />
i.2--lXi.2--qXi. 2--rXi. 2--*<br />
f)vor ntter<br />
k = 1 -j- q 4- r 4_ s<br />
og fnnlebeg frembdeg vilbe gormlen for bet nlminbdige Secb<br />
f)ave fnmme ©fiffclfe, ^vormnnge Sele enb >Poli;uomict bc(<br />
ftob nf.
i6i<br />
§. 48. gor pnn cn nemmcre 93Ionbe, cub ben, ber<br />
ovenfor er ongivcn (I. §. 124), ot beregne Sogarit^mcrne,<br />
nnvcnbeg ogfoo en Diffffc; Ubvifling. SSi villc ffftte<br />
log([4-x) =z A-j-Bx-f-Cx=4-Dx^-j<br />
jjer fee vi, at for x z=^ o, er log i = o, nltfao A<br />
i^ o, og felgdigcn<br />
log(i + x) = Bx-f-Cx^4-Dx3-j<br />
SSi ^ove nu (I. §. 126)<br />
log(i-j-x)^ •=z 2log(i4-x)<br />
log(l-j-x)- = log (l 4-2x4-X')<br />
ffietcgne vi nitfnn 2x4-x' meb z, foo cr<br />
2 Bx 4- 2 Cx^ 4- 2 Dx' -1 =<br />
Bz4-Cz-4-Dz^-j =<br />
B (2 X -j- x^-) -j- C (2 X -j- x=)^ -I<br />
Orbneg ben fibfle 3vffffe cfter be fligenbe QJotcnfer of<br />
X, fnn ^ove vi<br />
2Bx-j-2C'x'-j-2Dx3 4-2Ex*-j =<br />
2Bx4- Blx^4-4C)x'-j- C\x*-j<br />
4-4CJ -f-sD) 4-I2D(<br />
4-16E)<br />
3Cltfao (§. 44)<br />
2B = 2B<br />
2C = B-J-4C<br />
2D=z=4C4-8D<br />
2E 1= C4-12D4-16E<br />
0. f V.<br />
J?craf ville vi ^ntet funne ublebe for B; men<br />
C •= —iB, D = -\-\B, E = —^B o.f V.<br />
.Snbfffttcg biffe SSffrbier, bliver nitfno<br />
log(i-f-x) = B(x —ix'-j-ix'—ix*-| )<br />
II. II
§. 49. gftevfom B fooer forfFjcUige SSffrbier, cr^olbe<br />
Sognrit^mcrne forffjeltig ©terrdfe, eller ^erc til forffjcllige<br />
©yflcmcr (I. §. 124). 3blonbt olle ©i;ftcmer funne vt imib;<br />
Icvttb vfflge eet, ^vig ©runbtol vi uffrmere ffulle beftemme<br />
og ^vor B = i; bette ©i)ftem folbeg be noturlige<br />
Sogorit^mer, og betegneg meb log. nat. ger .^ort^ebg<br />
©fi;lb ville vi blot betegne bem meb Log.<br />
Silt. I. 23i ^ave nitfno<br />
Lcgii+x) = X—Vx=4-i-x'—ix* -<br />
eg ^crnf, veb ot ffftte x = — x<br />
Logii—^) = — (x4-'x^-4-ix'4-ix* )<br />
5fltfno cr<br />
Log ( ^-—^ J = Log (t 4- x) — Log (i — x) =r<br />
2(x4-ix'4-ix'-j )<br />
Silt. 2. ©fulle biffe Slffffer convetgere, bo moo x<br />
Vffre en egentlig ^tet; jo minbre ben togeg, befto ^urtigete<br />
convergerc Svffffen. ©om ^>reve pon be Stcgningg; 2fffort;<br />
ninger, mnn fan onvcnbe, tjcne L>og 10.<br />
Log 10 := Log 2 -j- Log 5<br />
.3^cn2=(l)'xf 5 = fx4 = |x2^<br />
nltf'nn<br />
4 9<br />
Log 2 = 2 Log j- Log —<br />
3 8<br />
5<br />
Logs = Log j-2Zo^2<br />
4<br />
©fftte vi nitfnn<br />
i-t-x 4 9 5 ^<br />
7-^ — I' = i' = 7' ^'' "
3lltfnn<br />
1 I<br />
7 1"<br />
hog^ = 2f--|-- -A—--H ^<br />
" 3 V7 3-7*^5.7^ J<br />
9 /" I , I , I , ^<br />
Log- = \r7+3T^+5Ti7^+—V<br />
5 /'l . I I "\<br />
"4 V9 ^3-9' ' 5.9^^ y<br />
.fjcrnf felgcr nltfan<br />
Log 2 = 2<br />
= 0,6931471805<br />
Lo^5 =^ 2 Log 2<br />
^ V9^3-9^^5.9'^ 7<br />
= 1,6094379124<br />
io^ 10 = 2,3025850929<br />
163<br />
Slnin. Siffe noturlige Sogarit^mcr, fom og faac sjiaon<br />
af t;ppcrboliffe, finbeg i flere ©amlinger af aa»:<br />
ler, f. er.<br />
©ci)ulje'g ©ammlung Icgar, trig. K. Safcln, iftet<br />
a()dl.<br />
§. 49. gor ot beftemme ©runbtnllet for be nnturlige<br />
Sogarit^mcv, ville vi onvcnbe Slffffen Log (i-j-x), fom<br />
vi ville betegne meb y, oltfoo<br />
y = X —i-x'4-^x^—ix*^<br />
II*
164<br />
gor ^crof ot finbe x, onvcnbe vi ben ?9?ct^obe, bet<br />
folbcg 3vfffferneg 3"«ccfton; vi ffftte nemlig<br />
X = ay 4- by^ 4- cy» 4- dy* 4<br />
og beftemme a, b, c, d efter be ubeftemte Coefficicm<br />
terg 5}iet^obe (§. 44). 3nbf«tte vt SSffrbien of x i tUcth<br />
ten for y, foo ^ove vi y =<br />
ay-i-b )y'-t- c jy'4-<br />
— laM — ab I —<br />
+ia3 ; 4-<br />
* , f<br />
— i-a<br />
d \y*-fac<br />
1 —<br />
ib'l [ —<br />
L^b j<br />
m^aa ex<br />
a = I<br />
b —la^ = o<br />
c — ab -j- i a^ = o<br />
d_ac —ib^ 4-a^b —la* = O<br />
+<br />
4-i<br />
e ' \7'<br />
ad<br />
be 1<br />
ab^'<br />
a-c<br />
a^b 1<br />
e _ ad — be 4- ab^ 4- a= c — a^ b 4- |a« = 0<br />
ijcrnf felgcc<br />
3lltfnn er<br />
a = I<br />
2 2<br />
I I<br />
6 2.3<br />
24 2. 3. 4<br />
I I<br />
120 2.3.4.5
^ = ay+iy=-|-cy'4-dy*4-cy5-|<br />
J 65<br />
1.2 1.2.3 1.2.3.4 1.2.3.4.5<br />
©fftte vi nu Zo^(i-j-x) = y = i, fnn er i-j-x<br />
©runbtnllet; bette ville vi tetegne meb c, nitfno<br />
e = 14-X = i4-i-i 1 1<br />
I. 2 I. 2. 3<br />
= 2,718281828459<br />
§. 51. gor divert nnbct ©t;ftem enb be noturlige So;<br />
gnrit^mer cr B fterre ellcr minbre enb i. €r ©runbtnllet a<br />
I 4-x<br />
givet, ville vi let finbe B. ©fftte vt nemlig —— = a,<br />
1 — X<br />
a — I<br />
foo er omvenbt x = --r—. eg, bo vt ^ove<br />
SL —J— I<br />
foo er olminbdige<br />
^°S (^-1) = ^B (x4--^x3 4-f X-—)<br />
^vorof<br />
-!(^)+KS)'+i(^)"--i<br />
Slffffcn er convergerenbc; vi ville ffftte ben, multipliceret<br />
meb 2, liig M, ^vorof oltfoa felgcr i = MB og B = —<br />
©terrdfcn M folbe vi ©i;ftemetg 93iobul, for a = 10<br />
eUcr be olminbdige Sogovit^mer blcv<br />
M = 2 1^4--^"-4-^4- —<br />
In 3.11^^5. Il*~
166<br />
S i t f. SSi funne imiblertib finbe tOJobuIcn Icltcve pan<br />
felgenbe 9)conbe: SSi vibe, at nf ^vilfetfom^dft 'Jnl m er<br />
log ni = B Log m = — Log m<br />
o " INI *<br />
©ffttcg nitfnn m = a, fnn f)nve vi<br />
I = —Log a.<br />
nltfoo<br />
M = Log a<br />
gelgcligcn cr M intet ubcn ben noturlige Sogorit^mc of ©runb;<br />
toilet i bet givne ©i;ftem. ©nolebcg er for be olminbdige<br />
Sogorit^er<br />
M = Log lo ^= 2,30258509<br />
Silt. 2. gor oltfao ot finbe be olminbdige Sogortt^;<br />
mcr of be nnturlige, bivibereg biffe meb M, ellcr og mul;<br />
tiplicercg meb<br />
— =z 0,434294481903<br />
§. 52, Ogfoo be trigonometrifFe gunctioner Inbe fig<br />
ubvifle vcb Stffffcr, fom tjene til, enten ot beftemme bcm,<br />
noor SSinflcn ellcr SSuen cr given, cller omvenbt, noor en<br />
gunction er given, bo ot beftemme ben tilfvnrenbe 25ue ellcr<br />
aSinfd.<br />
5nge vi gormlerne<br />
sin (a -j- b) =:= sin a cos b -j- cos a siu b<br />
cos (a -j- b) = cos a cos b — sin a sin b<br />
(5rig. §. 6)<br />
og ffftte uu bexi fnovd a fom b ligcftor meb x, fno cr<br />
sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x<br />
cos 2 X = cos X* — sin x'<br />
gormler, fcm vi nllercbe f;nvc funbet ovenfor (-^rig, §. 9).
