Maximilianus Hell (1720-1792) - Munin

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LALANDE HELL / OTHERS Dec. 1771 8.50″ LEXELL, Dec. 1771 8.55″ ±0.15″ letter in Journal des Sç., (Cook/Green/Solander, Article in Handl. (Tahiti,California,HudsonBay, dated 17 Sep. 1771 Dymond/Wales,Hell) Stockh. “observations from Lapland”) 15 Dec. 1771 8.50″ HORNSBY, 17 Dec. 1771 8.78″ letters to Wargentin (Cajaneb./Vardø,Hudson Paper read at Royal Soc.(Hell,Rumovskii,Wales/ and Boscovich Bay,California/Tahiti) Dymond,Chappe,Cook/Green/Solander) - 330 - HELL, 26 Dec. 1771 8.70″ ±0.01″ letter to Weiss (“omnes Americanae”,Vardø) HELL, 27 Dec. 1771 8.70″ letter to Fixlmillner (Tahiti,Hell) 21 Jan. 1772 a 8.50″, b 8.60″ HELL, 1 Jan. 1772 8.70″ ±0.01″ letter to Boscovich (a probable, b maximum) letter to Wargentin (Green,Hell) April 1772 8.50″ WARGENTIN, 7 April 1772 less than 8.5″ Mémoire sur le passage… (Planman only in European North) letter to Lalande 12 May 1772 minimum 8.50″ letter to Wargentin Feb. 1773 a 8.50″, b 8.55″ letter in Journal des Sçav. (a probable, b maximum) PLANMAN, June 1772 8.43″ ±0.06″ Article in Handl.Stockh. (Cajaneb.only in North) HELL, July 1772 8.70″ ±0.01″ De Parallaxi Solis… (Hell,Dymond/Wales,Green) LEXELL, 13 July 1772 minim. 8.60″ letter to Wargentin LEXELL, autumn of 1772 8.63″ ±0.06″ Disquisitio...Parallaxi Solis (all complete 1769 observations,except Kola) PLANMAN, 28 Nov. 1772 a8.53″,b8.51″ Animadversiones subitaneae ...(a Planman/Borch- grevink in Europ.North; b Planman only) PINGRÉ, early in 1773 8.80″ Mémoire read at (Planm./Hell/Sajnovics/Rumov. Acad. des Scienc. in North,Cook/Solander in S.) HELL, summer/autumn of 1773 8.70″ ±0.03″ Supplementum…de Parallaxi Solis PLANMAN, Dec. 1774 a8.40″, b8.50″ Article in Handl.Stockh. (a probable, b max.)
II.3.5 THE NACHLEBEN OF HELL’S VARDØ OBSERVATIONS The term “Nachleben” (afterlife) is a familiar expression in humanistic studies, where the reception and history of effect (“Wirkungsgeschichte”) of canonised classics is a traditional research field. This section will explore the Nachleben of Hell’s observations of the Venus transit in Vardø, not as an artefact of literature, but as a set of scientific data. We have seen above how Father Hell, in his own age, was in fact never overtly accused of having forged his observations from Vardø. Such allegations were kept private and not included in any serious, scientific publication. Rumours were, however, kept alive and may have been nurtured by the fact that Hell ever since the suppression of the Society of Jesus proved himself to be a staunch opponent of the radical Enlightenment associated with Ignatius a Born and others. 154 The next generation of astronomers in central and eastern parts of Europe were eager to get rid of the heritage of ex-Jesuits like Hell and Liesganig, who were seen as obstructing recruitment of non-Jesuits to the few posts that existed in professional astronomy. As examples of the ‘new astronomers’ in the area we shall have a brief look at Johann Franz Encke and Carl Ludwig Littrow. The child of a Lutheran pastor in Hamburg, Johann Franz Encke (1791-1865) was educated by Carl Friedrich Gauss at Göttingen. Thanks to Gauss’ recommendation, he gained a post as an assistant at the observatory at Seeberg near Gotha, in 1816. 155 The director of the observatory was Franz Xaver von Zach (1754-1832), born in Hungarian Pest and educated by piarists. From a troubled start as Liesganig’s assistant in Leopolis he had embarked upon a tour of Europe that eventually brought him from London to a position as court astronomer in Gotha, in 1786. 156 From his base in peaceful Gotha, Zach became a highly successful ‘networker’ who published various journals and books in the same vein as Jean Bernoulli III had done in Berlin in the 1770s and 1780s. Unlike Bernoulli, however, Zach was a staunch antagonist of the Jesuits. Both Liesganig and Hell were frequently attacked in Zach’s writings. When in the 1820s Zach’s pupil Encke took upon himself the task of re-calculating the solar 154 See Section I.2.4. 155 Information on Encke’s life has been taken from August Kopff in Neue Deutsche Biographie Band 4 (1959) and from Michael Meo in Hockey et al. (eds.) vol. I. 156 See Brosche 2009a and Balázs et al. (eds.) 2005. - 331 -
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Maximilianus Hell (1720-1792) and t
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PART II The Eighteenth-Century Tran
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study of the
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Part I INTRODUCTION AND BIOGRAPHICA
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themes with concluding remarks at t
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to take the modern borders as their
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A final ambition of this study is m
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Society of Jesus; 3) He was freed f
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much more cursory, at times even do
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called ‘German Assistancy’, tha
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Kremsmünster Observatory, Father A
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deliver adjustments of the current
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Sven Widmalm investigates the histo
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Lomonosov and Rumovskii. 33 A more
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his entire printed œuvre in additi
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this challenge Pinzger tried to mee
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More recent, source-based contribut