167<br />
©fftte vt frembdeg a = 2x, b =: x, fnn ev<br />
siu 3 X sin 2 X cos x -j- cos 2 x sin x<br />
= 2 siu X cos X- 4" cos X•• sin x — siii x^<br />
^= 3 cos X- sin X — sin X'<br />
cos 3x cos 2 X cos X — sin 2 x sin x<br />
Sigdcbeg<br />
= cos x' — sin X- cos x — 2 sin x- cos x<br />
cos x' — 3 sin x- cos x<br />
sin 4 X = sin 3 x cos x 4" cos 3 x sin x<br />
3cos %^ sin X — sin x^ cos x -j- cos x^ sin x<br />
= 4C0SX' sinx — 4sin x' cos x<br />
COS4X COS3XCOSX — sin 3X sinx<br />
— 3 sin x^ cos X<br />
cosx* — 3sin x^ cos x- — 3cos x' sin x*<br />
COS X* — 6 sin x' cos x^ -j" *iii x*<br />
^00 fnmme 93iaabe funne vi ubvifle<br />
-j- sin X*<br />
sin 5 X = 5 cos X* sin x — 10 cos x^ sin x' -j- ^'i^ ^'<br />
C0S5X cosx*—10 cos x^ sin x^-j-5 cos X sin X*<br />
sin 6 X = 6 cos x^ sin x — 20 cos x^ sin x' -j- 6 cos s<br />
sinx'<br />
cos6x = cosx^ — 15cos X* sinx--f-15cosx-sinx*<br />
— sin x''<br />
Sen olminbdige gormel, ^vorunber olle biffe Ubtri;f funne<br />
fnmmenfnttcg, er felgenbe t<br />
n(n—i)(n—2)<br />
Sinnx = ncosx"—'sinx— cosx"—'sin >:"<br />
I. 2. 3<br />
, n(n—i)(a —2)(n—3)(n —4) „ . • s<br />
•f-^— • — cosx" —•• siux^
168<br />
n (n — i)<br />
cos nx = cos X" cos x"—' sin x*<br />
I. 2<br />
n(n-i)(n-2)(n-3) „ , • ,<br />
4- cos X"—* sin x*<br />
I. 2. 3. 4<br />
u(n-i)(n-2)(n-3)(n-4)(n-5) .<br />
—cosx"—"sinx'<br />
+ K.<br />
I. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6k<br />
SSi funne let veb en fulbftffnbig ^inbuctien bevife biffe<br />
germlerg ©ylbig^eb for et^vert n, nnnr bet blot er et ^celt<br />
og pofitivt Z.aL SSi ^ove nemlig<br />
sin (n -j- 1) X = sin nx cos x -f- cos nx sin x<br />
n (n — 1) (n — 2)<br />
n cos X" sin x cos x" —^ sin x*<br />
I. 2. 3<br />
n(n —i)(n —2)(n —3)(n —4) .<br />
4 cosx"—*sinx'+---<br />
I. 2. 3« 4« 5<br />
n (n — 1)<br />
+ cos X" sin X cos x"— - sin x*<br />
I. 2<br />
n(n —i)(n —2)(n —3)<br />
_i cos X" — * sinx* -}<br />
I. 2. 3. 4<br />
©omle vi be Seeb fommen, fom ^ovc fomme gjrponent, of<br />
sin X og cos x, fno er<br />
sin (n -j- 1) X =<br />
, , N . Ol-}-1)11(11—i)<br />
(n 4- i) cos X" sm x cos x" — - sm x'<br />
I. 2. 3<br />
(n-j-i)n(n-i)(n-2)(n-3) .<br />
H cosx" — * sinx*<br />
I. 2. 3. 4. 5<br />
3(ltfflo neiogtigt bet fomme Ubtri;f fom for^en; blot, ot<br />
n -j- I (looer ollevegne iftebctfor n.<br />
Sigclebeg<br />
cos (n -j-1) X =: cos nx cos x — sin nx sin x
n (n — i)<br />
cos x" + ' — cos X" — ' sin x-<br />
I. 2<br />
n(n —i)(n —2)(n —3)<br />
-j cos X" —' sin X'<br />
I. 2. 3. 4<br />
169<br />
n(n —i)(n-2)(n-3)(n-4)(n-5) cos X" —*MI1 X*<br />
I. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6<br />
+ -<br />
n(n — i)(n — 2)<br />
— •ni ncosx"—' sinx^-j cosx"—^ sinx*<br />
I. 2. 3<br />
P(n— i) (n — 2) (n — 3) (n — 4)<br />
!• 2<br />
vf<br />
(n4-i)n<br />
=: cos X" "T • cos X" —' sin X*<br />
I. 2<br />
(n-j-i)n(H—i)(u —2)<br />
-1 cos X" — 3 sin X*<br />
I. 2. 3. 4<br />
(n4-i)n(n —i)(n —2)(n —3)(u —4) .<br />
— • cos X"—' sin x°<br />
I. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6<br />
+<br />
Otter neie et ccngortct Ubtri;f, fom bet forl)en ubviflcbe<br />
for cos nx.<br />
SSi ville oltfao olminbcligt inbfee, nt ovenftnncube gorm;<br />
ler gjfflbe, n vffre ^vilfctfomf;elft ^eelt pofftivt Zal<br />
§. 53. linvenbe vi biffe gormler til S&cftemmclfcn nf<br />
©inug og Sofinug, nnnr SBucn er given, fnn funne vi f'fftte<br />
z at vffve ot uenbelig liben 23uc; for en foabon fnlbcr ©i;<br />
nug fnmmen meb SBuen, Softnug meb i, eller vi ^nvc<br />
sin X z=z X; cos x = i<br />
Snber og nu ^ove ot beftemme sin z og cos z, fao ffftte<br />
vi z = nx, ^vor bo neibvcnbigvitg n bliver ucnbdigt flor;
170<br />
men bo en uenbelig flor ©tatrdfe veb Cn enbclig ©t«rrelfe<br />
^verfen formereg eller forminbfTeg, foo mono vi nnfee n — 1,<br />
n — 2, n — 3 jc. olle nt vffre ucnbdigt (tore, oltfna ligc;<br />
ftore meb felve n; oltfoo<br />
n^ x' n' x"<br />
sin z = n. X • I. 2. 3 1. 2. 3. 4. 5<br />
Stgdebeg<br />
z' z^<br />
1.2.3 1.2.3.4.5<br />
z* z* z*<br />
cos z I 1 —<br />
1.2 1.2.3.4 1.2.3.4.5.6<br />
93uen z fTol vffre ubtri;ft i Sffngbe, ubmoolt meb Slobiug<br />
fom Sen^cb; er ben ubtri)ft i ©robcr og ^olber Z°, foo, bo<br />
380° rectificccebe etc foe 3tobiug i Collet 5r, ^ove vi<br />
Z°<br />
Z = -ff<br />
180°<br />
So nu 5r'g ©terrdfe cr befjcnbt (I. ©com. §. 150),<br />
foo funne vi inbffftte benne SSffrbie, og er^olbe foolebeg cn<br />
cenvcrgercnbe 9tffffe for ot beftemme sin z og cos z.<br />
%Hl.<br />
finbeg<br />
3tf be funbne Ubtri;f for sinz og cosz fan<br />
cosz sin z<br />
Sog vilbe benne Sivifion meb Secimol; SSrefcr of mange<br />
Secimolcr vffre vnnfFdig og vibtleftig; bebft ubvifle vi ber;<br />
for en 5)tetf)obe for umibbdbnrt nt finbe tg z.<br />
nt onvcnbe Siffffcrne<br />
SSi ^nve veb<br />
tg Z =<br />
^<br />
z<br />
z' z*<br />
4<br />
1.2.3 1.2.3.4.5<br />
„ ;<br />
Z^ Z'<br />
z'<br />
1.2.3.4.5.6.7--<br />
Z«<br />
I— — 4- —<br />
1.2 1.2.3.4 1.2.3.4.5.6
ger ot Ictte benne Ubvifling ffftte vi<br />
b = -^ c = ^<br />
1.2 1.2.3 1.2.3.4<br />
1.2.3.4.5 1.2.3.4.5.6<br />
I<br />
!C.<br />
171<br />
3(ltfflo cr<br />
I — cz* -j- ez* — gz^ -j<br />
tgz I — bz=-j-dz* —fz«4--<br />
Set fommer nu blot nn paa, ot ubvifle Srefen, og vi<br />
ville cnbnu, for ot lette benne Operation, ffftte a^ = y.<br />
So er<br />
I —cy-j-ey'—gy^4-ky*-| __<br />
i-by4-dy^-fy^-|-by*H<br />
l4-By4-Cy^4-Dy»4-Ey*+---<br />
^vor B, C, D, E blive ot beftemme efter be ubeftemte<br />
goefficicntetg tOtet^obe. Sen ferfte Coefficient A ^nvc vi<br />
flror fat liig i, bo vi inbfee, ot, vcb ot gjere y = o,<br />
a>refcn bliver i.<br />
STiUltipliccre vi bo meb 9?ffvncren, fao ^ove vi<br />
J — cy 4- ey' — sy' -|- ^y* =<br />
i-hB)y+ CW^-1- DW3 4- EW*---<br />
— bj —bBJ —bcf —bD/<br />
4- d) +dBJ 4-dcJ<br />
— f) — fBl<br />
4- hi<br />
^crnf felgcc oltfao<br />
B = b — c<br />
C = bB — d 4- e<br />
D = bC —dB-j-f—g<br />
E = bD —dG4-fB —h4-k
172<br />
SSi fee let, ^vortcbcg ben ene Soefftctent felgcc nf ben<br />
onben, og funne beregne bem, vcb ot inbffftte SJffrbierne af<br />
b, c, d . ©oolebeg ec<br />
I I<br />
B = 1.2 1.2.3<br />
D =<br />
1.2 I. 2. 3.4 I. 2. 3. 4.5<br />
C B I<br />
1.2 I. 2. 3.4 1.2. 3.4. 5- 6<br />
0. f. V.<br />
I<br />
1.2. 3.4.5> 6.7<br />
I 2 17 63<br />
dHex B = —, C = —, D = -^, E =<br />
3 15 315 2835<br />
0. f.». Snbffftteg biffe SSffrbier og tillige y = z^, fan ec<br />
,1 ,2 ,17 ,62<br />
ts z — z4—z' 4— z* 4 ^^ 4 z* 4<br />
° 3 15 315 2835<br />
Sigdcbeg beregne vi Sotongenten veb ot ffftte<br />
cosz I—bz'-4-dz*4<br />
eotz = = -4 r<br />
sm z z — cz* 4- ez* -J<br />
= i. .^'i-^>y-hdy^-fy^4<br />
z I —cy-j-ey^—gy^<br />
©fftte vi nu otter bette a3ref;Ubtri;f ligeftort meb<br />
i4-By4-Cy^4-Dy^4<br />
jflfl cr ^er<br />
B = c —b<br />
C = cB — e -f- d<br />
D = cC — eB-j-g — f<br />
E = cD —eC-j-gB-k-j-h<br />
0. f V.
Sctnf<br />
eacr<br />
C =<br />
I<br />
1.2. 3<br />
B<br />
1.2. 3<br />
B = --, C =<br />
3<br />
3fltfnn er<br />
I<br />
cot z =r= —<br />
I<br />
1. 2<br />
I 1 '<br />
1.2.3.4.5 ' 1.2.3.4<br />
0. f V.<br />
-—, D = - — , E=5=-<br />
45 945<br />
z z' 2z' z'<br />
173<br />
I<br />
4725<br />
z 3 45 945 4725<br />
Sftebet for z ffftte vi beqvemt i biffe gormler for 5on;<br />
gentcn og Cotongenten ligefom ovenfor<br />
2 = -VT<br />
i8o°<br />
Silt. 2. SJilbe vi onvcnbe biffe gormler til Sereg;<br />
ning of noturlige ©inug; og ?ongeng;'5obeller,<br />
fan bc^evebe vi ene ot regne ©inug og Cofinug til 30°.<br />
goreftille vi og ncmlig ©inug fom en Sinie (^rig. §. 3),<br />
foo, bo C^orben for 60° er ligcftor meb 3lobiug, er sin 30°<br />
= i', fatte vi oltfoo a = 30", b = z i gormlerne<br />
ffl og VI (5rig. §. 7), foo ec<br />
cos z z^ sin (30° -j- z) -j- sin (30' — z)<br />
sin z = cos (30° — z) — cos (30° -j- ^)<br />
ijeraf<br />
sin (30° -j- z) = cos z — sin (30° — z)<br />
cos (30° 4" z) cos (30" — z) — sin z<br />
3tltfaa funne vi veb en ©ubtroction er^olbe ©inug og £0;<br />
finug of olle SSinfler inbtil 60°; be evcigeg ©inuffer finbeg<br />
imellem be ollercbe beregnebe Cofinuffer, og omvenbt.
174<br />
SigelcbeS er bet tilftrffffdigt ene ot beregne 'Songcntct<br />
og Sotottgentec til 30°. SSi ^ove ncmlig (§. 9 XVlii)<br />
° 1 — tg a^<br />
3(ltfoo ogfoo<br />
1 — tg a*<br />
cot 2 a = =: •?, cot a — -I- tg a<br />
2 tg a<br />
©fftte vi a = 30° — z, foo er<br />
cot 2 a — cot (60° — 2 z) = tg (30° 4" 2 z)<br />
= i cot (30° — z) — i tg (30° — z)<br />
^vorof ba alle 2ongcnter fro 30° til 90° lobe fig beregne.<br />
Si f)ellec be^eve vt for ©econtcr og Cofeconter ot ubs<br />
vifle fffregne gormler, t^ biffe funne ogfno finbeg vcb cn<br />
©ubtroction. 5oge vi ncmlig<br />
cos 2 a := 2 cos a' — i<br />
eg bivibcre meb<br />
sin 2 a : 2 sin a cos a<br />
foo er<br />
ellcr<br />
cos a I<br />
cot 2 a = -T—<br />
sin a sin 2 a<br />
= cot a — cosec 2 a<br />
ffftte vi 2 a = z, foo<br />
cosec z = cot^^z — cot z<br />
©ffttcg nu otter Ijcri z = 90° — z, fno cr<br />
sec z =: cot (45° •*- V z) — tg z<br />
S111. 3. gor ^cnffgtgmffgjigen efter ovenftooenbc gorm;<br />
ler ot fere .Qjecegningen for et ftort 2fntol trigonometdfTe gunc;<br />
tioner, fom ?;ilffflbct vor, ^vig vi ville beregne ^nbellcr, var<br />
bet lettefl eengong for olle ot ubrcgne Cocfficienterne, og mul;
175<br />
tiplicere bii^c meb be tilfyrtvenbc Sjfponcntec af —-; cnf^tscr<br />
of biffe fnnlcbcj ubrcgncbe ©terrelfcr bc^evcbc vi ba blot nt<br />
multiplicere mci ben bev;il ^ercutc 'poteng nf Z°.<br />
§. 53. SSove nltriinbcligc tvigonomctvifTe 'Jnbcller cre<br />
ortificiclU D; Sognritl;mcrne af gunctionerne, men iffe<br />
felve gunctionerne, cre nuijionc (tvig. $. 4). 3fltfnn ffulle<br />
vi, eftcrnt be vnre funbne, fege Sognvit^mcrne. Sog feller<br />
fovbnnbc vi biffe Operntioner i een, og flvffbtc ftvnr i en<br />
Siffffe nt frcmftille log sin z, log eos z jc.<br />
SSi ^ve<br />
+ 1.2.3 1.2.3.4.5<br />
Scttc Ubtn;f mnn oplefeg i gnctorer, for berpnn at onvcnbe<br />
Sogovit^mer. SSi ^ave feet (§. 24), ot 3Gqvationcrncg<br />
Optegning funne onfeeg fom en 9}iflabe ot finb< ct 'Probuctg<br />
goctorer. ©fftte vi oltfao<br />
1.2. 3 I. 2. 3.4. 5<br />
fan inbfee vi, at z flrar er cn gnctor, eQcr ot z = o cr<br />
en Slob of Seqvotionen. SSi ^ave oltfao cnbnu<br />
at oplefe.<br />
1.2.3 1.2.3.4.5<br />
.^evi ffftte vi z- = —, foo er<br />
X<br />
I . I<br />
1.2. 3.x 1.2. 3.4.5. x^<br />
Sctte Ubtrpf leber ub i bet Uenbdige. Sen ^eicfte "Poteng<br />
cr x", multiplicere vi ^ermeb, bliver Seqvgtionen
176<br />
^M — 1<br />
x» — = o<br />
1.2.3<br />
So ben cc of cn uenbelig ^ei ©rob, bliver beng 9lebbcc<br />
ucnbdigt monge. SSi funne imiblertib let efterfpore biffe:<br />
gor z =: o fonbt vi ferft Ubtvyffet ot blive o, b. e. ©i;<br />
nug of en SBue ftoc 0° er o, ligelebeg vibe vi, nt ©inug<br />
flf 180°, 360°, 540° er o; inbffftte vi oltfoa i gormlen<br />
z = 5r, = 257, = 3a- o.f v., b. e. 180", 360°,<br />
540° e. ftV. rectificcrebe, er^olbe vi ligelebeg o, oltfoo eve<br />
3?ebberne<br />
I I I I<br />
z* TT^' 4?r^' 9'^^<br />
eg oltfno moo 5@qvotionen Inbe ffg fvemftille vcb<br />
Sivibere vi ^er otter meb x", ellcr f)vcr goctor meb x,<br />
foo ^ove vi<br />
V^~X!rV\.^<br />
eller er<br />
4^^V V 9^^'J<br />
Sigclebeg funne vi oplefe<br />
1 , I<br />
cos z = I z^ -j z*<br />
1.2 1.2.3.4<br />
I. 2. X 1. 2. 3.4.x-<br />
smz<br />
©fftte vi nemlig bette Ubtri;f ligeftort meb o, og multipli;<br />
(cre meb x", bo ^ove vi ^qvotionen
x» f — o<br />
1.2<br />
177<br />
Sa cosz = o, nanr z = ITT, = i^, = I ir<br />
o.f v., faa eve Siebbcvnc for benne S^qvation:<br />
X = --, = -'^-, = - — !C.<br />
oltfaa finbeg vcb famme gornnbringer, fom forljcn<br />
•Sage vi altfaa ^craf Sogarit^merne, faa cr<br />
Log sin z = Log z 4" Log f I ;• j<br />
+ Log(.-^^+Log(^,-^^+..<br />
Log cos z = Log ^i - ^ j 4- io^- ^i _ ^ j<br />
©fftte vi ^cr z = —-rtr = -—;—jff,<br />
180° 2 X 90°<br />
ba er<br />
Z° /^ Z^ "N<br />
Lo,.siaz = io^—,r4-io^(^i-^<br />
+<br />
Zo^cosZ = Log(\~—'^+Log(\~^-,'^<br />
-f- Zo^ ( I ''—- ) 4- Lo^ ( I )<br />
V 25.90 V V. 49.90 V<br />
II. 12
178<br />
5;oge vi nf Stiffen for Zo^sinz be to ferfte Secb, ba<br />
cre biffe<br />
Log Z -j- Log TT — Log i8o 4- Log (i8o° -j- Z)<br />
4- Log (i8o° — Z) — 2 Log i8o<br />
= Zo^ Z 4- Zo^ (i8o -f- Z) -j- Log (i8o — Z)<br />
4- Zo^- ;r — 3 Log i8o.<br />
Sigclebeg for Log cos z er bet ferfle Seeb<br />
Log Q - ^ ^ = Log (90 4- Z) 4- Log (90' - Z)<br />
— 2 Zo^ 90.<br />
Se 0Vrige Sceb ubvifleg i 9t«ffcr, og bn fffttcg for ^ort;<br />
Z<br />
^ebg ©fi;lb — = V. Stffffe; Ubviflingen fnn bebft fore;<br />
tngcg efter gormlen Log (1 — x) (§. 49. 5ill. i), ibet vi<br />
ffftte efter^nonbcrt of Slffffen for ©inug<br />
ia f)ave vi<br />
V2 V^ V'<br />
Log (.--^ = - r:^4-^4-l!-4._.^<br />
^V i8o^-y ^4^^2.4*^3.4^^ J<br />
"••"' C-lsj)=- Ci^"^^^"^^!^-'-<br />
0. f V.<br />
= _ y^C~-h- + ~ + '-A<br />
V4'^6^^8^^ J<br />
V4*^6*^8*^ J
0. \. V.<br />
Sigdcbeg for Cofinug blive 3lffffevne<br />
179<br />
'^s{'-^) = -(ii+J7+^+"")<br />
^°^(—«^i?) = -(7^+^'+^?+")<br />
= -v
180<br />
— V'» 0,0000001943<br />
— V " 0,0000000100<br />
— V'* 0,0000000005<br />
Log cos Z" = Log (90 4- Z) 4- Log (90 — Z)<br />
-j- 1,0003806593 — ID<br />
—Y^ 0,2337005501<br />
— V* 0,0073390158<br />
—v« 0,0004823589<br />
—v' 0,0000387948<br />
— v'"^ 0,0000034083<br />
— v'^ 0,0000003143<br />
— v'* 0,0000000299<br />
— V'8 0,0000000029<br />
— V" 0,0000000003<br />
gor Sogorit^mcrne of 'Songenterne, Cotnngenterne, ©c;<br />
contevne og Cofeconterne bc^.eveg ingen fffregne Stffffcr, ba<br />
biffe finbeg let vcb ben blotte ©ubtroction nf be givne, ifelge<br />
be ovenfor fremfatte gormler (5rig. §. 2).<br />
Sill. Stffffcrne ville give be noturlige cller ^i;perbo«<br />
liffe Sogorit^mer of ©inug og Cofinug; for ot finbe briggijTe<br />
Sogorit^mcr mootte vi multiplicere meb 0,4342944819<br />
eller og onvenbeg felgenbe Siffffe<br />
log sin Z° z=: log Z 4- log (i8o° 4- Z)<br />
4-log(i8o° —Z)<br />
-f-3/7313323574<br />
—V 0,0700228266<br />
— V* 0,0011172664<br />
— V* 0,0000392291<br />
—v' 0,0000017293<br />
— V 0,0000000844
— V " 0,0000000043<br />
181<br />
— V' * 0,0000000002<br />
ligelebeg<br />
log cos Z° = log (90° 4-Z) 4-log (90 —Z)<br />
4-6,0915149811<br />
— v^ 0,1014948593<br />
— Y* 0,0031872941<br />
— v^ 0,0002094858<br />
— v^ 0,0000168483<br />
— v'" 0,0000014802<br />
— V " 0,0000001365<br />
— V' * 0,0000000130<br />
— v'® 0,0000000013<br />
— V* * 0,0000000001<br />
Sn for ©inug og Coffnug i 'Sobeacrne flebfe ^enffftteg be<br />
beeabiffc Complementer (^rig. §. 4), fno ere biffe Slffffer<br />
ollercbe foregcbe meb 10, fao ot be umibbelbart give be to;<br />
bulnciffe Sognrit^mei;.<br />
2(nm. en ubforlig Itatet fra 10" til 10" of be natndige<br />
Sogantbmc s ©inuffer K. finbeg i<br />
Benj. IJrsmi Trigonometria Colonise 1624.<br />
.^craf l)aoeg ct 3tftrt)E, men fun for \)vett aJlinut eg<br />
meb 7 ®ccimaler, i<br />
©cbuljc'g ©ammlung logaritl;mifc^er:tvigonomctrij<br />
fcbcr Xafeln.<br />
5 enfelte 2;ilfo8lbe ere biffe ttabettec vigtige; men<br />
til faboanligt S8rng anbefalc be bviggiffe fig.<br />
§. 55. Sigefom vi af cn given S&ue f)ave funbet be<br />
ttigonomctdffe gunctioner, funne vi omvenbt of biffe finbe<br />
S5uen. SSi onvenbte ^ertil Siffffe ;5fnvcrfionen (§. 50); fno;<br />
(cbcg Vffre given f. Sr.
182<br />
I 3 17<br />
tgz =r z-j z'4 z^H z'4 '-<br />
^ '3 15 315<br />
©fftte vi tg z = t, fno ville vi ffftte<br />
z :=: at4-bt^4-ct'4-dt*4-et5-j-.fts4 :<br />
bo er t =<br />
al-j-bt^4- c )t'4- d)t*4- e jt^-f f<br />
3(ltfno<br />
a = I<br />
b = o<br />
-j- ac I 4" ^^<br />
+ T\aO 4-|a*b<br />
c-j--|^a ^ o<br />
d-j-a^b = o<br />
e-J-ab'-j-ac-j-Aa* = O<br />
f4_4.b5 4-ad4-fa*b 3= o<br />
0. f. V.<br />
.^erof ville vi ublebe b = o, d = o, f = o, b. e.<br />
(tile lige QJotenferg Coefpdentcr blive o, oltfno bortfnlbe biffe;<br />
berimob ^nve vi<br />
a = T . c = -4., e = i, g = —fo.fv.<br />
(lltfoo<br />
z = t-it'4-ii* —-ft'4<br />
Ziil. 3nbf«tte vi i ben gormd z = 45°, fan cr<br />
t = tg45° = I, z = 45^ rectificerebe AJT, oltfno<br />
iy := i-i4-i —f-l-iH<br />
Senne Siffffe vilbe imiblertib fnore longfomt convergerc, og<br />
fun meb megen gKa^ic give n- nogcnlunbc rigtig.<br />
Sflge vi cn JSue, m, nf ben ,?5ciTnffen^eb, nt tgin<br />
= T, fna ec
2tgm 5<br />
tg2m — tg . . in= . ^^<br />
I<br />
2 tg m I20<br />
^^ I—tg2m- 119<br />
183<br />
SSi cre faalebeg fomne til en SSue iffun libct fterre enb<br />
45°, bn 5angentcn fung er libet fterre enb i; vi ville be;<br />
tcgne ben meb A, og ffftte frembdeg A —45° = B;<br />
faa cr<br />
tgB = ^^-=^ = -^ (5cig. §.8.xm).<br />
» tgA4-i 239<br />
©fftte vi nu<br />
45° = A —B =: 4m —B,<br />
fan, raor vi beftemme A og B, rectificcrebe, veb ipjfflp of<br />
Slffffcn, vil gorfTjeaen imeUem biffe to Staffer ubtri;ffe 45°<br />
rectificcrebe; oltfna, bo sr = 180° = 4X45° cectifi;<br />
ccrebe, er<br />
I T . I I .<br />
s- = 16 5 3.5' 5.5' 7.5'<br />
(I I . I<br />
1239 3.239 5.239'<br />
jjernf Inber nitfnn 3- fig meb cn ^ei @rob of S^eiagtig^cb<br />
finbe, eg Inngt lettere enb ovenfor (I. ©com. §. 149 og<br />
150) er viifl.<br />
§. 56. Se (§. 53) fremfntte Siffffcr ville, jo minbre<br />
23uen cv, meb befto fffvre Secb give ben trigonometriffe gunc;<br />
tion neic. SSi vifle nntnge, ot z ^olbcr foo fan ©vnbcr, ot<br />
vi meb ben Sleingtig^eb, vi enffe bet, funne ffftte<br />
sinz 3=z z—iz' = z (i—-J-z')<br />
tgz = z-j-iz^ = z(i4-iz'>
184<br />
f)vor vi nltfan bortfofte z' og nlle ^«icre ^otenfci: of z.<br />
'5nge vi tillige<br />
cos Z = I -TZ*<br />
eg oltfao ^crof ogfoo bortfofte z* og be ^eicre ^otcnfer af<br />
z, fan funne vi ffftte<br />
3fltfofl<br />
(i-Az=)-^= i-Az^4<br />
(i4-iz=)-*= i4-iz'^-j<br />
tg z ^:zz z . cos z ^<br />
Siffe gormler egne fig nu meget til Sogorit^me; Stegning;<br />
t^i vi ^ove ^erof<br />
log sin z log z -j- T l^og cos z<br />
log tg z := log z — ^ log cos z<br />
3(nvenbe vi bcm oltfon poo be ferfte ©robcr, foo fin;<br />
beg of 5ovlcrne let Cofinug ubcn ol Sntcrpolotion; z ber;<br />
imob jTol vffre ubtri;ft i Sele of Slnbiug; cr ben oltfoo gi;<br />
ven i ©ecunbcr, bivibereg meb 2o6264"8^ t^i fonmnnge<br />
©ccunbcr ^olber cn SBue ligcftor meb Slnbiug, of ^vilfct<br />
%a\ Sogorit^men cr 5,314425.<br />
©oolebeg finbe vi f. (Er. ©inug og 5ongeng of z<br />
= 2°i9'ii",7 = 835i"7 poo felgenbe 53ionbc:<br />
cos z = 9,999644 =: 0,000000 — 356<br />
cos z^ = 0,000000 — 119<br />
cos z ^ = 0,000000 -j- 237<br />
9)Ien<br />
logz = 3,921775<br />
— 5'3i4425 „,<br />
^- 8/607350
3(ltfao<br />
log sinz =: 8,607231<br />
log tgz z= 8,607587<br />
185<br />
^vilfc cnbog i bet fibftc Secimol cre olbdcg neiogtigc.<br />
©onlcbeg ville vi let for be ferfle ©rnber cvl^olbc Sogn;<br />
rit^mciSinuffevne og ^nngcntevnc, fom vi ellcvg, ubcn cn<br />
ufiffer og vibtleftig 3nterpolntion, og ubcn nt ubftvffffe Za;<br />
bcllcv i S5cgi;nbclfen mccv enb fibcn, ei funne cvljolbc.<br />
Silt. I. Omvenbt, f)vig vi ffulbe enten nf ©inuS<br />
ellcr 5nngcng finbe SBuen, ville vi ffftte<br />
sin z I<br />
sin z . cos z<br />
cos z'<br />
'0 '• . f<br />
z =: = sin z . cos z<br />
cos z •*<br />
f)Vor bn z for at finbe cos z blot bc^ever ot fjcnbcg om;<br />
trentligen, ibet vi ubcn ol 3i"terpolation toge of Sobdlcrne<br />
ben uffrmefte SSffrbie.<br />
Sill. 2. gor ot preve Steingtig^cbcn of biffe govm;<br />
Icr, ville vi ubflrffffe S5eregningen cfter bem inbtil 5". SSi<br />
^ave bo for<br />
©inug •^ongcng<br />
2<br />
3<br />
4<br />
5<br />
8,241855<br />
8,542819<br />
8,718800<br />
8,843584<br />
8,940296<br />
8,241921<br />
8,543084<br />
8,719396<br />
8,844644<br />
8,941951<br />
(Jnbnu vcb 5 ©rnber ofoigcr iffe 'Songenten i 6te Secimol<br />
nogcn fulb C'cn^eb.