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Pieces for the puzzle of an overall
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comparative perspective is a means
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McClellan maintains that the widesp
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discoveries, the Protestant movemen
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under the name Novi Commentarii) un
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works or not are equally problemati
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The fate of the manuscripts of Maxi
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Saint Petersburg, Anders Planman in
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I.2 MAXIMILIANUS HELL SJ (1720-1792
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stations in his life, information f
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Hell’s journal Ephemerides Astron
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freemasonry, religious toleration a
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family, and adds that he was nation
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Jesuits professors were teaching an
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activity until the suppression of t
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onibus et problematibus aucta (‘J
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Jesuit University in Tyrnavia. 48 T
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etween 1579 and 1606 was re-opened.
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from 1780). As for timing, in Janua
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the university building. In a lette
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This task, to make “daily observa
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If Hell edited the official calenda
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You spent more of Your time on obse
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demonstrate how the Roman-Catholic
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Even though electromagnetism in the
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international arena. A new importan
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Franz appears to have devoted most
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Apart from Halloy, who was born in
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attach numerous other observations
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The examples of Josephus Mayr and N
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Collegii Academici Societatis Jesu
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In terms of publicising, there seem
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the Kingdom of Hungary until the la
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Hatvani responds a few weeks later
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not flourish in Austria. On the con
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textbooks in architecture in Latin
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to Hell’s role in this context, w
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The Nordic context of Hell’s invi
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long time because of astronomical o
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Hamburg. From Hamburg, they again c
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“my observations, which I have ei
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Pole” must designate something el
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observatory in Tyrnavia the year af
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his mentor with having been so “t
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esponsible for church services in t
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civilisation. In this situation, He
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FIG. 1a - 125 -
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FIG.1b - 127 -
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FIG. 1d FIG. 1c - 129 -
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FIG 2a FIG. 2b - 131 -
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edited during these years. What cam
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Society of Sciences in the same yea
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in keeping with the pro-Hungarian
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In Hell’s letters written during
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eason as her Prussian counterpart,
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was in any case insufficient to fin
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Hviid visited Vienna from 27 Octobe
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in no small measure thanks to the c
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Catholic cities and provinces, at t
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Numerous letters from Hell to the b
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In preceding sections, it has been
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estore the studies at the universit
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When in 1775 a collection of essays
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assistants and all the sailors of t
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Maskelyne, upon repeated requests f
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around the mid-eighteenth century.