186<br />
St Jim. gor at lette benne Slegning, fiat jeg t be ieo9«=<br />
rit5me:2.a»ler, fom af mig bliue ubgione, tilfeiet for:<br />
crcn veb Xalrgogarit^merne to Zal, S og T, fom iffe exe<br />
onbet enb ben Correction, SaUSogaritbnien faacr, for at<br />
ubtrnffe Sogaritbmen til ©inng og Xangcnten af et bcftcmt<br />
Slntal ©ccunbcr; ben conftonte ®i»ifor 2o6264"8, l)vi^<br />
Sogaritbme cr 5,314425, cr berimob ubelabt, ia benne<br />
let flebfe fan tilfeieg.<br />
§. 57. ©oolebeg ^nvc vi feet, ^votlebeg be lognrit^;<br />
mifTc og trigonometrifTe ©tarrdfer (gunctioner) labe ffg ub;<br />
trpffc veb Staffer, fom blive convergerenbe, og ^vorlebcg vi<br />
vore iftonb til veb bem ot ferfffrbige vore Sognrit^mc;'2a;<br />
fcctler fnnvcl for 'Jnllene fom for be trigonometriffe ©terrcl;<br />
fer. 3?ffften poo fomme 5)conbe Inbe olle ©terrelfcr i ben<br />
rene og onvenbte. S3iat^emotif fig ubvifle, og biffe Stffffcr<br />
blive bo ©runbloget for 'Jobellcrne, fom efter bem conftrue;<br />
vcg. Set vilbe imiblertib blive oltfor vibtleftigt, om vi fTulbe<br />
fcercgne olle Seeb, ^vorof en foabon 'Jabet, for ot ben funbe<br />
nicb Set^eb brugcg, mane beftnne. St 2(ntol, i gor^olb til<br />
felve 'Sovlett, i Tflminbdig^cb meget ringe, bercgneg ofteft<br />
ene ligefrcm, eg Steften, ber ligge imellem biffe, ubicbcg nt;<br />
ter nf f)ine. Sigclebeg f}ave vi unbertiben en 5nbel given,<br />
eller vel cnbog fung nogle Secb, ^vorof cn ^obcl fTal fot;<br />
fffrbigeg, til en vig og fterre Ubffrfffning cub ben, ber<br />
fro 93egi;nbdfen ^ovbeg; bo villc vi, of be og givne Sceb,<br />
ubcn ot venbe tilbngc til ben ?))ict^obe, ^vorveb be oprinbe;<br />
ligen ere funbne (noget, ber ofte enbogfoo iffe er eg muligt),<br />
ublebe olle Sebbene til ^obcllcn.<br />
Sen Stegniug, ^vorveb bette ffecr, falbcg 3"terpo;<br />
lotion, og fferc gormler lobe fig ubvifle, ^vorcftcr benne<br />
i be forffjcllige '^ilffflbc ^enfigtgmffgfigfl lober jig forctnge.
187<br />
gor flt ubtjifle cn olminbclig 3nterpolationg; gormel,<br />
villc vi nntnge, nt vi Ijnvbc<br />
y = A-j-Bx4-Cx--|-Dx'-j<br />
og bette y nf ben S&cffnffen^eb, ot for ct pnffcnbc x vilbe,<br />
i bet t)3iinbfte inben cn vig ©rffnbfe, bet vffre tilftrffffdigt,<br />
nt tnge nogle fnn Sceb (fov bet gevfte vilbe vi ene tnge be<br />
4 fvcmfnttc) for ot finbe y.<br />
SSi vifle nu ontnge at ^ove funbet oflerebe for fferc be;<br />
flcmte SSffrbier of x, ncmlig x, x„ x,„ be tilfvorenbe<br />
SSffrbier of j/ nemlig<br />
y, = A 4- Bx, 4- Cx,= 4- Dx,^<br />
y„ ^ A4-Bx„4-Cx„=4-Dx„'<br />
y,„ = A-j-Bx,„-l-Cx,„»-j-Dx„,^<br />
y.v = A4-Bx.,4-Cx,,= 4-Dx„'<br />
0. f V.<br />
SSi inbfee nu, at vore A, B, C, D cnbog iffe givne,<br />
eflcr fjenbte vi albcleg iffe Stffffcng S^otur, vilbe vi bog funne<br />
nf be befjcnbte y, y„ finbe bem, bo be cre og givne<br />
veb Sgqvotioncr of ferfte ©rob.<br />
gor beqvemt ot finbe ben, toge vi:<br />
y„-y, = B(x„-x,)4.C(x„^-x,=) + D(x„3-x,3)<br />
^Bovaf lober ffg bonne<br />
y'dy' ^ B4-C^^^^--::4-D"^^^::1-"-:!<br />
= B4-(x„4-x,)C-j-(x„»4-x„x,4-x,=)D<br />
Senne ©terrelf'e ville vi betegne meb B, og ligelebeg ffftte<br />
2S„ = B 4- (K,„ 4- x„) C 4- (x,„» -j- x,„ x„ 4- x„=)<br />
»,„ = B4-(x„H-x„)C-|-(x,/4-x'x,„if x,„=)<br />
jjcvaf ublebe vi otter<br />
h,,—:^, = (x,„—x,)C4-(x,„='4-(x„, —x,)x„ —-„=)D
188<br />
eg veb ot bivibcre meb x„, — x,<br />
= c4-(x,„4-^--f x,)D<br />
X/// ~~- X^<br />
I)vilfen ©terrdfe vi ville betegne meb C, og ligclcbeS<br />
189<br />
og inbffftte vi ntter D = JD, bo fiove vi ben olminbdige<br />
3nterpolationg; gormd<br />
y = y, 4 (X - X,) [1^, + (X - x„) (C, + (x - x,,,) jD,)]<br />
.fjovbe vi taget fferc Clcmentcr cub y, 23, C, JD, for at<br />
beftemme y, vor gormlen blcven olbcleg ligcovtet meb ben<br />
fremfntte.<br />
Set bliver ftebfe ^cnfigtgtuffgfigft nt tnge x—x,; x —x„<br />
fno fmane fom muligt; berfor vfflge vi imeflem be eg<br />
givne ©terrelfcr i 3(lminbclig^eb fnnlebeg, nt x, fnlbcg ben,<br />
bcr ligger x nffvmcfl, x„ ben berpnn nffrmeffe, o.f v.<br />
X og ligdcbcg x, x„ fnlbcg 5(rgumcntec<br />
fee y y, y,/<br />
2( n m. ©om eiempcl oiHe vi tage folgenbc<br />
Log 1931 = 7,5657932824<br />
Zo^ 1938 = 7,5694117925<br />
Log 1940 = 7,5704432521<br />
Zo^-^ 1946 = 7/5735312627<br />
eg beraf intcrpolere 1937; oi oitle ba f«tte<br />
x,==i938; x„ = i94o; x„, = 1931; x,y = i945<br />
Sa er<br />
», = 5157298,0 C, = —1333'6<br />
X)„ = 5166633,0 5D, = 4-0,46<br />
190<br />
§. 58» Snterpolfitionert IctteS 6eti;beligt, ^vig vi ^ave<br />
flere Sceb givne, ber fvnrebe til 3trgumentcr, fom ffrebe frem<br />
i nrit^metiff ^progrcgpon; Siffcrentfen i benne villc vi nntage<br />
fom Sen^eb, eg bo ffftte for bet Seeb, vi ffulle fege,.<br />
X = X, -j- m<br />
f)Vor X bo gjfflbcr for bet nffrmeft foregooenbe Sceb, og m<br />
er en egentlig ?£>xef. ©om y„ tnge vi bet Seeb, bcr felgcr<br />
pnn y,; fom y,„ bet, ber gooer foron for y,; og fom y,^<br />
bet, bcr felgcr pao y„. 31'rgumenterne, fom oltfoo gaac<br />
frem i orit^metifT proportion, meb bcreg Secb, ftooe foolebeg<br />
x„,<br />
X,<br />
x„<br />
X,y<br />
J"^<br />
Dy„<br />
Y' D.y,<br />
Dy/ D,<br />
7" D.y/,<br />
Dy///<br />
y.v<br />
Dy, Dy„ ere be ferfte Siffcrentfer, fao ot<br />
^j' = J" — y' ^y" = 7' — Y"' 0- f-«.<br />
ligelebeg er D^y, D^y,, 2{nben; Sifferentfcrne ellcr<br />
D^y, = Dy, — Dy„ D,y„ = Dy,„ — Dy„ 0. f V.<br />
frembdeg Srebie;Sifferentfcrne D3y, D^j,, foo ot<br />
D3y, = D,y„—D,y, o.f v.<br />
2ff biffe Siffcrentfer lobe nu let Slementerne 35, B,,—-<br />
C, C, ©, 0. f V. ffg bonne poo felgenbe S3?aob«<br />
x„ — X, =4-1 X,/, — X, = — 1<br />
I/// —X„ = — 2<br />
X,v — X,„ =4-3<br />
aitfoft<br />
•X, = — 1<br />
• x„ = 4-1<br />
X,y X/ =4-2
191<br />
y,„-y„ -(Dy„ + Dy,)<br />
»„ = —r- = :; = KDy//-{-Dy,)<br />
»,„ = '-^;- = J_LZX2_ = . (Dy„+Dy,+Dy„,)<br />
Jjcraf attcr<br />
X,„ — X, — I - '^'<br />
gor ot banne (t„ tage vi<br />
„ „ _Dy„,4-Dy//-fDy/ Dy„4-Dy,<br />
3 2<br />
i(2Dy„,-Dy„-Dy,) = KD,y//4-D,y,) + iD,y„<br />
= iD,y„+iD,y,<br />
oltfoo, bo x,y — x„ = -{-I, cr<br />
€„ = iD,y„-j-|-D,y,<br />
2tltfaa<br />
__ ^z:^ __ ^(D^y/, —D.y,)<br />
' X,^, —X, 2<br />
= iD3y,<br />
So nu X ^ X,-j-m, foo et<br />
X — X, = : m<br />
X — x„ =: m — I<br />
X — x„, = m -j-1<br />
3tltfao<br />
y = y/ + m[Dy,4.(m-i)[iD,y, + (m + i)iD3y,]]<br />
So vi poo fomme S3ioabe funne ublebe be felgenbe<br />
eiemcntec, vifle vi inbfee ot ben olminbdige Snterpolotiong*<br />
gormel for Jtrgumcnter i lige Jlfffnnb er
192<br />
y = y<br />
4-111 JO„+^T:1[D,,+=±;(.,„+==2(O..-))]|<br />
Slntit. ©om Crempel ville vi tage Sogaritt)mc:2;angen:<br />
tetne af 13°, 14-, 15°, 16°, 17°, 18°; beraf inteipo:<br />
Icre 15° 24'<br />
+<br />
13= 9/363364 —<br />
33407 4-<br />
14 9,396771 2125 —<br />
31281 288 4-<br />
15 9,428052 1837 52<br />
29444 236 ]£<br />
16 9/457496 1601 41<br />
27843 195<br />
17 9/485339 1406<br />
•26437<br />
18 9/5II776<br />
m = -=i = f, altfaa<br />
m = -j- 0,4<br />
m — I :^=. — 0,6<br />
m-j- I = 4- 1,4<br />
in — 2 = — 1,6<br />
m-j-2 ^=z 4" 2,4<br />
Se unberflrcgcbe Siffcrentfer ere be, fom onvenbeg. Sicg;<br />
ningcn fereg nu faalebeg<br />
m-j- 2<br />
D,y, rcttcs mob D^y,<br />
5<br />
m — 2<br />
®ctte tageg Oangc og anbringeg til D3y,, Ijcraf<br />
4<br />
m-j-i ^ m — I<br />
tageg otter , l;«ormcb D^y, retteg, beraf ,<br />
3 2<br />
I)»ormeb Dy, retteg, og cnbeligt anbringeg bette muls<br />
tipliccret meb m til y,; faalebeg fjAWi, l)»ig open;<br />
flaaenbe S^al onvenbeg,
193<br />
log tg 15" 24' = 9/400036.<br />
gelgcnbc !Bem«vfning vil lette £)pm«r(fomf;cbeH pa«<br />
Segnct af Siffeventfevne: So m —i, m —2 K. ffebfe<br />
ere ncgntirc, faa inEi|\'eg: at, [)»ig be lige Siffcrentfer,<br />
anben, fjcrbe :c., Ijauc famme Segn fom be uligc, forjlc,<br />
treble, fcmte ic, ba Hive biifc bcrueb forminbffcbe, bete<br />
imob be lige Siffercntfer fovmerebe veb be nligc, faae<br />
fremt Segnct er bet fammc (benne gormevelfe diet govt<br />
jninbffdfe tageg alffolnt, l)vai enten ©terrelfernc ere<br />
pofitioc cller ncgatioe, faa at vt talbe gormevelfe, at<br />
be feniine til at tcftiiae of et flerve aintal eutcn pol'irii'C<br />
eHer negatioe eenl)ebev), omocnbt berimob, l;oig Xegnet<br />
cr mobfat. SKcn, ba enl;»er np Sifferentg = 9;(¥:'fe faaer<br />
fammc Segn fcm ben fovegaacnbe, forubfat at benne ct<br />
obfolut tiltagcnbe, faa inbfeeg, at i ben ferfle, trebie,<br />
femte ... SiffcvcntgiSJIaEEe ben Sifferentg, ber bruges,<br />
flebfe veb gorrectionen of anben, fjcrbe, fjctte... Siffci<br />
rentg-. 9ia!!fc, bringeg ben ooenflaacnbe Sifferentg wxi^<br />
mere; berimob i anben, fjcrbe, ffctte ... Siffcrcntgc<br />
3ioeEtc bringeg ben brugte Sifferentg oeb gcrrectiencn ben<br />
eftevfelgcnbe notvmcvc; faalebeg i bet fremfatte gtempcl<br />
blioer 52 fcrminbffct, 236 foimerct 0, f B.<br />
§. 59. Cnbnu fnoer 3ntcrpolationg;gormlcn cn nnben<br />
©fiffclfe; nnnr vi ffufle intcrpolere mibt imellem to Sceb<br />
of en Stffffe, bo cr m = i, felgdigcn<br />
altfao<br />
y = y'<br />
m = i m-f- I = T<br />
m — I = — i m — 3 = — J<br />
+^(Dy/-i (D.y/4-^ (D3y, - i (D, V,-f • (D.y, --))))<br />
~ Y ' + ^Dy, -i.i(D,y, 4-iDjy,)<br />
+ ^.i:.l.i(D,y,4--J:D,y,)<br />
Cflcr, bo y,-j-^Dy, = 4(y,4-y„), fao funne vi<br />
inbffftte benne ©terrdfe, fom vi vifle fnlbe-i-A, iffebctfot<br />
y,4-4-Dy,; ligelebeg betegne vi ^^Y'-^-i^yY' ==<br />
T(D2y/4-D2y„) meb ^B, o.f v., eflcr vi ffftte<br />
II. 13
194<br />
Y' + Y" = A<br />
D,y,-hD,y„ = B<br />
D,y,-KD,y„ = C<br />
0. f V.<br />
oltfoo er<br />
„ 1 A 1 I t TJ I 1 I 1 s 1 p<br />
y ^r t\ T . T • ^J J-* T^ T . T . T • T . TT ^<br />
J- . i . V . ' . -- . ' D -I<br />
^ |A-i[B-A(C-A(D-A(E—)))]j<br />
SMtiin. ®cm Crcmpel vtere given felgenbe:<br />
Sfelge en ©ebeligljcbgr^abel of Suvillarb, ffet;<br />
tet paa ascregningcn of Sebcligljeben t gronfrig for<br />
loooooo 9ci)f«bte, bar jeg beffemt Sivctg aJlibbcU<br />
sgarigbcb eflcr 2Ribbcltallct of be 3lntal Slar, en spcr-fon<br />
of en beffemt 2llber ^ar at Icve, for felgenbe Sllbrc;<br />
ailber<br />
4<br />
12<br />
43/26 —<br />
3,83<br />
39,43 -1,34<br />
20<br />
5,17 4-1/89<br />
34/26 +0,55 —2,30<br />
4,62 —0,41 -j-2,5i<br />
28 29,64 -{-0,14 4-0/2I —2,41<br />
36<br />
4,48 —0,20<br />
25,16 —0,06<br />
4-0'io<br />
0,31 0,25<br />
4/54 4-0/" —0,15<br />
44 20,63 -1-0,05 -l-o,i6 —0,03<br />
52<br />
4/49<br />
16,13 0,32<br />
0,27 +0,18<br />
—0,02 4-0/19<br />
60<br />
4,17<br />
11,96<br />
4-0'25 4-0/01<br />
0,57 —0,01<br />
68<br />
76<br />
3,60 4-0/24<br />
8,36 4-0/8I<br />
2/79<br />
5/57<br />
Sntcrpolcre vi l)cr, for be mellemliggcnbc 2lar 32, 40,<br />
48, ctftolbe vi, l;oor uregclmagfige enb Sifferentfcrne<br />
fiDneg at vojre, SSccrbicrnc 27,41; 22,90; 18,35; f'"'
itte afoigc fva be oirfdigen umibbelbart beregnebe. ^1'i<br />
Ijave faalebeg f»lgenbe label;<br />
28<br />
32<br />
29,64<br />
2,23<br />
27,41 —2<br />
36 5,16 I<br />
40 2,Q0<br />
2,26<br />
— 2<br />
1 2,2,S<br />
44 j 20, A 2 -j- r<br />
48 ' if^'35 4-5<br />
I 2,22<br />
52 I 16,13<br />
f)vct Sifferentfcrne allcrcbe eve mevc vegelmagfige. Se<br />
betpbdige ©pring, bcr oarc i Siffeventfevne i fevfte<br />
5S0!!fc, l)ibr«rc bcctg fva ©jenflanbcng 58effnffenl)eb, bcelg<br />
fra ben Ufitlerbeb, bcv ilcbfe finbeg i fibfle Sccimal.<br />
3 gvemplct ere Siffcrentferncg Segn tilf»icbe; »i funne<br />
eDerg let paa f«lgenbc 5D?aabc l)a»e taget .^cnfpn til bcm.<br />
SScnotone oi be 4 paa l;inanben felgenbe Secb i giaiffcn<br />
meb ]\], N, P, Q, faa er ifle Siffcrcntg=3iO!Ete J\ —j\l;<br />
P-K; Q-P;2bcn Siffcrentg=Oi«tte P-2N-}-]\1;<br />
Q —2P + JN; ©ummen af SMubeu^Siffercntferne Q-|-M<br />
— (N+P). & ©ummen af be metfemfce Sceb, ]N eg P,<br />
imellem 0»ilfe interpolereg, altfaa minbre enb af be vbet:<br />
ffe (nogct ber oeb et let Docrflng fnavt fccg), ba blioe<br />
N, P, cftcrfom Sifferentfcrne ere pDlitioc, forminbffcbe,<br />
ellerg formcrebe; ligelebeg ainbcn-.Sifferentfcrne, forme:<br />
bclff gjcrbc: Sifferentfcrne, 0. f v.<br />
§. 60. 3fflercbe ovenfor (I. §. 55) er gorflaringcn nf<br />
^jffbebreff given. S3igtigt}cben og 3lnvcnbelfen of bem<br />
til at forforte ofte cnbog olbdcg ffmple Stcgninger, fi,mteg<br />
tilflrffffeligen ot ^jemlc bcm ^Inbg i ben demcntffrc 'iixitf)i<br />
mctif *). SScb Jpjfflp of S5ogffov;Stegningen vifle vi imibler;<br />
*) 3fOEt cre vi Bcb ^jceiic«'8tof ijlani) tit at iit)tti)ffc ct gotf)OIb noa<br />
let SJoEtmcjie meb minbre f)Cte Sat. 3iaat gortjolbcts gimie i«b
196<br />
tib Vffre iffonb til f)cr fulbffffnbigcn ot be^onlte tern, og ub;<br />
(trffffe bereg 5(nvcnbelfe til ffere of be ffben fremfntte ©tet;<br />
rclfec, fom vi ^nvc ubtn;ft veb Stcffer.<br />
Sen ovenfor (I. §. 55) beffnerebe ^jffbebref ^ottbe<br />
felgenbe nlminbdige ©fiffclfe:<br />
I<br />
I<br />
a-\ I<br />
b4- J<br />
d4----j<br />
j^crof vare 'Portiol; SBr^ferne<br />
a<br />
I b<br />
^^rjii--^"^<br />
b<br />
f JC.<br />
1 be 4-I<br />
3 ) a — 4- I -— I — abc 4- a 4- c<br />
^+r<br />
I bcd4-b4-d<br />
^•^ 7+ ^ I abcd + ab4.ad+cd4i<br />
b4---i<br />
e. f V.<br />
itfc f)a\ie nogcn abfctiit SJeiagtig^cb, citcc og oi ingcn faaban fraiie,<br />
6il SRcgningcn 6eti)betigcn IctteS neb at tage tcenct 09 9iaviiict af tn<br />
spartial.^rot tit Secb i ct gotOotb, fom ba jiaa bet SfiOEVuiciic ubtrijtfer<br />
tet giune got^olb. Slnbtc ainocnbetfcr ^anc oi feet I. '*il^m.<br />
{. 74. Sin. 3. 09 I. ©com. j. 149.