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Despite radical changes in the inst
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The catalogue of “Jesuiten-Mathem
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At the dawn of the 1770s, the Jesui
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well as Hell’s adjunctus. In Nove
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died in Quinque Ecclesiae. 387 Afte
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However limited evidence we have on
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The above-mentioned damages that ha
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when certain Slovak writers classif
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Ephemerides Astronomicae in all cou
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Part II THE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY TRAN
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year. For over a hundred years, his
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mechanics presented later in the sa
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A transit may last for several hour
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FIGURE 4 THE SHIFT OF VENUS‟ PATH
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FIGURE 6 DELISLE‟S METHOD Delisle
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the difference in latitude and long
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equired. In theory, the difference
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A few years after Halley wrote his
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Lalande 1764), 36 9.26″ (Audiffre
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where the senior astronomer Delisle
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Prior to the 1761 transit, Father H
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II.1.4 FATHER HELL ON LESSONS TO BE
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Veneris). The author of this rather
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ecognised as an able observer and c
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This means that the actual number o
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As to the number of individual obse
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TABLE 1 HELL 1761a COMPARED TO WOOL
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II.2 THE NORDIC REGIONS AND THE TRA
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foremost, the history of activities
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analyse the degree of success or fa
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same meridian. For this occasion, W
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than one place in this region. 22 T
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All three observers in Siberia - Ch
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prove insufficient to cover all the
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(1739-1781), covered the eastern an
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proposal of Lomonosov. The chief ar
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II.2.3 THE ROLE OF DENMARK IN THE V
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astronomer among its members and it
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Thus, Kratzenstein expected the Ara
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himself, along with Rødkier, Ahl,
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data published. Hammer‟s manuscri
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provide data of the utmost utility
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Norwegian garrison had been station
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way to Copenhagen. Even before he m
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newspaper article. It is stated, ho
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his destination with the necessary
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men, black slaves among them. 134 B
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eady on a hilltop nearby. The weath
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Kratzenstein has travelled to Trond
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enlarged 150 times. The first conta
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Arguably, these concluding lines ar
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The success was short-lived, howeve
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II.2.5 ASSESSMENT OF VENUS TRANSIT
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emained at a very high level in bot
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path of Venus, in order to mount a
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a number of inaccuracies in his sum
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TABLE 4a OFFICIAL SWEDISH REPORTS O
Page 289 and 290: II.3 THE ROLE OF FATHER HELL IN THE
Page 291 and 292: another edition to hand are advised
Page 293 and 294: In the year 1767, nothing was furth
Page 295 and 296: Neither claim is entirely correct.
Page 297 and 298: effectively withdraws the invitatio
Page 299 and 300: Lalande became one of the Venus-tra
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Page 303 and 304: As explained in Section II.1.2 abov
Page 305 and 306: in the ordinary method, stars of no
Page 307 and 308: 1769, Hell speaks of a latitude of
Page 309 and 310: Incidentally, Hell’s final conclu
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Page 313 and 314: TABLE 5 THE CONTENTS OF THE VARIOUS
Page 315 and 316: o’clock, as these operations came
Page 317 and 318: the Supreme Being. I for my part wi
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Page 321 and 322: eputation, they had another thing i
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Page 333 and 334: the frequent letters he sent to War