197<br />
Sn^ver ni; ^ortlflI;95ref lober (Ig let bonne of be funbne<br />
pno felgenbe Slioobe. SSi multiplicere ben ffbffc ^ortial;95reif«<br />
Sfffler meb bet ^de Zal, ber fvorer til ben
198<br />
Sill. I. SSifle vi beffemme gorfFjellen imellem ben<br />
nte og ben (n —i)te ^nrtinl;5Bref; fnn, ^vig vi betegne<br />
N M<br />
biffe meb i^: "9 i^T' ^^" ^^^ Clvotient meb n, eg, bo<br />
l)VOC<br />
N<br />
rs^ '<br />
L<br />
^- betcgner ben<br />
i\ M<br />
N^~ "i\!'<br />
Mn -J- L<br />
M'n-|-L'<br />
(n — 2)bc sportiol ;a5re'f. er<br />
,\M/ _ MN'<br />
N'M' ~<br />
(Mn -f- L) M' — M (M'n 4-L').<br />
K'.M'<br />
LM' — L'M<br />
K'M'<br />
So M, M' ^ere ben (n —i)te 'PnrtioliSSref til, foo,<br />
^vig vi ffftte<br />
M Lm4-K_<br />
M^ L'm4-K/<br />
f)vor K og K' cre ^ffUer og 3?ffvner i ben (n — 3)bc 'Par;<br />
tinL'sSvuf, m ben (n — i)te O.voticnt, er<br />
OI' —L'M<br />
= L (L'm -f- K') — L' (Lm -j- K)<br />
= LK' —L'K<br />
SSi ville nitfnn ligefnnvel funne ubtri;ffe Sffflev i ben SSref,<br />
ber ubgjer govffjellen mdlcm ben nte og (n — i)te 'Pnrtinl;<br />
?&r0f, veb 'Jffflec og S^ffvner of bcu (n— i) og (n — 2)te<br />
'PnvtinI 33v,0f o. f v., eflcr olminbcligt of l)vilfefoml)dff umibbd;<br />
bnvt pan l)iunnben felgenbe *Pflrtial;$5v«fer. 2age vi oltfoa<br />
ben ferfte og nnben, fno ^nve vt<br />
Oib'4-j) X I—ab = I
199<br />
3lltfan cr ?ffflercn ffebfe i; men, bo LM' — L'M = K'L<br />
— KL'=r —(KL' —K'L), foo ^or KL' —LK' et mob;<br />
fnt 5cgn nf LM' — L'M, ellcr cr benne + i, fnn cr fjiin<br />
+ I; felgdigcn ere gorjTjeflcne nfvcrlcnbe pofitive og negn;<br />
tive, og gorffjeflen imeflem 2ben og iffe 'Pnrtinl;S&ref ec<br />
negntiv, imeflem 3bie og 2bcn pofttiv o. f v.<br />
Sill. 2. ©ubtrn^ereg cn ^Pnvtinl; SBref frn .^oveb;<br />
ajrefen, bo lober benne gorfFjd jtg olminbcligt ubtn;ffc.<br />
N<br />
ajetcgne vi fom for^cn ben ntc ^ortiol; .QSref meb r- =<br />
Mn4-L<br />
„^ ,\-f fan lob J?ovcb;.Q5refen (ig ubtri;ffe vcb blot ot<br />
ffftte iftebctfor n, cfler bet ^cle Zal, ben fulbflffnbige Clvo;<br />
tient, fom blev, noor ben tilfvorenbe Stcft vor r, og Si;<br />
r<br />
vtfor eflcr ben nffftforcgoncnbc Stcft R, inlt n-J--; oltfno<br />
R'<br />
vor J?oveb;93r0feii, fom vi vifle betegne meb<br />
15<br />
M(\V + £) + L<br />
M'(n-h04-L'<br />
NR4-Mr<br />
(Mn-f-L)R-l-Mr<br />
(M'n4-L')R4-M^<br />
— N'R4-M'r<br />
Stage vi nu J5oveb;23refen fro ^nrtiol; SSrefen, fao er<br />
r^ 13 N NR4-Mr<br />
K'~~^ N^~W^-fM^<br />
NN'R -j- NM'r — (NN'R 4- N'Mr)<br />
N' (N'R 4- M'r)<br />
(NM' —N'M)r<br />
N' (N'R -j- M'r)
200<br />
'SKen ISM' — N'M er ligefom otic Siffcrentfer bnnnebe paa<br />
lignenbe S}?aobe + i, nltfoo er gorfTjcllcn, ^vig vi tillige<br />
ffftte N'R-f M'r = 13',<br />
±r<br />
N' iij'<br />
Sn nu r ftebfe oftnger, N' tiltoger, foo nffvme fpnt;<br />
ttal;SJ>rofcvtie ftg ftebfe mere eg nlere ijoveb; SSrefen, 09,<br />
bn Sijferentfen ^nr Scgnct ±, fno inbfeeg, nt 'Pnvtinl;<br />
S&v0ferne ofvcrlcnbe ere (tKre og minbre enb Jpoveb^Srefen,<br />
nemlig ben fevfte ftjrre, ben onbcti minbre, ben trebie nt;<br />
ter (tetre 0. f v.<br />
Zill- 3. .^oveb;S5ri>feti ligger fnnlebeg (tebfe imellem<br />
to pno f»inonben felgenbe *Pnrtinl;S5refcr, og gorffjeflen<br />
imeflem biffe overgnncr oltfno ftebfe gorffjeflen fro ipovcb;<br />
Srefen, foo ot vi veb benne, ber let finbeg C^ifl. i), funne<br />
ftebfe gjere et Ovcrflag over ben geil, vi bcgooe, vcb ot<br />
toge en J?oveb;S5r0f iftebct for en ^ortiot; SSref.<br />
Sill. 4. ^ovbe vi en ucgcntlig .^jffbe;23r«f (I. §. 55.<br />
?ifl,), bo lob poo benne (tg olbdcg onvcnbe bet gremfotte.<br />
3(ntn. ©em erempler pa« ^jajbebr^f 09 bereg partial*<br />
ajrvfcr tjcne felgenbe:<br />
1)1^'-?<br />
5537<br />
^-(•vctageg §er felgenbe SioifiJn<br />
I769i5537<br />
1610.5307<br />
159! 230<br />
1421 159<br />
171 71<br />
15I 68<br />
2 3<br />
2 a<br />
o I
®aa cre jQooticntcrne<br />
3, 7, I, 2, 4, 5, I, 2,<br />
Oicflcrne<br />
230/ 159' 71/ 17/ 3/ 2/ I, o.<br />
Slltfaa ..^jcebcbreCcu<br />
7-h—I<br />
i-f—I<br />
2-h— I<br />
4-f I<br />
5 + —I<br />
Spartial^Svefernc bleve<br />
_i_ ^ 8 23 100 523 623<br />
3' 22' 25' 72' 313' 1637' 1950<br />
gcvfljcUcne fra ^oocbbrefcn<br />
, 230 230<br />
3X5537 — "T": 16611<br />
159 159<br />
22X5537 121814<br />
71 , 7i<br />
25X5537<br />
17<br />
138425<br />
17<br />
72X5537 396644<br />
3 I 3<br />
313X5537 — "t": 1733081<br />
1637 X 5537 9064069<br />
I . I<br />
1950 X 5537 10797150<br />
3<br />
201<br />
II) 3- ^ 3/1415926536<br />
So benne SecimolbreC ec ofbrubt, fao, ^oig vi ^avbe,<br />
efter bc« fajboanlije Diegel (I. 5. 35. EiB. 2), bcflemt
202<br />
bet fibfle eiffer, var ben mulige geil cnbnu + 0,49999betegne<br />
rt altfaa benne meb x, fao er<br />
14159265364-X<br />
TT = 3-<br />
I0000000000<br />
I)»or X ligger imeflem -j- Ms — 1 gorctagfg nu Sis<br />
vifionen, ba flaacr ben faalebeg;<br />
1415926536 +<br />
13^7713720 +<br />
882I28I6<br />
602864<br />
2792641<br />
2712888<br />
797536<br />
602864<br />
X<br />
105 X<br />
4- io6x<br />
+ 32996X<br />
1946724-33102 X<br />
106760 + 332I5X<br />
I0000000000<br />
9911485752 ±7X<br />
88514248 —7 X<br />
88212816 + io6x<br />
301432 —113X<br />
194672 + 33102X<br />
106760— 33215X<br />
87912 i 66317X<br />
18848 —99532 X<br />
87912 4-66317X<br />
3nbf«tte vi nu x =:= iJ-, faa inbfee vi at ben fib|le<br />
(Kcfl liggcr imeflem —30918 og 4-68614.<br />
sjKeb benne 9iefl, fom faalebeg er albeleg ubeitcmt,<br />
^j«lpcr bet iffe at fortfojttc Sivift'onen; vi t)ere bcgaar^<br />
fag i ailminbcligOeb veb Sccimal:S8ref op, faafnart x'g<br />
Coefficient bliuer fterre enb Oieiten.<br />
be funbne iivoticnter, faa ere biffe<br />
^agc vi altfaa ene<br />
3, 7, 15, I, 292, 1,1,1<br />
3 cr bet fevfte l)ele 3;al, og Sjojbebretcn bliver beit, bet<br />
for 3- cr frcmfat (I. ©corn, §. 150).<br />
fevnc eve<br />
spartiaUSve:<br />
„<br />
3/<br />
22 ill 3 S S<br />
T/ TTli./ TTT/<br />
] 03 99 3<br />
TTToT /<br />
1 0 4 3 4 S<br />
TTTTT /<br />
2 0 )i 3 4 1<br />
6 6 3 n /<br />
313189<br />
UlsTT*<br />
gor nu at bcftcmme ©roenbfen af be geil, vi bcgaae<br />
veb at tage en spartialrSBref iftebct for r, vifle »i bvage<br />
be paa Ijinanbcn felgenbe ^partial = SSrefer fra liinanben<br />
(Zill. 3), D« finbe faalebeg, Ijoig vi fojtte ^ =<br />
3, gcilcn minbre enb V —3<br />
2 2<br />
T<br />
33^3<br />
1 oT<br />
3 S S<br />
J03 993<br />
TTTOTT<br />
0. f V.<br />
1 i ><br />
TTT<br />
3 5 5<br />
3)3<br />
10 6<br />
3 3 3<br />
LOW<br />
10 3 9 93<br />
TTToJ"<br />
J 03 9 9 3<br />
33 ioJ<br />
1<br />
T<br />
TTToTTS<br />
i
203<br />
9?eb af biffe ipartial=3?refcr at tage ben fibfle WTW<br />
eg fcroanblc ben til Sccimal :5Bvet, cvl;olbe oi<br />
3,1415926536<br />
altfaa n- neic faalebeg, fom oi tjaue anrcnbt ben, for<br />
bcvaf at finbe ^iabe:58vo{en, faa at oi Ijarc ogfaa bcr<br />
cn ipreoe, at Sioifionen oar tilflrceEEcligen fortfat,<br />
§. 61. S?i funne ^ove fammcnljffngcnbc SErefer of en<br />
nlmlnbcligcre ©fiffclfe, enb ben bcfinercbe .^jffbebvef, ^vori<br />
5ffflcrue ftebfe vore i, f. Sr.<br />
a<br />
a-l c<br />
c-j--—<br />
^ +<br />
(£n fanbnn vnr ben, vi ^nve fvemfnt veb a.vnbrnt;<br />
ertrnctionen (I. §. 74. 5ifl. 3).<br />
Ogfnn nf en S&ref of ovenftancnbe nlminbdige ©fiffclfe<br />
Inbe fig Q)artifll;93refcr ubvifle, fom bleve<br />
a<br />
I)- a ttb<br />
^^ abc-j-ca-j-cb<br />
abed -|- acd -j- abh<br />
^^ ^d -j- cad -jTbcd+Tab -j- hb "' ^' ^'*<br />
?;ngeg govfTjcflcnc imeflem to pnn l)innnbcn felgenbe 'Pnvtinl;<br />
a^vefer, bn cre biffe<br />
^'' — ^^ a(ab4-b)<br />
— abc<br />
^^~ 3) = (^b+l-Kabc-j-ca-j-bc) "' ^*"*
204<br />
aSi inbfee, nt biffe Siffcrentfer vifle i ^fftlercn cr^olbe<br />
efter^oonbcn 55ogflavcrne ab, abc, abc6 o.f v., og fUm<br />
nercn blive ^robuctet of be to 'Partial; SSraferg 3'Jffvnere,<br />
^vig Sifferentg ffufle ubtri;ffeg. $5vugc vi o!tfnn fnmme<br />
S&etegnelfeg;S)iocbe fom for^cn (§. 60. '5iU. 3), ncmlig ffftte<br />
i(te Q>ortiol;95r«f liig<br />
2bcn -<br />
3bie -<br />
A'<br />
£<br />
0. f V.<br />
foo ere gor(rjeDene<br />
ab «bc abcb<br />
^A'B'<br />
og ligelebeg<br />
B'C' ' CD'<br />
M N abc-<br />
M' iX' — M'N'<br />
Omvenbt funne vi oltfoo ffftte<br />
N M_abc n<br />
3lltfoa<br />
W' M^ "^ ~mW~<br />
M<br />
M^<br />
L<br />
±<br />
abc<br />
L'M'<br />
N L abc tit abc - -<br />
N^ 1/ + "^"L^M'" + ~M^<br />
L K<br />
Ubtri;ffe vi nu — otter veb ^jfflp of ^7- og gov(TjcI;<br />
L' Jv'<br />
lett; benne ^ortiaI;25r«f otter vcb ben foregooenbe, og frem;<br />
belcg til vi fom til ben ferfte 'Pnrtinl;S3re'f, foo vor<br />
tn
205<br />
N A rtb . «bc<br />
N' A' A'B' ' B'C'<br />
M N<br />
aSor ^- oflerebe ben fibjte 'Partial ;S5ref, fno vor =^<br />
A a<br />
.^ovcobrefen, tiflige cr — = —; oltfao, ^vig vi betegne<br />
I\. Si<br />
ijovcbbr^fcn fom fov^en, foo cr<br />
13 tt ab . abc<br />
13' a A'B' ' B'C' ^<br />
Silt. I. ©dv om ingen "PovtinhSSref funbe folbeS<br />
ben fibfle, ibet ben fommcn^ffitgcnbe aSref blev uenbelig,<br />
vilbe bog JjovcbbrMen lobe (tg ubvifle, men i en uenbelig<br />
Stffffe of ovenflonenbe gorm, iftebct for, ot, noor ben<br />
fommen^ffngcnbe 55ref vor (luttet, blcv Stffffcn bet ogfoo.<br />
S t n. 2. Sen af ben fommen^ffngenbe 93r0f funbne<br />
Stffffe ^cvbc ofvcrlcnbe 'Jcgn: jpovbe oflc ©terrelfernc a, b,<br />
c, b Vffret negative, fno vilbe ben tilfvnrenbe Stffffe<br />
^ove vffvct negativ. J?nvbe vi nitfno tngct cn foobon ^xeS<br />
fdv negativ, vor cn Stffffe meb lutter pofitive Seeb opftooen.<br />
§. 62. ©fulbe vi omvenbt ^ove foronbret en given<br />
Stffffe til en fommen^ffugenbe S&ref, bn ^nvbe bet vffret<br />
muligt, vcb ot fammenltgne Cebbcne meb ben (§. 61) funbne<br />
Stffffe. 2i
206<br />
^vilfen vi for ^ort^ebg ©fijlb, bo ben of^ffnger of be 4<br />
Slemcnter p, q, r, x, vifle betegne meb F (p, q, r, x).<br />
SOtcb i?cnfi;n til p og q cr Stffffcn olbcleg fommetcijT,<br />
foo nt vi funne forvcrle biffe 93ogftnvcr, eflcr ffftte<br />
F (p, q, r, x) = F (q, p, r, x).<br />
Snnne vi en nlbcleg lignenbe Stffffe of Slemcntcrne<br />
p, q-J-i-' I'-f-i' ^f f""" ^' ''•'•c betegne meb<br />
F(p, q-f-i/ r-f-i/ x), foo cr benne<br />
, pCq-HO ^ • p(p-^I)Cq-^I)(q4-2) ^,<br />
^"^1.(1-4-1)'' I- 2 (r4-i) (r4-2)''<br />
p(p-
F (p, q, V, x)<br />
F (p, q-j-i, v-f-i, x)<br />
p(r — q) F(p-j-i- q4-i/ i'4-'-/ ^)<br />
r (r -j- i) F (p, q 4- I , r 4- I, \)<br />
.^oovaf nitfnn vil felge<br />
F (p, q, r, x)<br />
207<br />
F (p/ q 4- I / 1- 4- I' 5^)<br />
P(r —q) F (p4-i, q-j-t/ i'4-2^ x)<br />
r(r-j-i)^ F (p, q-j-i, 1 + 1, x)<br />
3lltfao omvenbt<br />
F(p, q-j-i, i'4-i/ x)<br />
F (p, q, r, x)<br />
I<br />
P (!• — q) F (p-j-l, q-j-i, 1-4-2, x)<br />
r(r4-i) F (p, q4-i, r-j-i, x)<br />
gor ot ubvifle Clvotientcn i Stffvnevcn of bette f&xeh<br />
Ubtvyf, be^Bve vi blot ot beraffrfe, ot p og q funne em;<br />
bijtteg, nltfao vifle vi funne finbe bet neie paa fnmme CiKnobe<br />
fom bet funbne, eflcr og be^eve vi blot ^eri ot ffrive q-j-i<br />
iftebct for p, p for q, r-j- I for r, altfnn er<br />
F (q-f-i/ p-fi/ i'-j-2, x)<br />
F (q-|-i/ p/ r4-i/ x)<br />
I<br />
(q-t-i)O--l-i—P) F(p4-i, q-j-2,r-j-3,x)<br />
(r-j-i)(r4-2) F(p4-i,q4-i,r + 2,x)<br />
.ijvor vi bn otter vifle vffre iftonb til ot ubvifle Clvotientett<br />
paa famme iSioabc. SScb bo frembdeg ftebfe at ubvifle ben,<br />
inbfee vi, ot vi cv^olbe en ^jffbebvef af felgenbe gorm:
^voc<br />
208<br />
JC F (p^ q4-i/ r-j-1, x)<br />
ax F (p, q, r, x)<br />
bx<br />
ex<br />
0. f V.<br />
P (r — q) , Cq-f-i)(r + i—p)<br />
* — q(r4-i) (r4-i)(r4-2)<br />
(p4-i)(i-4-i —q) , (q4-2)(r-j-2—p)<br />
= — (i.4_2)(r4-3) — (r4-3)(r-j-4)<br />
(p-j-2)(r4-2 —q) __ (q4-3)(i--f 3 —p)<br />
* (;r4-4)(v4-5) (i- + 5)(r4-6)<br />
0. f V.<br />
Silf. Ovenftoocnbe ^jffbebref ubtri;ffcr Q.voticntett<br />
nf to Stffffcr. ©fftte vi q = o, bn bliver F (p, q, r, x)<br />
1; vi er^olbe oltfoo i bette 'Silffflbc cn Ubvifling of en<br />
enfelt Stffffe, ^vcri vi enbnu vifle ffftte, iftebctfor r, r —i,<br />
bo cc<br />
F (p, I, r, X) = i4-P-x4-^P4r^''' +<br />
vr' ' ' ' ' r q (r -j-1)<br />
^voc<br />
ax<br />
I bx<br />
cx<br />
dx<br />
I •<br />
ex<br />
a = -5- b = ''~P<br />
r r(r4-i)<br />
I
209<br />
c ::== (P+Qr j 2 (r -j- I — p)<br />
'' — (r-hi) (1-4-2) ' ""(1-4-2) (V 4-3)<br />
c =: (p4-2)(t- H;^Ji) ^ 3 (»• 4- 2 — p)<br />
(r 4-3) (1-4-4) (i-4-4)(i-4-5)<br />
§. 63. 3tnvcnbclfcn of ovenflnncnbe gormler fan let<br />
gjercg pan forfFjeflige Stffffcr.<br />
5age vi SMnomial; gormlen (§. 45) og ffftte beri<br />
(a4-b)'> = an^i-l--^<br />
b<br />
09 enbvibere — = u, foo Inbcr (i -j-u)" =<br />
a<br />
, n(n—I) n(n —i)(n —2)<br />
I 4- nu -j u- -{ u^<br />
' I. 2 I. 2. 3<br />
(tg fnmmcnligne meb ben fibfle Stffffe, nnnr vi nemlig ffftte<br />
F (p, I, q, x) = F (—n, I, I, —u)<br />
bn fnnlebeg<br />
fno er<br />
a =<br />
c =<br />
(I 4- U)n =<br />
n<br />
I<br />
(n-i)<br />
2- 3<br />
2 (n — 2)<br />
4- 5<br />
b z=<br />
d =<br />
f =<br />
n-j-1<br />
I. 2<br />
2 (n -j- 2)<br />
3- 4<br />
3 (" -f 3)<br />
o.f V.<br />
5. 6<br />
n<br />
— u<br />
1<br />
I —<br />
n4- I a<br />
I. 2<br />
l-f— n— I<br />
— u<br />
2. 3<br />
I • 2 (u -|- 2) u<br />
14--^^^^—<br />
II. 14
210<br />
©fftte vi i benne gormel n = —|, bo er<br />
(i4-u) ^ =<br />
I<br />
. + i^<br />
encr<br />
(i4-u)^ = i4-<br />
14-<br />
i-f-<br />
u<br />
1 +<br />
.+i^<br />
. + ^<br />
3tnvenbe vi nu benne gormel for ot finbe y^a, eg on;<br />
toge bet n«rmc(te aLVobcnt;'Jnl nt vffre m=, eg ffftte a —m'<br />
= r, fnn cr<br />
Va = r;;^:^^ = m ^14--^<br />
r<br />
eg nitfnn, ^vig vi ffftte —7 = u, cr<br />
in- I<br />
ya = m(i -j-u)^<br />
inbffftte vi nu i ben fnmmen^ffngcnbe SBr»f SSffrbien<br />
nf u, og multiplicere meb m, bn er<br />
2m'<br />
V^a = m X I 4^<br />
i-l<br />
4 m-<br />
i-i<br />
4 111<br />
0. f V.
211<br />
jpvornf bo let, vcb ot multiplicere virfetigt meb m, og ber;<br />
nfffl ^vcr enfelt Seeb meb 2m, ben for Q,vnbrot;
212<br />
5ogcg foe X cn egentlig SSr^f ligefom ovenfor (§.48),<br />
bo tnbfeeg, ^vor ^urtigt biffe Staffer convergerc.<br />
gor ot ubvifle e cfler ©runbtnllet nf be nnturlige 80*<br />
gorit^mec, ville vi ubvifle er, ^vilfet let fon (!ee eftec Stfff;<br />
fen (§. 50).<br />
S^emlig, bo<br />
y = Z^o^(i4-x), og oltfnn omvenbt e^ = i-j-x,<br />
fno er<br />
er = i4-y4. II 4-^1^4-<br />
I. 2 I. 2. 3<br />
ffftte vi nu y = —y, bn cr<br />
e-y = i-y4-^^ 1<br />
•' ' I. 2 1.2. 3 '<br />
J?erof finbe vi bo<br />
2y' , 2y*<br />
ey-e-y = 2y4-—;^4-<br />
1.2.3 • 1.2.3.4.5<br />
Sigdcbeg<br />
•^ \ ' 1.2.3 ' 1.2.3.4.5 ' J<br />
ey4-e-y = 24-^-j ^-^1<br />
1.2 1.2.3.4<br />
\ 1.2 1.2.3.4 J<br />
23cgge Stffffcr lobe fig fommcnligne meb F (p, q, r, x);<br />
fntte vi nemlig x = j ^ , ^vor k og k' 6cti;bebe to uenbc;<br />
ligt (tore Zal, fnn, noor vi fatte p = k, q = k', inb;<br />
fee vi, nt foovd pqx = y=, fom (p-j-i) (q4-i)x^<br />
= y% ba ©en^eben iffe vil gjere goctorcrne p og q, fom<br />
olt cre uenbdige, ftarre, og felgdigcn funne vi ffftte
eg<br />
Jtltfoo<br />
eT — e — T —<br />
C -j- e - T =<br />
eT — e — T<br />
=:2yF(k,k', 5,11)<br />
= 2F(k,k',5,ll)<br />
K'''''^'kk^)<br />
— Y . V<br />
F ^k, k', i, —J<br />
213<br />
SRen vi funne nu gjcme ^er i 5«fleren t«nfe eg k'<br />
foreget meb i, eflcr fot ligcftor meb k' -j- i, ubcn ot bette<br />
vilbe foronbre SSffrbien of Stffffcn, og foolebeg fammenligne<br />
ben meb gunctionen, fom ovenfor er ubviflct fom fommen;<br />
^ffngenbe Sdxsi (§. 62). SSi fjove bo<br />
ax = ^c^-^0, y' __ _2l<br />
i. I *4kk' I. 3<br />
_ (k'-j-i)(^-k) 4kk' _ y-<br />
• "" 1.4 * y* ~~ 3.5<br />
_ (k-j-i)(i-k') X-__ _r_<br />
cx ^ i 4kk' 5. 7<br />
3(ltfao<br />
0. f V.<br />
eT —e-T y_<br />
eT-J-e-T y^<br />
• + "^11
214<br />
Snbffftte-vi i benne gormd y =r i, foo cr<br />
e-j-C" —I<br />
I<br />
"^ e^4-i<br />
I<br />
I.I<br />
4.^-3<br />
+ 1,1<br />
1-4-3-^<br />
'+ i.i<br />
x4--^-^ 1.1<br />
x-f^-^<br />
SOiultipliccce vi ^eri Sebbene meb 3, 5, 7- i ^fffler<br />
eg Slffvncc, vifle SBreferne bortfolbe, eg vi cr^olbe, veb<br />
«t multiplicere i ZciHex og SRffvner meb e-'<br />
c' —I I<br />
e^4-l<br />
Sigclebeg, vcb<br />
1+' 3+<br />
ot ffftte y r=<br />
I<br />
r 1 I<br />
5 1 r<br />
e-j-i<br />
I<br />
6+--.<br />
lO-j—- —<br />
14-j-....<br />
S5ctegne vi benne fnmmcn^ffngenbe fdxet meb M, fno er<br />
e — I<br />
- = M<br />
e4-l<br />
1<br />
- i 1<br />
'<br />
er^olbe vi
3lltfao<br />
i-j-M<br />
*" 7—M<br />
215<br />
5:age vi f)craf ene, for ot ^ave et ilrcmpd poo ben<br />
uumcrifTe Stegniug, be 4 fremfotte Sceb, foo ^ove vi, veb ot<br />
860<br />
forvonblc ^jffbcbrefen poo fffbvonlig IBJoabe, M = —T-/-<br />
2721<br />
og for e = = 2,7182817 , fom ferft i bet<br />
1001<br />
(ibfle Secimol cr i for lifle (§. 50).<br />
§. 65. gor i fommen^ffngenbe S5ref ot ubvifle be<br />
Stffffcr, vi ^ave funbet for Sirfel; gunctioner, vifle vi ferfl<br />
tage Ubtri;ffene for sin z og cos z (§. 53). SSi ^ove bo<br />
sinz<br />
1.2.3 1.2.3.4.5<br />
z^ z"<br />
cos z =^ I j-<br />
1.2 1.2.3.4 1.2.3.4.5.6<br />
Siffe Stffffcr ere nitfnn neic be fomme, fom vi fonbt oven;<br />
for for eT — e-T og ey-{-e — r; tun finbeg ^er nfve;;lenbe<br />
5egn og gnctoren 2 bortfolber, oltfoo funne vi ffftte<br />
sinz = zF r k, k', f, —^ )<br />
cosz<br />
= F(k,k',i,_-Q<br />
g«lgdigen er^olbe vi, ligefom for^cn, Q,votienten of biffe<br />
Stffffcr, cfler
2l6<br />
cosz z'<br />
1-3<br />
I —<br />
z-<br />
3-5<br />
I -^<br />
5.7<br />
I<br />
z^<br />
7-9<br />
€t Ubtri;f, ^vig Sov vi longt ti;beligcce inbfee, enb ben,<br />
ber ^erj?er i feen (§. 53) fremfatte 3t«ffe for 2ongenten.<br />
2oge vi Ubtri;ffct for SBuen, bcftcmt vcb ^ongcnten,<br />
ibet vi ffftte tgz = t, foo er<br />
z = t —4-134->t=—f 1^4<br />
I 4- X<br />
fom ogfoo er ot fommcnligne meb loff -—^—, fung at<br />
I — X<br />
^er og pnbeg ofvejclenbe ?egn, og fom vi oltfoo funne ffftte<br />
ligeftort meb tF (;, i, ^, — t'),<br />
Sfltf'oo ec<br />
I<br />
I.I<br />
— t*<br />
1-3<br />
2.2<br />
t^<br />
.3-5 3^..<br />
r + " 4^4
£atfe vi ficv t z= 1, fnn er r. •=. 45°, nitfno<br />
I<br />
1 +<br />
I. I<br />
'1- 2<br />
, 3-5<br />
i-l-<br />
3-3<br />
5-7<br />
217<br />
Sni)|)olt) af begge S)e(e»<br />
%0t\te DeeL<br />
Snblebning . . . . ©ibex.<br />
SKatl^cmtttiEcng Scfinition 03 Snbbcling . . , §. 1-3..<br />
SRot^ematifle ©atninger • . . . . . . » § . 4.5.<br />
Scgn og 0runbf(«tningci: • S. 6.7.<br />
Slrit^metif . . ©ibe5.<br />
Zal forflaret; Snbbeling of Sirit^metifen . . §. 1,2.<br />
Set bccobifle lolfpftem 5. 3.<br />
(gengartebe ffolflerrclfer bcfincrebe . . . . . § . 4.<br />
Slbbition i bde 5Ettt . . . . . . . . . §. 5-10.<br />
©ubtroction t Ode a;al . . . . . . . . §. 11-15.<br />
©ommenfatte ©terrelfcr beftncrebe . . . . . § . 16.<br />
SJlultiplication i l;ele Zal §. 17-24.<br />
Sivifio*^' »)cle Stat . . . . . . . . . 5. 25-30.<br />
0icgning meb ben«vnte Stal . . . . . . . § . 31.<br />
©ecimol = asrefer . . . . . . . . . . § . 32.<br />
aibbition 09 ©ubtroction of Sccimal; SSr^let . §. 33.<br />
sDlultipltcatiott nf SecimoliSBrefer . . . . . § . 34.<br />
Sioifton of Sectmol:58r9ter . . . . . . . 5. 35.