Page 335 and 336: calculations by Monsieur Lexell and
Page 337 and 338: The strife ended there, with parall
Page 339: TABLE 7 CHRONOLOGY OF PARALLAX CALC
Page 343 and 344: Upon inspection of the ‘astronomi
Page 345 and 346: of detecting errors in Littrow’s
Page 347 and 348: trump card in his hand, for observa
Page 349 and 350: The next question, concerning the b
Page 351 and 352: Royale des Sciences (post-revolutio
Page 353 and 354: Part III EDITIONS OF PRIMARY SOURCE
Page 355 and 356: apparatus or appendix). Often, as i
Page 357 and 358: discussions. 3 The main ambition of
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Page 361 and 362: etc.; and a if necessary a guide to
Page 363 and 364: I have designated the texts thus: L
Page 365 and 366: connoisseurs, which I am going to p
Page 367 and 368: III.1.3 THE EDITING OF THE UNFINISH
Page 369 and 370: e listed exhaustively in the appara
Page 371 and 372: III.2 THE CALL FOR SUBSCRIPTIONS TO
Page 373 and 374: SCIENTIFIC EXPEDITION BY THE NORTH
Page 375 and 376: The price cannot yet be established
Page 377 and 378: OVERVIEW OF THE WHOLE WORK 1 entitl
Page 379 and 380: Chapter IV. The activities in Copen
Page 381 and 382: Chapter VII. On the transportation
Page 383 and 384: VOLUME TWO. PHYSICAL. Volume two, p
Page 385 and 386: PART THREE OF VOLUME TWO. On the ca
Page 387 and 388: PART FIVE OF VOLUME TWO. Remarks on
Page 389 and 390: VOLUME THREE. MATHEMATICAL AND ASTR
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PART THREE OF VOLUME THREE. Observa
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III.3 THE UNFINISHED INTRODUCTION T
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Part One A diary of the entire Scie
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Accordingly, the minds of astronome
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extremes in the duration — in oth
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For he 1 had been made to understan
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famous Mister Lexell, a[nother] son
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aware that the sites of observation
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1769 (a.). However, among the highl
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the transit would be located in the
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Dixon were chosen for this mission
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and astronomers recounted so far, d
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For as it later emerged, the Divine
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they decided to suggest to, and ind
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sited by the Arctic sea, to become
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As I rolled over in my mind these a
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to Her Highness the Empress, asking
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I should choose; this needed to be
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he was already a famous and well kn
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SUMMARY AND REFERENCES
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eceived increasing support in Centr
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items published before the year 180
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econstruct lost parts of their corr
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UNPRINTED SOURCES AND LITERATURE, 1
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Vardø 15 Jan 1769 MERCIER (Copenha
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Vienna 25 Mar ’80 J. BERNOULLI (B
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FIXLMILLNER Cremif. [Mar-July 1783]
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(measurements of the magnetic decli
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MS, Excerpts from the works “Saxo
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MS, [no heading] “Acceptis recent
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[Anonymous] 1767: “Transitus Vene
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1768: Voyage en Sibérie, fait par
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1761b: Elementa Arithmeticæ Numeri
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übersetzt, Dritter Band, pp. 171-3
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Kratzenstein, Christian Gottlieb 17
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Maskelyne, Nevil 1762: “An Accoun
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1774: “Förklaring På de Formler
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Trebuchet, Claude-Étienne 1766:
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2011a: “Nordiske amatørastronome
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Bennett, Jim 2002: “The travels a
Page 475 and 476:
Bursill-Hall, Piers (ed.) 1993: R.
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Duhr, Bernhard 1892: Jesuiten-Fabel
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Firneis, Maria G. & Franz Kerschbau
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Harbsmeier, Michael 2003: “Indled
Page 483 and 484:
Hundrup, F. E. 1854: Biographiske e
Page 485 and 486:
Kragemo, Helge (Bergh) 1933: “Pat
Page 487 and 488:
Ludwig, Walther 1997: “Die neuzei
Page 489 and 490:
Nordenmark, N. V. E. 1939: Pehr Wil
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2006: “Sverige, vetenskapen och P
Page 493 and 494:
Sajnovics, Johannes (Joannes, Johan
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Smagina, Galina Ivanovna 2007: “P
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Tibenský, Ján 1970: “Pokusy o o
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Vorontsov-Vel’yaminov, Boris A. 1
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ISBN xxx-xx-xxxx-xxx-x
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Maximilianus Hell (1720-1792) - Munin

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