219<br />
33laal, sprimtal, ftBllebg 5!Kaal ic 5. 36-40.<br />
Jatllebg betdigt Zal (communis diviilmis) . . 5. 41.42.<br />
SSreE beftneret, forfortet ic §. 43-47.<br />
Sibbition of SBretcr §.48.<br />
©nbtraction af SBreter . . . . . . . . § , 49.<br />
SKultiplication af SSteter §• 50.51.<br />
Sirifion of SBrefcr §. 52, 53.<br />
Sccimal=S8v»E til f«b»anlig SBvef 5. 54.<br />
Sjflibcbrot 5. 55.56.<br />
Sogflaorcgning 5. 57-60.<br />
Slbbition af aSogflaoflerrdfer . . , . . . § . 6i.<br />
Subtraction of SBogflovflerrelfcr §. 62.<br />
Slultiplication of SSogilavflerrelfcr . . . . § . 63. 64.<br />
Sivifion of SBogftaofterrclfcr . . . . . . § . 65.<br />
Hvaitat-- og enbiE=5Eal . . . . . . . . § . 66-71.<br />
aottbratet af ct asinomium . . . . . . . 5, 72.<br />
iQrabratrobg: fitractionen • §• 73. 74.<br />
enbng of ct SBinomium . . . . . . . , § . 75.<br />
eubiErobg = (ErtractioncH . . . . . . . . § . 76. 77.<br />
Sor^olb og spropottioner §. 78-82.<br />
Slrit^metiffe sptoportioncr §. 83.84.<br />
®eometrif!e sproportionct §. 85-87.<br />
gocanbringer meb geomcttiffe sproportioner . . §. 88-93.<br />
©ammenfatte gortjolb . . . . . . . . 5. 94.<br />
SlMVcnbclfc of sproportioner poo Olcgnla Sctri . §. 95.<br />
Omvenbt 3tegula Sctri . . . . . . . . § . 96.<br />
©amittcnfat SJicgula Sctri (Dlccftff Siegcl) . . 5. 97.<br />
Sjffiberegleit 5, 98.<br />
©clflabg: 09 a3lanbingg: meaning . . . . . § . 99.
220<br />
Signingct . . . . ^ . " » • . . . . §. 100-104.<br />
gigninger meb en UbcEjenbt of f#rfte ©rob . §, 105-110,<br />
Signinger meb ficve UbeEjenbte of ferfte ®rab 5. 111-113.<br />
SRaor er en Signing ubcflemt 5. 114.<br />
avabratif!e Signingct . . . . . . . . § . 115-121,<br />
Sogaritlinier . . . . . . , . . . . § . 122-128.<br />
StentcgiOiegning meb Sogaritl;mct . . . . §.129.<br />
gorfljct imellem clementwr 03 Oeicre Sltitl;mcttE 5. 130.<br />
©cometrie . . . . . . . . . ©ibe 85.<br />
Stumfterrelfcrne bcfinercbe 5. i-io.<br />
SSinfler, lobrette Sinier 5. ii-i8»<br />
^nraflellcr . . . . . . § . 19.20.<br />
giguver . . . . . • » §. 21-23.<br />
girEcl . . §. 24.<br />
Snbbeling i clementoir 03 Ijeicrc ©cometric,<br />
?planimetric 03 ©tcreometrie . . . . §. 25.<br />
©Ejarenbe 09 bererenbe SirElcr §. 26-28.<br />
6ongruentg:®rnnbf«tnin3Cn . . . . . . 5. 29.<br />
Slfle rette SSinElcr ere li3e(lote . . . . . § . 30.<br />
6on3ruentc Srianslcr §. 31-35.<br />
gorfIieHi3C gccntctriffe Dpsflver . . . . . § . 36-42.<br />
sRobocoinEler 09 S£opvintlcr §. 43-46*<br />
Wbvenbige SSinElcr. Snbbeling nf Svtanglcrne<br />
meb .^enfpn til SSiuElerne . . . . . 5. 47.48.<br />
©terfl ©ibe li33er ooerfot (lerfl SSinfel . . §. 49-5t><br />
©ibfte 5£ilf(Blbe of lEtiangletg (Songrucntg, Ztii<br />
ongler, 0»cri 2 ©iber fun ere ligeflorc . 5. 52-54.<br />
faroflcflc Sinier . §. 55-60.<br />
qiBe SJinElcr i et Itriangcl 2R 5. 61.
221<br />
qjaralldcgrammct ; ; . . 5. 62-67.<br />
5patallelcgrammer paa eeng ©vunblinie og $9ibc §. 68-72.<br />
Sen pptljagorifTe ©tstning §.73. 74.<br />
Sinier eg SSinfler oeb girflen §, 75-91.<br />
Snbflreonc og omflreone gignrer . . . . § , 92-94.<br />
IRegulcerc spolpgoner . . . . . . . . § . 95-97.<br />
giitEant og ©ctEant , §. 98,99.<br />
^proportion imeflem Sinier i Sriangler . . §. 100-104.<br />
£igebannebe ^dangler §. 105-112.<br />
g)roportionale Sinier i SirElcn . . . . . § . 113-115.<br />
@eomctrif!t at f«ge fjcrbe Jproportionals 09<br />
og aJJdlcmproportional: ©tervclfe . . §. 116-118.<br />
§)berfle 09 mellcmfle govljolb, S;iEant . . . §. 119-121.<br />
Edanglcrg 03 sparaHdogrammevg gorljolb . . §. 122-125.<br />
Oiabing, gemEant: og a;iEant:£ibcn banne ct<br />
retoinElct ^riaiigct §. 126.<br />
gorljolbafspolpgoncrgspevimetreogglabcinbl^olb §. 127-130.<br />
gigurcrg goroanbling-09 fipabratnr . . . §,131-138.<br />
Siettc Sinicrg Itbmaaling • §. 139.140.<br />
SSinElcrg 09 givEelbucrg Ubinaaling . . . . § . 141.142.<br />
glabcrg Ubttiaating . . . . . . . . . § . 143-147.<br />
eivElcng Ubmaaling . . . . . . . . . § . 148-153.<br />
Cp8«»er, oplefle veb Sllgcbra . . . . . 5. 154.<br />
3(nbcn ^aU<br />
ainbcn gifbeling. ©tereometrie . . . ©ibex.<br />
Sinicrg og ?planerg 3ndination S. 1-27.<br />
sptigmer 03 qjoraflelcpibcr . . . . . . § . 28-40.<br />
5Poramibcr . . . . . . . . . . . § . 41-45.<br />
Sylinbre S. 46.
222<br />
.Scglct §• 47'<br />
.Suglen §.48.49.<br />
Stcgularc Segemer §.50.<br />
£e3cmerg Itbmaalins . . . . , . . . . § • 5i-54'<br />
Sescmerg Doeifabe . . . . . . . . . § . 55*<br />
Susleng Ubmaaling . . . . . . . . . § . 56. 57-<br />
©tcreometrifle Dpgovcr, bel;anblebc vcb llgebro §. 58-61.1<br />
£rebie Slfbeling, Srigonometrie . . ©ibe<br />
Strigonomctnflc gunctioner . . . . . . . S. i-4'<br />
gormler for gunctioner of ©um 09 Sifferentg of<br />
SSinfler §. 5-9.<br />
5plan 09 fp^arif! Urigonomctde §. 10.<br />
CfictvinElcbc plane ariansler . . . , . . . . § • ii»<br />
©EjaovinElcbe plane ^iriongler . . . . . . § • 12-15.<br />
©pl;«nfl tngonomctdffe .^ovebformlet . . . 5. 16.17.<br />
SictvinElcbe fpt)«riflc 2;riangler . . . . . . § . 18.19-<br />
©EjavvinElcbe fp^ceriflc Srianglcr §. 20-22.<br />
©aupeg gormler 5. 23.<br />
31 r i 11) m e t i t<br />
spotcng, OJobfterrclfcv, imaginaive ©terrelfcr . §. x-io.<br />
3iene Ijeiere 9ffgoarioncr §. xi-15.<br />
evponCntiaU^ffqoaticner . . . . . . . . § . 16.17.<br />
Ubeftemte Dpgaver §. 18-23.<br />
y?eicre ?ffq»ationer . . ' . . . . . . , § . 24-29.<br />
Dpte^ning af bt cubific ?eq»ationer . . . . 5. 30. 31.<br />
3lritOmctif!e sprogregfipncr §. 32-35.<br />
.S>eierc aritl)metifFe attcffer, figurlige Zal . . §, 36-39.<br />
©comctrifFe $progrcgfioner . §. 40-42.
223<br />
Ubeftemte eocfficicnter^ SDlctbobe §• 43- 44.<br />
iBincmial: gurmlen §,45.46.<br />
spolpnomiaUgormlcn 5. 47.<br />
SiuEEcr for Sogaritbmer §. 48-51.<br />
JRceEEcr for tvigonometvifle gnnctioner og TT . §• 52-56.<br />
Snterpolationg: gormler §. 57-59-<br />
Sjatbebref §. 60-65.
9v e t t e I f e r.<br />
Site 5. Silt. 20. "ba" Icei "a(tfaa"<br />
— 10. — 21. EF Uxi ET<br />
— 10. — 23. "bnigcS" iKi "bt'mgcS"<br />
— 12. — 29. LO tocS LR<br />
— 16. — 19. LKD:VRP tceSVRPtLKD<br />
— 17. — 9. "-^^riSmct" t(Ko "ipi^ramibct"<br />
— 18. — II. GC tees EC<br />
— 25. — 18- "